稻米油对涂抹再制干酪品质的影响

为研究不同比例的稻米油取代黄油对涂抹再制干酪品质的影响。测定稻米油各取代比例的再制干酪的pH、硬度、可涂抹性及感官品质,并进行比较分析。结果表明,不同稻米油添加量样品pH均在正常范围,样品硬度与可涂抹性随稻米油添加量增大而减小。切达干酪味及奶香味感官评分于稻米油添加量75%时最小,不同添加量稻米油样品感官总评分无显著性差异(P0.05)。稻米油替代黄油作为涂抹再制干酪的原料油脂具有可行性。     

不同植物油脂对涂抹再制干酪品质的影响

研究以不同种类油脂作为原料油脂制得的涂抹再制干酪产品在品质上的变化。对添加不同原料油脂的涂抹再制干酪硬度、涂抹性、色度和感官方面进行考察并比较。研究发现,添加稻米油、山茶籽油的涂抹再制干酪硬度与对照组硬度接近,与全黄油对照组分别相差10.99%、7.44%。添加稻米油、花生油的涂抹再制干酪涂抹性接近对照组,分别与对照组20.59%、22.57%。其中添加花生油和葵花籽油的涂抹再制干酪ΔE^*值与对照组分别相差0.30%、0.28%,在色泽上较接近对照组样品。添加稻米油样品感官总评分高达88.85。但添加花生油样品坚果味明显,添加菜籽油样品异味与苦味明显,添加起酥油产品可涂抹性差,三者接受度低。综合各项结果,稻米油是替代黄油作为涂抹再制干酪原料油脂较好的选择。     

热变性乳清蛋白-黄油乳液凝胶对减钠再制干酪品质的影响

再制干酪中较高的钠含量被越来越多的消费者所关注。再制干酪中钠主要来自于原制干酪及乳化盐。乳化盐主要作用是促进脂肪在体系中均匀分布,使蛋白质、脂肪等形成均匀的网络体系。本研究利用热变性乳清蛋白对黄油进行预乳化处理,形成乳清蛋白-黄油乳液凝胶(WPI-EG)后,将其用于干酪加工,检测减钠再制干酪的油析性、融化性、质构及微观结构等,评价热变性乳清蛋白预乳化工艺对减钠再制干酪品质的影响。结果表明:预乳化工艺中WPI-EG的形成能够有效促进再制干酪中脂肪均匀分布,形成均匀的结构和质地。预乳化工艺提高了再制干酪的硬度、胶着度和咀嚼度,降低了干酪的油析性。降低30%含钠乳化盐的预乳化再制干酪(30%EC)与未预乳化的干酪(NEC)相比,钠含量降低52.9 mg/100 g,硬度增加27.1%,油析性降低0.53 cm。微观结构显示:30%EC样品脂肪分布及蛋白网络结构更加均匀、致密。本研究结果说明预乳化工艺能够有效降低再制干酪中含钠乳化盐添加量,改善干酪品质。     

水分对涂抹型再制干酪的影响

水分是影响涂抹型再制干酪感官、质构和微观结构的重要因素.通过测定涂抹型再制干酪的pH、融化性、质构性质(TPA),并结合微观结构观察的分析方法,确定水分对涂抹型再制干酪品质的影响.结果表明,水分的增大使样品中pH增大,但对pH的影响不显著,融化性显著增强(P<0.05),对硬度、黏着性和涂抹功影响极显著(P<0.01).48%、54.3%和60%含水量时的微观结构明显不同,水分增大使酪蛋白网络结构由致密变得松散,同时脂肪球不断增大并聚集.     

基于人乳脂肪组成的酶法人乳脂肪替代物的构建

为了开发新型高相似性人乳脂肪替代物,依据中国人乳脂肪的脂肪酸组成和甘油三酯结构,以巴沙鱼油、樟树籽仁油、亚麻籽油、微生物油(富含ARA)及DHA藻油(质量比为153.81∶15.16∶62.33∶7.89∶10.81)为原料油脂,以固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme RM为催化剂,在60℃下酯交换反应8 h制备人乳脂肪替代物,测定其脂肪酸、sn-2位脂肪酸及甘油三酯组成及含量,分析其红外光谱图、熔融性质、结晶性质及流变学性能。结果表明,构建的人乳脂肪替代物中链脂肪酸含量为12%、亚油酸和亚麻酸总含量为19.53%且比例约为1∶1.5,ARA含量为1.17%,DHA含量为1.11%,其sn-2位富含棕榈酸(43.10%),结构甘油三酯含量高(58.75%),无反式脂肪酸生成,熔融温度低于人体温度且在20℃下仍能保持18.7%的固体脂肪含量,结晶形态细腻且流变性能优异。制备的人乳脂肪替代物具有应用于婴幼儿配方奶粉、婴幼儿米糊和婴幼儿饼干等各种婴幼儿食品的潜力。     

通过营养管理改善牛乳品质

1　营养管理与改善乳质乳质大致分为乳脂肪、乳蛋白质、乳糖等乳成分浓度的“成分乳质”和细菌数、体细胞数含量的“卫生乳质”。在此基础上再加上风味这项指标 ,就是“综合乳质”。从成分乳质看 ,好牛乳的成分应保持稳定 ,其乳脂肪一般在 3 5 %～ 4 0 % ,无脂固形物 (ＳＮＦ)在8 8%～ 9 5 %之间。1 1　乳脂肪牛乳的脂肪酸中 ,Ｃ16 以上的长链脂肪酸一般由血液中的甘油三酯分解后供给 ,Ｃ16 以下的中链脂肪酸则由醋酸 ,β 羟酪酸合成。因此 ,为了提高乳脂肪的合成量 ,应增加长链脂肪酸的供给 ,同时还必须保持瘤胃呈醋酸优势型发酵。增加长…     

基于荧光漂白恢复技术检测乳脂肪球膜上生物分子的流动性北大核心CSCD

为了推动乳制品的精准评价,采用高分辨率激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)结合多荧光探针技术观察乳脂肪球的微观结构,并利用荧光漂白恢复技术(fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, FRAP)定量检测母乳、牛乳、羊乳中乳脂肪球膜上生物分子的流动性。结果表明:3种乳的微观结构基本一致,均出现了新月区,证明了新月区是局部磷脂富集区;乳脂肪球中甘油三酯和水溶性蛋白质的动态分子比例较高,极性脂质和磷脂酰胆碱的动态分子比例较为接近,鞘磷脂的动态分子比例最差;牛乳中甘油三酯的流动性慢于母乳和羊乳,母乳中极性脂的流动性最慢。FRAP可以直观地表征乳脂肪球膜上生物分子的流动性,可为乳状液中膜界面的生化特性研究提供新的方法。     

婴儿配方乳粉脂质母乳化的研究进展

人乳脂肪是最复杂的天然脂质混合物之一,具有独特的脂肪酸组成、分布和许多复杂脂质。乳脂肪几乎提供着新生婴儿所需的一半能量,同时还会影响婴儿日后的代谢方式和整体发育。因此,随着对母乳脂肪及婴儿生长需求研究的深入,以母乳脂质组成为模板,对婴儿配方乳粉脂质进行母乳化模拟,可以缩小母乳与婴儿配方乳粉喂养婴儿之间的差异。目前,婴儿配方乳粉脂质母乳化主要集中在脂肪酸组成模拟、sn-2棕榈酸结构脂的应用以及乳脂肪球膜成分的添加方面。另外,利用乳脂肪球膜包裹脂滴实现脂肪球结构模拟的相关研究也在逐步开展。本文着重对这几个方面的研究进展进行总结,在关注婴儿营养需求的同时,为婴儿配方乳粉的研发提供理论依据。     

乳化盐对涂抹型再制干酪质地的影响

乳化盐对涂抹型再制干酪质地的控制具有重要的作用，本研究结合质构分析、扫电镜观察等技术手段研究了5种不同的乳化盐及其添加量对涂抹型再制干酪质地的影响。结果表明，乳化盐的种类和添加量的不同对产品的质地均有显著的影响。乳化盐主要是通过提高pH值和钙螯合能力来增加产品中酪蛋白的乳化能力，从而使脂肪球均匀的分散在酪蛋白的网络结构中。     

乳脂肪球及其微观结构

乳是哺乳动物的乳腺所分泌的具有胶体特性的生物化学液体。乳脂肪从脂肪球状态分散在乳浆中,为“油在水中”的乳浆液。新挤出的牛乳是两相乳浊液。乳在长时间保持冷却状态后,乳脂肪球中脂肪部分结晶化并形成三相或多相乳浊液。在电子显微镜下,最完整的乳成分结构是脂肪球。     

Feeding a concentrate rich in rapeseed oil improves fatty acid composition and flavor in Norwegian goat milk

Impaired quality due to a high content of free fatty acids (FFA) and off-flavors has caused challenges in the development of Norwegian goat milk products. The present study aimed to examine the effect of lipid-supplemented concentrates on milk fat content, fatty acid composition, FFA, lipoprotein lipase activity, sensory properties, and size of milk fat globules of goat milk. Thirty goats assigned to 3 experimental groups were fed different concentrates from 60 d in milk (DIM) until late lactation (230 DIM). The diets were (1) control concentrate (no added fat); (2) control concentrate with 8% (added on air-dry basis) hydrogenated palm oil enriched with palmitic acid (POFA); and (3) control concentrate with 8% (added on air-dry basis) rapeseed oil (RSO). The POFA group produced milk with the highest fat content, and fat content was positively correlated with the mean size of milk fat globules. Goats in the RSO group had a higher content of long-chain and unsaturated fatty acids, whereas milk from goats in the POFA group had a higher content of palmitic and palmitoleic acids (C16:0 and C16:1 cis). The control group produced milk with a higher content of short-, medium-, odd-, and branched-chain fatty acids compared with the 2 other groups. The content of FFA in milk was low in early and late lactation and peaked in mid lactation (90 DIM). A high content of FFA was correlated with poor sensory properties (tart/rancid flavor). The RSO group produced milk with lower content of FFA and off-flavors in mid lactation and a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, replacement of palm oil with rapeseed oil as a lipid source in dairy goat feed would be favorable.     

The effect of homogenization and milk fat fractions on the functionality of Mozzarella cheese

Mozzarella cheese was manufactured from milk containing either a low (olein) or a high (stearin) melting point fraction of milk fat or anhydrous milk fat. The fat was dispersed into skim milk by homogenization at 2.6 MPa before being manufactured into cheese. The melting point of the milk fat did not affect the size or shape of the fat globules, nor was there any effect of homogenization on the polymorphic state of the milk fat. There were no changes in milk fat globule size and shape concomitant with the amount of free oil formed. The polymorphic state of the milk fat did affect the amount of free oil formed and the apparent viscosity of the cheese. The lower melting point fraction yielded a larger amount of free oil. The higher melting point fraction yielded a higher viscosity of melted cheese at 60 degrees C. Mozzarella cheese was also manufactured from homogenized milk, nonhomogenized milk, and a 1:1 ratio of the two, without altering the milk fat composition. Increasing the proportion of homogenized milk yielded a lower free oil content and higher viscosity of the cheese.     

Microstructure,texture, colour and sensory evaluation of a spreadable processed cheese analogue made with vegetable fat

‘Requeijão cremoso’ is a spreadable processed cheese that shows ample acceptance on the Brazilian market. In this work, analogues of this cheese, made by substituting 25% and 50% of the dairy fat with vegetable fat, were studied with respect to physical–chemical composition, texture profile, microstructure and sensory acceptance. The substitution of part of the dairy cream by vegetable fat resulted in increased adhesiveness and hardness. The traditional cheese presented a uniform protein network in which numerous small fat particles were dispersed, whilst in the analogues, the fat globules were present in smaller numbers and with greater diameters, a behaviour intensified by increasing proportions of vegetable fat. In the sensory analysis, the traditional cheese and the analogue with 50% vegetable fat were better evaluated than the analogue with 25% vegetable fat.     

Composition of milk fat from cows selected for milk fat globule size and offered either fresh pasture or a corn silage-based diet

The objective of this study was to examine the synthesis and composition of milk produced by dairy cows that secrete either small milk fat globules (SMFG) or large milk fat globules (LMFG), and to study their response to diets known to alter milk composition. Four groups of 3 multiparous dairy cows were assigned to 2 isoenergetic feeding treatments: a corn silage treatment supplemented with soybean meal, and fresh pasture supplemented with cereal concentrate. The 4 groups comprised 2 groups of 3 dairy cows that produced SMFG (3.44 μm) and 2 groups of 3 dairy cows that produced LMFG (4.53 μm). The SMFG dairy cows produced higher yields of milk, protein, and calcium. Nevertheless, their milk had lower fat and protein contents. Both SMFG and LMFG cows secreted similar amounts of milk fat; therefore, higher globule membrane contents in milk fat were observed in SMFG cows. Higher calcium mineralization of the casein micelles in SMFG cows suggests that it may be possible to improve cheese-making properties even if the lower protein content may lead to lower cheese yields. The SMFG cows secrete milk fat with a higher concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids and a lower concentration of short-chain fatty acids. They also have a higher C18:1/C18:0 ratio than LMFG cows. This suggests that SMFG cows have more significant fatty acid elongation and desaturation. The pasture treatment led to an increase in milk and protein yields because of increased energy intake. It also resulted in lower milk fat yield and fat and protein contents. The pasture treatment led to a decrease in milk fat globule size and, as expected, an increase in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. However, it induced a decrease in the protein content, and in calcium mineralization of casein micelles, which suggests that this type of milk would be less suitable for making cheese. This study also shows that there is no correlation between the cows, based on milk fat globule size and diet. These results open up possibilities for improving milk fat quality based on milk fat globule size, and composition. The mechanisms involved in milk fat globule secretion are still to be determined.     

Fish oil and extruded soybeans fed in combination increase conjugated linoleic acids in milk of dairy cows more than when fed separately

Eight multiparous Holstein and four multiparous Brown Swiss (78 +/- 43 DIM) cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 28-d periods to evaluate if feeding fish oil with a source of linoleic acid (extruded soybeans) would stimulate additional amounts of conjugated linoleic acid in milk. Four treatments consisted of a control diet with a 50:50 ratio of forage to concentrate (DM basis), a control diet with 2% added fat from either menhaden fish oil or extruded soybeans, or a combination of fish oil and extruded soybeans each adding 1% fat. DM intake (24.3, 21.6, 24.5, and 22.5 kg/d, for control, fish oil, extruded soybeans, and combination diets, respectively), milk production (32.1, 29.1,34.6, and 31.1 kg/d), and milk fat content (3.51, 2.79, 3.27, and 3.14%) were lower for cows that consumed either fish oil-containing diet, especially the 2% fish oil diet. The proportion of n-3 fatty acids in milk fat increased similarly among all three fat-supplemented diets. Concentrations of transvaccenic acid (1.00, 4.16, 2.17, and 3.51 g/100 g of fatty acids) and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (0.60, 2.03, 1.16, and 1.82 g/100 g of fatty acids) in milk fat increased more with fish oil than with extruded soybeans. When fed the combination diet, these fatty acids were approximately 50% higher than expected for Holsteins, whereas concentrations were similar for Brown Swiss compared with feeding each fat source separately. These data indicated that fish oil modifies ruminal or systemic functions, stimulating increased conversion of linoleic acid into transvaccenic and conjugated linoleic acids.     

Effect of feed on the composition of milk fat.

Researchers attending the Wisconsin Milk Board 1988 Milk Fat Roundtable indicated that the ideal nutritional milk fat would contain 10% polyunsaturated fatty acids, 8% saturated fatty acids, and 82% monounsaturated fatty acids. This cannot be accomplished by modifying diets of lactating cows. Monounsaturated fatty acid (C18:1) content can be increased by 50 to 80% and may approach 50% of milk fatty acids by feeding lipids rich in 18-carbon fatty acids. Because of ruminal hydrogenation and intestinal and mammary desaturase activity, degree of unsaturation of dietary 18-carbon fatty acids is not critical in influencing milk fat C18:1. Feeding low roughage diets increases the proportion of C18:1 in milk fat, and effects of feeding low roughage diets and lipid may be additive. Palmitic acid (C16:0) content of milk fat can be reduced by 20 to 40% unless the supplemented lipid is rich in C16:0. Milk fat alteration is dependent on the level of lipid supplementation. Limited evidence indicates frequency of lipid feeding and physical form of oil (free oil vs. oilseed), and heat treatment of oilseeds has relatively little influence on modification of milk fat. Significant changes in milk fat composition can be achieved on farm via nutritional modifications.     

Development of the milk fat microstructure during the manufacture and ripening of Emmental cheese observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy

Changes in the physico-chemical properties and microstructure of milk fat globules were investigated during the manufacture and ripening of Emmental cheese. The measurement of fat globule size and apparent zeta-potential showed that they were slightly affected during cheese milk preparation, i.e. storage of cheese milk overnight at 4 °C and pasteurisation. After rennet-induced coagulation and heating of curd grains, coalescence caused the formation of large fat globules (i.e.>10 μm). The structure of fat in Emmental cheese was characterised in situ using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The rennet-induced coagulation lead to the formation of a continuous network of casein strands in which fat globules of various sizes were entrapped. Heating of curd grains induced the formation of fat globule aggregates. Pressing of the curd grains resulted in the greatest disruption of milk fat globules, their coalescence, the formation of non-globular fat (free fat) and the release of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) material. This study showed that milk fat exists in three main forms in ripened Emmental cheese: (i) small fat globules enveloped by the MFGM; (ii) aggregates of partially disrupted fat globules and (iii) free fat, resulting from the disruption of the MFGM and allowing free triacylglycerols to fill voids in the protein matrix. The curd grain junctions formed in Emmental cheese were also characterised using CLSM: they are compact structures, rich in protein and devoid of fat globules.     

Effect of the fat globule membrane on in vitro digestion of milk fat globules with pancreatic lipase

The rate and extent of in vitro lipid digestion in raw and recombined milk were investigated by determining the release of fatty acids in simulated intestinal fluid containing pancreatic lipase. Changes in the globule size, surface charge and microstructure of fat globules during digestion were examined. In the absence of bile extract, the rate of lipid digestion was slower in raw milk than in recombined milk, suggesting that the composition of the milk fat globule membrane influences the rate of lipid hydrolysis in milk. Flocculation of fat globules occurred in the early stages of digestion; the globules then coalesced to form large particles, from within which triacylglycerols were removed. However, in the presence of bile extract, the changes in the size and microstructure of the fat globules during digestion were different. Bile extract may therefore affect physicochemical interactions of fat globules and hence alter the lipolysis during the digestion.     

冻藏条件对人乳脂质及挥发性风味物质的影响

以新鲜人乳为对照(0d),设置-18、-60℃和-60℃快速冷冻(-60℃(Q))3种冻藏条件分别冻藏60 d与180 d,通过测定脂质含量、非酯化脂肪酸(non-esterified fatty acids,NEFA)含量、脂质过氧化物(lipid peroxide,LPO)含量、脂肪酸组成、乳脂肪球微观结构及挥发性...