Reply to Deutsch and Green.

Replies to the comments of F. Deutsch (see record 1986-26175-001) and B. L. Green (see record 1986-26216-001) on the present authors' (see record 1986-10770-001) aggressive interchange with B. P. Dohrenwend and P. E. Shrout (see record 1986-10765-001) about confounding problems in studies on stress. It is suggested that Deutsch has joined in the fray and that Green has raised an interesting issue (i.e., the relative predictive power of objective and subjective measures of stressful events). (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Implications for psychology: Reply to comments.

Replies to the comments of D. E. Leary (see record 1986-07955-001), S. A. Mulaik (see record 1986-07961-001), D. N. Robinson (see record 1986-07966-001), and W. L. Stroud (see record 1986-07976-001) on the earlier presentation of the present authors (see record 1984-00037-001) about the new philosophy of science. The present authors are pleased with what they have been able to communicate and discuss what they feel has been misunderstood. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Spatial and movement-based heuristics: A reply to S. Millar.

The present authors reply to S. Millar's (see record 1986-08153-001) commentary on their (see record 1986-04159-001) article on spatial and movement-based heuristics by emphasizing that their research points to 2 general conclusions about encoding pattern information haptically. First, haptic encoding makes use of heuristics, and second, the choice of heuristic(s) depends on the particular context within which the encoding occurs. Although the present authors agree with Millar that there are also variations in the data within tasks, they suggest that the broader implications of this work be kept in focus. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the confounding of "hassles" stress and outcome.

Comments on the argument between R. S. Lazarus et al (see record 1986-10770-001) and B. P. Dohrenwend and P. E. Shrout (see record 1986-10765-001) about confounding problems in studies examining the relationship between stress and psychopathology/symptomatology. It is suggested that neither addressed the major problem: the ability to separate statistically and conceptually the relative contributions of objective events and subjective appraisal of those events. Findings of the present author and colleagues (1981; also see record 1986-04136-001) are discussed to illustrate the point. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Examples, blueprints, and theories in the ecological study of memory: Reply to Hirst and Levine and to Neisser.

Responds to W. Hirst and E. Levine's (see record 1986-08241-001) argument that the present author (see record 1986-03043-001) was not sufficiently directive in his ecological study of memory by providing another illustration of ecological memory research. In considering the nature of future ecological theories of memory as proposed by U. Neisser (see record 1986-08246-001), the present author suggests that specifying relations between mechanisms and functions of memory is generic to all such theories. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The alcoholism controversy revisited.

Responds to G. A. Marlatt's (see record 1986-02189-001) reply to the present author's (see record 1986-02199-001) criticism of Marlatt's (see record 1984-13214-001) earlier article regarding the effectiveness of controlled drinking treatment for alcoholics by refuting Marlatt's defense of the methodology used in M. B. Sobell and L. C. Sobell's (see record 1973-23611-001) research on controlled drinking for hospitalized patients; it is suggested that arguments over the outcome for the Sobell and Sobell experiment are moot since the treatment procedures employed did not result in either sustained controlled drinking or stable abstinence in the abstinence-trained Ss. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to Lansdell.

Responds to H. Lansdell's (see record 1986-26381-001) contention that the present author's (see record 1986-11050-001) article on the moral status of research animals in psychology may condone immorality, arguing that Lansdell's discussion contains elementary logical fallacies and that nothing in the present author's article entails a position that would condone breaking into laboratories. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Comments on three recent subliminal psychodynamic activation investigations": Rejoinder to Oliver and Burkham and to Porterfield.

Considers the replies of A. L. Porterfield (see record 1986-11991-001) and J. M. Oliver and R. Burkham (see record 1986-11985-001) to the critique of the present author (see record 1986-12007-001). The original criticisms are seen as valid. A critical deficiency in the design of Porterfield and S. L. Golding's (see record 1986-11992-001) study is viewed as disqualifying it as a fair attempt at replication. It is suggested that although Oliver and Burkham's (see record 1983-01571-001) study was well-designed, statements made in their write-up are unwarranted. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Inevitability and automaticity: A response to Fisk.

Responds to the comments of A. D. Fisk (see record 1986-16289-001) on the present authors' (see record 1985-27168-001) work on automatic processing of fundamental information. The present authors use the term automaticity as a process by which some attributes of an attended to stimulus are encoded into memory. It is suggested that Fisk's view of automaticity is derived from the study of automatic search mechanisms, particularly as they slowly develop in multiple frame visual search tasks; therefore, several methodological problems that Fisk addresses do not fit the concerns of the present authors or are irrelevant to them. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relinquishing the placebo: Alternatives for psychotherapy outcome research.

Comments on the article by W. Wilkins (see record 1986-25162-001) on placebo problems in psychotherapy research and suggests a refinement of efficacy research strategies that will allow such comparisons while relinquishing the use of a placebo construct. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of strength and immediacy in group contexts: Reply to Jackson.

Responds to J. M. Jackson's (see record 1986-19799-001) comments on the present author's (see record 1985-28034-001) meta-analysis of the effects of strength and immediacy in group contexts. It is argued that the conceptual analysis of social impact theory was unflattering but accurate, that the categorization scheme used in the meta-analysis was straightforward and defensible, and that the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis provided the opportunity for an unbiased test of social impact theory's implications. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A reply to two critics.

Responds to comments by J. A. Mu?oz (see record 1986-12848-001) and M. B. Smith (see record 1986-12870-001) on the present author's (see record 1985-12952-001) contention that the American Psychological Association should not be involved in social advocacy. The present author questions how social responsibilities are to be recognized and whether it is appropriate to give ethics a corporate voice. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Do not mislabel counseling": Response.

Responds to L. O. Bascue's (see record 1986-20566-001) comments on the present authors' (see record 1985-18426-001) work regarding the problems encountered in describing the practice of specialty areas within professional psychology. Issues on defining the population for role delineation studies and describing distinguishing features of specialty practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Research on component processes in reading: Reply to Danks.

Responds to J. H. Danks's (see record 1986-21147-001) criticisms of the present authors' (see record 1986-13625-001) article on component processes in reading. The present authors review the theoretical and empirical foundations of their predictor variables, discussing the issue of discriminability, and defend the moving-window procedure in a sufficiently sensitive paradigm for detecting the processes considered in their research. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Postevent information and memory: Reply to Loftus, Schooler, and Wagenaar.

Responds to comments by E. F. Loftus et al (see record 1986-13671-001) on the present authors' (see record 1986-03053-001) arguments and evidence in support of the contention that misleading postevent information does not impair memory for the original event. It is suggested that the objections of Loftus et al, which concern the sensitivity of the modified test procedure and its ability to detect memory blends, present no serious challenges to the present authors' position. Implications for forensic applications of postevent information research are considered. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

More on temporality in human action.

Responds to the comments of W. L. Stroud (see record 1987-17464-001) and B. B. Barratt (see record 1987-17458-001) on the present authors' (see record 1986-13304-001) discussion of hermeneutic psychology, addressing Piaget's perspective, the use of abstract concepts, the conception of time, and the issue of ideological critique. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Elaborating the constructionist thesis.

Responds to comments from G. Nettler (see record 1986-20944-001) and A. Kukla (see record 1986-20940-001) regarding the present author's (see record 1986-00014-001) article on social constructionist theory by acknowledging potential ambiguities in the article and by clarifying and extending previous arguments related to empiricism, conventional constraints, and reductionism. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On metaphor in psychology and physics: Reply to Farrell.

Replies to the comments of E. Farrell (see record 1986-26104-001) on the analysis by the present authors (see record 1986-10704-001) of applications of metaphor in the history of physics and psychology. It is suggested that although metaphor is an element in the complex that makes up a research tradition, its status is no higher than that of any of the other elements, any of which may influence the metaphor or be influenced by it. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Unsuccessful redefinitions of the term placebo..

Argues that J. W. Critelli's (see record 1986-12543-001) modifications of his earlier definition of the term placebo in response to the present author's (see record 1986-01780-001) comment on Critelli and K. F. Neumann's (see record 1984-26517-001) article on placebo effects render it impossible to decide whether a given procedure should be assigned the placebo label. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)