炭黑填充导电橡胶的力敏传感器灵敏系数

以通用有效介质理论为基础, 给出了炭黑填充导电橡胶(炭黑/橡胶)的力敏传感器灵敏系数计算方程。采用该方程并结合应变和压阻效应对"负压力-电阻特性"(NPC)的影响程度, 分析了力敏导电炭黑/橡胶的灵敏系数和工作原理。结果表明: 炭黑体积分数在临界体积分数附近时, 力敏导电炭黑/橡胶的灵敏系数在2.5～13之间, 其工作原理主要为压阻效应。当炭黑体积分数在渗流区时, 灵敏系数在2.5～4.5之间, 其工作原理与接触压力的大小有关。压力较小时, 其工作原理主要为压阻效应; 压力较大时, 其工作原理主要为应变效应。炭黑体积分数在传导区时, 灵敏系数在2.0～2.5之间, 其工作原理主要为应变效应。      

压力/温度复合柔性触觉传感器用导电橡胶的外场特性

分析了不同填料用量及种类对导电橡胶外场特性(压力、温度)的影响。结果表明,导电网络密度的增大与损伤使得导电橡胶呈现"电阻-负压力系数"(NPC)和"电阻-正压力系数"(PPC),热膨胀和热扰动共同作用使得导电橡胶呈现"电阻-负温度系数"(NTC)和"电阻-正温度系数"(PTC)。热膨胀起主导表现出PTC效应,热扰动起主导则表现出NTC效应。填料用量与种类对于导电橡胶的外场特性影响显著,炭黑(8%)(质量分数,下同)和石墨(5.2%)并用填充导电橡胶,同时消除了PPC和NTC效应,可用于制作压力/温度复合柔性触觉传感器用敏感材料。     

碳纤维填充对导电硅橡胶压阻效应及电阻蠕变行为的影响

将导电粒子添加到绝缘硅橡胶中制备出具有压阻效应的导电硅橡胶,它是一种新型压力传感器用材料。选用3种不同长度的碳纤维作为导电填料,高温硫化硅橡胶作为基体制备导电橡胶,同时在100μm长碳纤维填充导电橡胶中引入镍包铝球形粒子形成复合填料。分析了导电硅橡胶的渗流特性、压阻效应与电阻蠕变行为,发现纤维长度和纤维添加量对导电橡胶的压阻行为有显著影响:纤维长度增大,导电橡胶的渗流阈值变小;导电橡胶的压阻效应在渗流区间明显;球形镍包铝可以削弱导电橡胶的电阻蠕变程度。     

用于复合式柔性触觉传感器的导电复合材料研究

根据目前不同导电填料的导电橡胶导电机理的分析,理论分析了填加炭黑和石墨的导电橡胶所具有的压阻效应与电阻温度效应,由GEM模型获得填加炭黑的导电橡胶压阻计算模型,由层积模型获得填加石墨的导电橡胶电阻温度计算模型,并对其理论模型进行了验证。通过实验得出以炭黑和石墨作为主要导电填料的导电橡胶可用于复合式柔性触觉传感器的压力与温度的检测。     

基于GEM模型的炭黑/硅橡胶拉伸传感器的工作原理分析

分析了电阻率和电阻几何系数对基于炭黑/硅橡胶的力敏导电橡胶的"正拉力-电阻特性"(positivetensile coefficient of resistance,PTCR)的影响程度,揭示了力敏导电橡胶拉伸过程的电阻变化机理。在一定拉伸范围内(40%),当导电填料用量处在渗流区中心时,电阻率的增大是引起PTCR效应的主要原因。随着导电填料用量的增大,电阻几何系数的增大成为引起PTCR效应的主要原因。在某一特定导电填料范围内,力敏导电橡胶的"正拉力-电阻特性"还与拉伸长度有关。拉伸长度较小时,电阻几何系数的增大在PTCR效应中占主导;拉伸长度较大时,电阻率的增大在PTCR效应中占主导。     

基于炭黑填充导电橡胶的力敏传感器的灵敏度

以通用有效介质理论为基础,给出了,炭黑填充导电橡胶(炭黑/橡胶)的力敏传感器灵敏度计算方程.采用该方程并结合形变和压阻效应,分析了影响力敏导电炭黑/橡胶的灵敏度的主要参数.结果表明:炭黑体积分数是影响力敏导电炭黑/橡胶的灵敏度的主要参数.当炭黑体积分数在临界体积分数附近时,力敏导电炭黑/橡胶的灵敏度为0.1～11.5 MPa-1,其敏感机制主要为压阻效应.当炭黑体积分数在渗流区时,灵敏度为0.2～3.6 MPa-1,其敏感机制还与接触压力的大小有关,压力较小时,主要为压阻效应;压力较大时,主要为应变效应.若炭黑体积分数在传导区,灵敏度为0.3～1.7 MPa-1,其敏感机制主要为应变效应.     

炭黑-环氧树脂导电复合材料力-电性能研究

研究了填充炭黑的环氧树脂即导电复合材料的导电机理,不同炭黑掺量复合材料在一次加载及反复加卸载下的压阻效应.结果表明,炭黑掺量为20%试件的压阻效应明显且稳定;各掺量试件卸载后均存在较大的残余电阻,经多次加卸载后,电阻变化率逐渐减小并趋于一不变值;卸载后电阻的恢复率不断增加,最终可完全恢复.     

基于炭黑填充导电橡胶的力敏传感器的灵敏度

以通用有效介质理论为基础, 给出了炭黑填充导电橡胶(炭黑/橡胶)的力敏传感器灵敏度计算方程。采用该方程并结合形变和压阻效应, 分析了影响力敏导电炭黑/橡胶的灵敏度的主要参数。结果表明: 炭黑体积分数是影响力敏导电炭黑/橡胶的灵敏度的主要参数。当炭黑体积分数在临界体积分数附近时, 力敏导电炭黑/橡胶的灵敏度为0.1～11.5 MPa^-1, 其敏感机制主要为压阻效应。当炭黑体积分数在渗流区时, 灵敏度为0.2～3.6 MPa^-1, 其敏感机制还与接触压力的大小有关, 压力较小时, 主要为压阻效应; 压力较大时, 主要为应变效应。若炭黑体积分数在传导区, 灵敏度为0.3～1.7 MPa^-1, 其敏感机制主要为应变效应。     

基于炭黑填充导电橡胶的压力传感器非线性特性

通过分析力敏炭黑填充导电橡胶(力敏导电炭黑/橡胶)"负电阻-压力系数"(NPCR)的主因,研究了基于炭黑填充导电橡胶的力传感器非线性特性。研究表明,当炭黑体积分数接近临界渗流体积分数时,NPCR非线性的主因为电阻率的非线性减小;炭黑体积分数在渗流区时,NPCR非线性的主因为电阻率的非线性减小和导电橡胶应力-应变关系的非线性;若炭黑体积分数在传导区时,NPCR非线性的主因为应力-应变关系的非线性。随着炭黑体积分数的增大,力敏导电炭黑/橡胶的NPCR非线性逐渐减弱。此外,由于界面压阻效应以及导电橡胶近似不可压缩体的性质,用于获取NPCR效应的电极分布形式也对NPCR效应的非线性特性存在影响。     

导电炭黑填充硅橡胶的电阻温度系数

以炭黑(CB3100)为导电相,硅橡胶为基质制备导电复合材料。研究导电橡胶中炭黑质量分数对电阻温度系数的影响,并用填料对电阻温度系数的影响。以隧道效应理论为基础,给出了导电炭黑填充橡胶的电阻温度系数计算模型,结合实验得到温度对导电炭黑/硅橡胶电阻温度系数的影响主要体现在对其电阻率的影响;基体的体积热膨胀提高复合材料的电阻率,提高了正电阻温度系数;炭黑粒子间的隧道效应降低复合材料的电阻率,增强了负电阻温度系数;在炭黑/硅橡胶中加入少量碳纳米管,利用碳纳米管和炭黑的协同补强效应,使复合材料的导电性和稳定性提高。     

基于炭黑填充导电橡胶的压力/温度传感器非线性特性

通过研究电阻率和电阻几何系数对"负电阻-压力系数"(NPCR)和"正电阻-温度系数"(PTCR)的影响,分析了炭黑填充导电橡胶(导电炭黑/橡胶)的压力/温度传感器的非线性特性。结果表明: 导电炭黑/橡胶的NPCR和PTCR效应产生非线性的主要原因为电阻率的非线性变化; 当炭黑体积分数接近渗流体积分数时,其电阻率对体积的变化敏感程度高,此时,导电炭黑/橡胶的NPCR和PTCR效应的非线性特性较强; 由于导电炭黑/橡胶的体压缩系数大于其热膨胀系数,且导电炭黑/橡胶在压力场和温度场下的形变过程不同,导电炭黑/橡胶NPCR效应的非线性强于PTCR效应的非线性。     

Fabrication process and electrical behavior of novel pressure-sensitive composites

A novel route was developed to fabricate a new pressure-sensitive composite by dispersing homogeneously conductive carbon particles in an insulating silicone rubber matrix. The composites showed a gradual change in electrical resistivity with applied pressure within percolation threshold region at a constant temperature. This type of gradual fall of resistivity with applied pressure is very important to fabricate pressure sensors. Various amounts of carbon particles were dispersed in a rubber matrix to understand the effect of volume fraction of conductive filler with applying external pressure on resistivity. A quantitative general effective media (GEM) theory was used to understand the resistivity of carbon–rubber composites system over a large range of volume fraction of carbon with applied pressure. The use of two different sizes of silicon rubber particles showed a significant effect in gradual fall of resistivity with applied pressure in the narrow range of percolation threshold. However, a large variation in resistivity from 1st measuring to 10th measuring was observed. A significant improvement in successive measuring of resistivity variation from 1st measuring to 10th measuring was observed when composites were fabricated in hexane solvent media. Finally, nano-sized Al₂O₃ was dispersed to control the resistivity variation upon successive measurement and to improve the mechanical properties of the composites. The material was suggested to use as unique materials as pressure sensors in practical applications mainly for robots.     

炭黑填充导电橡胶的温度传感器灵敏系数

以通用有效介质理论为基础,给出了炭黑填充导电橡胶(导电炭黑/橡胶)的温度传感器电阻-温度计算模型。利用该模型得出材料的灵敏系数计算公式,并结合形变和电阻率的变化对正电阻-温度特性(PTCR)的影响分析材料的灵敏系数特性。结果表明:在炭黑分布均匀、体积分数在渗流体积分数附近等条件下,电阻-温度计算模型与实验吻合,表现出一致的PTCR变化规律。导电炭黑/橡胶的PTCR效应主要源于基体膨胀导致炭黑体积分数的稀释作用,若炭黑体积分数在渗流区,导电炭黑/橡胶的灵敏系数为280~420;当炭黑体积分数在传导区时,其灵敏系数为32.5~62.0。导电炭黑/橡胶的PTCR效应是热-形变与形变-电导过程的乘积效应,导电炭黑/橡胶的灵敏系数高,但其体积膨胀系数低,使材料的电阻温度系数较低。     

The Colossal Piezoresistive Effect in Nickel Nanostrand Polymer Composites and a Quantum Tunneling Model

A novel nickel nanostrand-silicone composite material at an optimized 15 vol% filler concentration demonstrates a dramatic piezoresistive effect with a negative gauge factor (ratio of percent change in resistivity to strain). The composite volume resistivity decreases in excess of three orders of magnitude at a 60% strain. The piezoresistivity does decrease slightly as a function of cycles, but not significantly as a function of time. The material's resistivity is also temperature dependent, once again with a negative dependence.
The evidence indicates that nickel strands are physically separated by matrix material even at high volume fractions, and points to a charge transport mechanism that causes a large change in conductivity for a small relative change in the distance between filler particles. Combined with the temperature dependence data, this suggests that conduction in this composite material may be dominated by quantum tunneling effects. Based upon a statistical model of junction character distribution, a quantum tunneling percolation model is applied that accurately reflects the mechanical and thermal trends.     

拉伸应变下镍包碳纤维填充导电橡胶取向及电阻响应

导电橡胶因其超高的弹性和良好的导电性而在柔性电子材料领域受到广泛关注。受载时导电填料重新排列会产生相应的电阻变化。本研究选取镍包碳纤维（Nickel coated carbon fiber,CF-Ni）填充于基胶聚二甲基硅氧烷（Polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS）中制备导电橡胶。基于MATLAB平台,观察了导电橡胶中CF-Ni纤维的静态分布,并构建了纤维取向率的计算方法;随后施加动态应变载荷,选用3D打印的样品,在拉伸应变下,对其进行了纤维在胶体中取向变化的同步观察。结果表明:CF-Ni纤维沿拉伸应变方向发生偏转,最大偏转角度可达20°; CF-Ni纤维的取向分布及拉伸应变下纤维的偏转会对导电橡胶的电学性能产生影响,在60%的应变量下,CF-Ni/PDMS表面电阻最大变化为600%。导电橡胶电阻对拉伸应变载荷的响应为CF-Ni/PDMS用于制备柔性传感器奠定了基础。      

Mechanical and electrical properties of nanocomposites containing hybrid fillers of disk-like copper and conductive carbon black

Electrically conductive rubber (ECR) was prepared through conventional rubber mixing techniques on a two-roll mill, which the conductive filler was polymer-coated Cu nano-disk and conductive carbon black (CCB). The effect of Cu nanoparticles content on the mechanical and electrical resistivity properties of ECR was further investigated. The obtained results of six different compositions for ECR with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 per hundred of rubber (phr) of Cu nanoparticles loading were compared. It was found that ECR has lower volume resistivity and high tensile strength, compared with rubber containing commercial Cu particles. These results suggest that when the Cu particles are nano-disk and surface modified, the mechanical and stability properties of the rubber can be synchronously improved.