脱硅中液固循环流化床清洁传热

考察了铝土矿熟料溶出粗液脱硅加热过程中的结垢行为,采用有机-无机复合材质的惰性固体颗粒研究了循环流化床对脱硅加热过程中硅渣结垢的清除及防止性能.结果表明：硅渣结垢曲线为具有诱导期的渐近式曲线,硅渣结垢机理为结晶结垢和微颗粒沉积结垢混合机理;循环流化床不仅能有效防止硅渣结垢的形成,而且能完全清除已有的硅渣垢层,硅渣结垢的清除速率随操作流速及固体颗粒浓度的增大而增大;惰性固体颗粒的引入不影响硅渣结垢的机理.根据液固流化床的防垢机理建立了结垢模型,其预报值与实验值吻合较好.     

碱法提高铝硅矿物的铝硅比

采用NaOH溶液时铝硅矿物进行预脱硅处理,测出溶渣中SiO2和Al1O3的含量,计算得出渣中的铝硅比.考察液固比、溶出温度、溶出时间、碱浓度等因素对铝硅矿物溶出后渣中铝硅比的影响.实验表明,在液固比为40∶1、温度95℃、溶出时间3 h、40%碱浓度条件下,矿物的脱硅率可达55%以上.预脱硅后渣中铝硅比由0.89提高到...     

聚四氟乙烯在烧碱蒸发器防、除垢中应用的研究

烧碱液蒸发器加热表面存在严重的结垢现象，将聚四氟乙烯颗粒引入到蒸发器中采用流化床传热，聚四氟乙烯固体颗粒能完全防止结垢的产生，但只能清除已有的部分垢层，不经淬火处理的聚四氟乙烯颗粒、防垢，除垢效果较好，但耐磨性能差，10周后磨损率达22％；经淬火处理后，聚四氟乙烯颗粒的防垢、除垢性能略有下降，但耐磨能力得到很大提高，连续运行10周，磨损率不超过3％，可作为烧碱蒸发器的防垢惰性固体颗粒。     

利用套管结构实现液固均匀分布

基于分支管路原理和液固流态化的性质,提出了一种用于多管液固循环流化床的组合式液固分布器.利用建立的小型冷态试验装置,考察了管束中的颗粒循环速率和固含率.试验结果表明,在多管循环液固流化床下管箱安装组合式分布器可以实现固体颗粒在管束中的均匀分配.     

产品信息

汽液固三相循环流化床蒸发装置汽液固三相循环流化床蒸发装置是由河北工业大学设备设计研究所和石家庄工大化工设备有限公司共同研制开发的防、除垢强化传热的高效蒸发装置。该蒸发装置由加热室、汽液分离室、固体颗粒分离装置、循环泵等组成。在蒸发系统中加入一定量、一定尺寸的颗粒 ,颗粒被循环液体带入加热室 ,与被加热介质一起形成汽 -液 -固三相流 ,然后三相流进入颗粒分离装置 ,固体颗粒被分离进入下降管参与循环 ,分离出的汽液混合物进入汽液分离室 ,二次蒸汽从顶部排出 ,液体参与下一循环 ,蒸发至一定浓度从出料口排出产品。该装置…     

液固循环流化床换热器中固体颗粒分布

利用CCD图像测量与数据处理系统对多管液固循环流化床换热器中的两相流动特性进行了研究。探讨了下管箱中的分布板结构对固体粒子的体积分数分布、固体粒子的速度分布,以及液固两相流压降的影响。实验结果表明:在循环流化床换热器进口段安装适当结构的多孔板分布器,即多孔板的面积小于床层截面积,且床中心处的遮挡面积大于边缘处的遮挡面积,可以有效地提高固相速度的均匀程度,在较高流速下,能较好地改善固体颗粒在管束中的不均匀分布。     

喷嘴对液固外循环流化床内含固体积分数的影响

设计了实现液固外循环流化床中颗粒正常循环的关键部件——喷嘴,利用CCD图像采集分析系统,获得了其换热管束内固体颗粒的分布情况,考察了液体流量、口径比、喷嘴安装位置、颗粒直径、颗粒初始加入量以及液体黏度对液固外循环流化床换热器管束内含固体积分数的影响。结果表明:口径比及喷嘴安装位置对提高管束内的含固体积分数都存在一个最佳值,颗粒直径、颗粒初始加入量以及液体黏度对管束内含固体积分数也具有较大的影响,同时还通过对实验数据的综合分析,得到了喷嘴在最佳安装位置下液固外循环流化床内含固体积分数的经验关联式。     

固体颗粒对流化床多相蒸发海水淡化操作浓缩比及膜传热系数的影响

提高海水淡化操作浓缩比,不仅可以提高造水比,还可以有效降低淡化后浓海水再利用的后处理成本,故其是实现低成本零排放的关键之一。在一套循环流化床多相蒸发海水淡化实验装置上,分别采用汽-液两相及汽-液-固三相操作,考察固体颗粒对海水淡化操作浓缩比及膜传热系数的影响,并分析垢层的主要成分。实验表明：高温下CaSO4首先析出,是形成垢层的主要成分;采取汽-液两相操作,膜传热系数保持在1.75 kW·m-2·K-1左右,操作浓缩比可达到3.8左右;采取汽-液-固三相操作,固体颗粒强化传热和防除垢的作用显著,加入颗粒体积分数为4%时,在膜传热系数保持在2.3 kW·m-2·K-1左右不降低的情况下,海水淡化操作浓缩比达到5.8以上。     

汽-液-固三相循环流化床蒸发器中固体颗粒浓度和速度的研究

应用电荷耦合器件CCD(charge coupled devise)测量和图像处理技术,定性和定量研究了热模汽-液-固三相自然循环流化床蒸发器中固体颗粒浓度和速度的轴、径向分布以及其随热通量、固体颗粒加入量等操作参数的变化规律。热通量的变化范围为2179.8W穖-2到6624.2W穖-2,固体颗粒的体积分率的变化范围为0.5%到2%。结果表明:在液-固两相区,固体颗粒浓度在轴向和径向的分布较为均匀;随着热通量的增加,加热管中固体颗粒的浓度逐渐降低,循环管中固体颗粒的浓度逐渐升高,并且两者均随固体颗粒加入量的增加而升高;固体颗粒的速度在轴向上较为接近,其在循环管中的速度高于在加热管中的速度,并且两者均随热通量的增加而升高;固体颗粒加入量对其速度有增强和阻碍两方面的作用。     

液固提升管-流化床组合反应器中流化床径向固含率分布的实验研究

在一套新型液固提升管-流化床组合反应器中,以水-玻璃珠为液-固体系,对f500 mm′4000 mm的液固流化床反应器内不同高度颗粒固含率的径向分布进行了实验,考察了表观液速和颗粒循环速率操作条件对颗粒固含率径向分布的影响. 实验表明,液固流化床内流动区域在轴向上可以划分为分布器影响区、过渡区和均匀流化区,径向上可以划分为中心区和环隙区. 这种分布特征主要取决于分布器的结构、尺寸及其流化介质. 本工作还对液固流化床与气固喷动床的三区流动结构进行了比较.     

Detachment of particles from surfaces by thermocapillary flows induced by a moving laser beam

The thermocapillary flows produced by heating with the moving laser beam in a thin liquid layer on a light-absorbing solid surface have recently been recognized to be effective for the removal of particulate impurities from the surface. We performed the comparative analysis of adhesion and thermocapillary removal forces acting on particles attached to the solid surface. A simplified hydrodynamic model was used to evaluate the velocity field of the thermocapillary flow in the liquid layer covering particles. Hydrodynamic forces such as the drag force, the lifting force induced by the shear flow far away from the receding contact line and the maximal lifting force caused by the transversal velocity in the layer near the receding contact line were identified as the cleaning forces, which are determined by the temperature gradient along the surface. It was found out that the lifting force is not enough to overcome the adhesion force and detach particles from the solid surface. The drag and the maximal lifting forces were shown to be responsible for removal of particles by using the proposed method. A reasonable qualitative agreement between experimental results and the quantitative force analysis was observed.     

PHASE HOLDUPS AND LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION IN THREE PHASE FLUIDIZED BEDS

Effects of the continuous phase velocity (0.01-0.08 m/s(, the dispersed phase velocity (0.0-0.04 m/s) and particle size (1.0-3.0 mm) on the individual phase holdups and the mass transfer coefficient have been determined in two (liquid-liquid) and three (liquid-liquid-solid) phase fluidized beds.

In the beds, the dispersed phase holdup increased with dispersed phase velocity but it decreased with continuous phase velocity. Whereas the continuous phase holdup decreased with dispersed phase velocity but it increased with continuous phase velocity. The bed porosity increased with both the dispersed and continuous phase velocities in the beds of 1.7 and 3.0 mm particles. In addition, the continuous phase holdup decreased with the presence of solid particles in the bed, however, the dispersed phase holdup was not affected by the presence of the particles.

The overall mass transfer coefficients in the continuous and dispersed phases increased with increasing fluid velocities but it decreased with the bed height.

The continuous phase holdup and mass transfer coefficient data have been correlated with the operating variables and the dimensionless groups.     

Comparison of cleaning of toothpaste from surfaces and pilot scale pipework

Experiments have been conducted to study the cleaning of toothpaste at two length scales. Laboratory scale cleaning studies have been conducted on fouled coupons in a horizontal flow cell. At pilot scale, the cleaning of fully fouled pipes has been studied and monitored by temperature, conductivity and turbidity probes. Removal from the pipe occurs in two steps: core removal, leaving a thin wall layer that is then removed by thin film removal that takes the majority of the cleaning time. At both scales, cleaning time is influenced by temperature and velocity of the cleaning fluid. The pipe length range studied, 0.3–2 m, does not appear to have a significant impact on cleaning time. Cleaning time correlates well with (shear stress)^?1. A dimensionless cleaning time is defined and a correlation between cleaning time and Reynolds number developed.     

CFD and PIV Investigation of Flow past a Single Hot Gas Filter

Ceramic candle filters have been developed for cleaning high‐temperature high‐pressure (HTHP) gas streams. They meet environmental and economical considerations in combined cycle power plants, where gas turbine blades can be protected from the erosion that occurs due to using HTHP exhaust from the fluidized bed. Ceramic candle filters are the most promising hot gas filtration technology, which has demonstrated high collection efficiencies at high‐temperature high‐pressure conditions. This paper reports computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental investigations of a candle filter. Experimentally, 18 and 108 μm particles are tracked in the vicinity of a filter using Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV). The images are processed to give the radius of convergence, which defines the critical trajectory for particles just impinging on the filter. In the computational investigation, constant filtration velocity boundary models have been used to investigate the filter in cross flow conditions using the CFD code FLUENT. Different approach (inlet) velocity to filter face velocity ratios and different face velocities (ranging from 2–5 cm/s) are used in the CFD calculation. Particles in the diameter range 1–100 μm are tracked through the domain. The radius of convergence is compared and plotted as a function of many parameters. Validation of the computational study in this work was adequate and the deposition process and the factors that affect the build up of the filter cake have also been studied.     

Startup of a pipeline containing settled solid particles

Experimental studies have shown that, provided a threshold velocity is exceeded, bed of solid particles can be displaced from pipelines at low pressure gradients using fluid velocities near the limit-deposit velocity. The time scale of the process depends upon three factors: fluid acceleration, bed erosion and displacement. Results are reported for water slurries of a silica send of d₅₀ = 0.43 mm. A simple model for the transient response is proposed.     

Liquid Explosive Evaporative Removal of Submicron Particles from Hydrophilic Oxidized Silicon Surfaces

A pulsed CO₂ laser-based system, operating at a wavelength of 10.6 μm, was used as a cleaning tool to remove particles as small as 0.1 μm from hydrophilic, oxidized silicon surfaces. The laser beam served as a fast heating source to induce the explosive evaporation of a water film deposited on the particle-contaminated surface. The resulting explosive forces were high enough to expel particles from the surface efficiently. The contaminant particles used were 0.1 μm alumina, 0.1-0.2 μm silica, and 0.1 μm polystyrene latex.

For each of these, the cleaning efficiency was monitored as a function of the laser fluence, the thickness of the deposited water film and the number of cleaning cycles. Whatever the nature of the particles, the cleaning efficiency was characterized by an upper limit of the energy density, determined to be 1.5 J/cm², at which substrate damage occurred. At all lower laser fluences, the removal efficiency was particle-dependent.

The thickness of the deposited water film was varied by changing the time of exposure of the surface to water vapor, the vapor flow being fixed at 4700 ml/min. An exposure time of 1.5 s was found to be the most effective. Increasing the number of cleaning cycles permitted the evaluation of the effect of the zeta potentials of the particles with respect to that of the surface.     

Measurement and analysis of particle—particle interaction in a cocurrent flow of particles in a dilute gas—solid system

The experimental apparatus of Arastoopour et al.[3] was modified to measure pressure drop and solid velocities for cocurrent flow of particles in a pneumatic conveying line. The data were translated into particle—particle interaction expression using a force balance over the particles. The particle interaction is a combination of collision and drag force in a particles low relative velocity region. A correlation for particle—particle interaction with relative velocity between the particles of 0.3–4.6 m/s has been developed. The correlation describes our experimental data within the 10% deviation.     

Liquid Explosive Evaporative Removal of Submicron Particles from Hydrophilic Oxidized Silicon Surfaces

A pulsed CO₂ laser-based system, operating at a wavelength of 10.6 μm, was used as a cleaning tool to remove particles as small as 0.1 μm from hydrophilic, oxidized silicon surfaces. The laser beam served as a fast heating source to induce the explosive evaporation of a water film deposited on the particle-contaminated surface. The resulting explosive forces were high enough to expel particles from the surface efficiently. The contaminant particles used were 0.1 μm alumina, 0.1–0.2 μm silica, and 0.1 μm polystyrene latex.

For each of these, the cleaning efficiency was monitored as a function of the laser fluence, the thickness of the deposited water film and the number of cleaning cycles. Whatever the nature of the particles, the cleaning efficiency was characterized by an upper limit of the energy density, determined to be 1.5 J/cm², at which substrate damage occurred. At all lower laser fluences, the removal efficiency was particle-dependent.

The thickness of the deposited water film was varied by changing the time of exposure of the surface to water vapor, the vapor flow being fixed at 4700 ml/min. An exposure time of 1.5 s was found to be the most effective. Increasing the number of cleaning cycles permitted the evaluation of the effect of the zeta potentials of the particles with respect to that of the surface.     

颗粒撞击单颗粒覆层的数值计算

颗粒与壁面的惯性碰撞机制是换热管壁积灰的主要原因之一,且国内外对微米级颗粒撞击壁面过程的研究较少。本文对单颗粒撞击颗粒覆层的碰撞过程进行了数值计算。首先通过建立颗粒与壁面法向碰撞的动力学模型,对颗粒与壁面（或颗粒）之间的碰撞过程进行研究。对于颗粒与壁面（或颗粒）的碰撞过程,无阻尼耗散下,理论计算结果与数值计算结果一致。相对于仅考虑黏附剥离功的情况,阻尼耗散的存在使得临界捕集速度增加。在此基础上,研究了颗粒与颗粒覆层撞击后的颗粒运动情况。颗粒-颗粒（黏附）-壁面的法向碰撞过程由于黏附颗粒的加入变得更加复杂。计算发现,对于二氧化硅颗粒-二氧化硅颗粒（黏附）-不锈钢表面的碰撞过程,当入射速度大于0.7m/s时,黏附颗粒将从壁面脱离。