浅谈水电开发项目的成本控制

成本控制是企业成本管理的核心，成本控制思路是随着社会经济的发展而发展的。在市场经济条件下．水电开发企业作为竞争的主体．面-临越来越大的挑战，应该树立怎样的成本控制思路来支配企业的成本管理工作．这是一个具有现实意义的问题。本文对水电开发企业的成本控制进行了分析．力求通过分析使得成本控制在水电开发企业的经营管理中具有更大的现实意义。     

多管齐下加强矿山企业成本日常控制

加强矿山企业成本日常控制是提高企业经济效益和竞争力的重要内容,提出企业成本日常控制的内容、制度及控制的具体项目,以达到节约资金,降低成本、提高矿山企业的经济效益。     

浅谈企业成本控制创新管理

成本控制是所有企业都必须面对的一个重要课题,企业无论采取何种改革、激励措施都代替不了强化成本管理、降低成本这一工作。科学地组织实施成本控制,可以促进企业改善经营管理,转变经营机制,全面提高企业素质,使企业在市场竞争的环境下生存、发展和壮大。     

基于目标成本管理的火电厂成本控制体系

目标成本管理是火电企业成本控制的一种有效方法。根据火电厂电力生产的特点,建立了基于目标成本管理、全员参与、精细化管理、纵横对标管理和严格绩效考核的火电厂目标成本控制体系,针对影响火电厂经济效益的关键因素燃料成本,提出了完善配煤燃烧目标成本管理机构和制度的措施,可为火电厂进行目标成本管理提供保障。     

浅谈柴油机设计中的成本控制

产品的设计就是产品成本的设计,是产品成本形成的源头。当今企业在纷纷重视生产制造过程中成本控制的同时,有必要将产品成本控制前移到产品设计阶段。从产品成本控制的角度提出在柴油机设计过程中应注意的成本控制问题。     

深化过程控制促进节能降耗

针对预算执行过程控制难、成本控制难、单项产品核算难等因素,通过深化过程控制来完善企业运行管理过程中的各项控制措施,进行实时统计与监控并持续改进,最终降低企业运营成本,促进节能降耗,实现可持续发展.     

基于粗糙集的施工成本动态控制方法及应用

针对工程项目施工成本控制效率低、缺乏主动性与预见性的问题,提出基于粗糙集的施工成本动态控制模型,即在粗糙集理论框架下,以历史各期成本偏差信息为对象构建成本决策系统,根据可辨识矩阵的属性重要度评估各成本控制指标的重要程度;利用属性约简和规则提取算法获取各成本指标与总成本之间的变动规则,制定控制策略;同时,可将当期的成本信息并入下期决策系统,及时补充信息参与分析,以实现成本的动态控制。案例分析结果表明,该模型可通过对实际成本统计信息的分析获得成本指标权重与成本预测规则,且计算结果符合成本控制的一般规律,能够为施工企业的成本控制决策提供客观指导。     

浅谈污水企业运行成本细化管理

随着市场竞争日趋激烈,如何节省资源,降低成本,提升企业的成本管理水平,进一步提高企业的核心竞争力,成为现阶段企业管理的核心内容.笔者立足于企业管理和财务管理的原理,并结合自己的实际工作经验,从企业运行中的生产管理、成本控制等方面来阐述企业运行成本细化管理.     

关于火力发电厂降低运营成本问题的探讨

阐述火力发电厂降低运营成本的问题,重点分析发电企业降低运营成本的理论基础,并以案例形式对降低运营成本进行具体说明。在此基础上提出如何控制生产技术环节和生产经营环节,以实现降低运营成本的建议。     

调兵山污水处理厂运营成本分析及控制措施

对于已建成的污水处理厂,进行运营成本控制是一项繁杂的工作,但是,控制成本是企业可持续发展的必然要求。针对调兵山污水处理厂运营成本偏高的情况进行分析,找到问题所在,并提出改进及控制措施。     

分析质量成本促进供应商质量控制

质量是用质量成本来衡量的。统计数据表明:企业在3西格码(3σ)质量水平时,质量成本约占销售额的25％~30％;在4西格码(4σ)质量水平时,质量成本约占销售额的15％;在5西格码(5σ)质量水平时,质量成本约占销售额的10％;在6西格码(6σ)质量水平时,质量成本约占销售额的1％。由此可见,质量成本与质量控制水平的高低有着直接联系,高质量意味着低成本。     

化工区多热源协同供热成本和优化分析

研究工业热网多热源协同供热成本计算和供热优化问题,采用微增利润法计算多热源的供热成本,在保证各热用户供热质量的前提下,结合热网结构与热负荷情况,合理分配多个热源间的供热比,以达到经济效益最大化的目标。采用的微增利润法具有计算方便简单、定义清晰简明等优势,适用于燃气轮机联合循环、燃气锅炉、燃煤火电等机组多热源协同供热,并可指导运行人员对工业热网进行运行与调度。     

The cost of domestic fuel cell micro-CHP systems

Numerous academic and industrial estimates place the cost of future mass-produced small stationary fuel cell systems at around $1000 per kW, which compares well with targets set by agencies such as the US Department of Energy. Actual sale prices do not fit so neatly with these targets, and are currently 25–50 times higher even though mass production began three years ago.     

Present status and future prospects of PV activities in Japan

The photovoltaic (PV) power systems in Japan made great strides in the past decade. The PV industry in the 1990s greatly depended on the research projects and dissemination programs carried out by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. However, the industrial structure for full-scale deployment of the PV system is currently being established by the manufacturers’ continuous efforts to reduce the PV system cost and the government’s consecutive supports to create the initial market. It is expected that the synergetic effect of the cost reduction and incentives for introduction will activate the PV industry and its market more and more toward achieving 5000 MW of the capacity in FY 2010.     

Comparative analysis of associated cost of nuclear hydrogen production using IAEA hydrogen cost estimation program

The interest in non-electric applications of nuclear energy is rising ranging from hydrogen production, district heating, seawater desalination, and various industrial applications to provide long-term answers for a variety of energy issues that both present and future generations will confront. Hydrogen is a dynamic fuel that can be used across all industrial sectors to lower carbon intensity. This study, therefore, aims at estimating the cost of nuclear hydrogen production from some light water reactors using International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Hydrogen Calculator (HydCalc) program and comparing the result with similar existing studies conducted by other scholars using the Hydrogen Economic Evaluation Program (HEEP) program. The study employs six existing Light Water Reactors (LWRs) comprised of Korea Advanced Power Reactor 1400 MW electricity (APR1400), Russian VVER-1200, Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant in Ohio, Prairie Island NPP in Minnesota, Nine Mile Point NPP in New York, and Arizona Public Service's Palo Verde NPP to evaluate the Levelized cost of nuclear hydrogen production. Estimation of hydrogen demand was performed without carbon dioxide (CO₂) tax since nuclear power has zero CO₂ emission. The Levelized costs obtained using IAEA HydCalc and HEEP Programme were compared as follows; APR1400 cost are 2.6$/kg and 3.18$/kg, VVER1200 cost are 3.8$/kg and 3.44$/kg; Exelon cost are 1.7$/kg and 4.85$/kg; Davis Besse cost are 3.9$/kg and 3.09$/kg; Parlo Verde cost are 3.5$/kg and 4.77$/kg; Xcel Energy cost are 3.63$/kg and 0.69$/kg. The cost of hydrogen production using HEEP for Xcel Energy's Prairie Island NPP is 0.69 $/kg. This is because the reactor utilizes High Temperature Steam Electrolysis, method of hydrogen production, while the other methods employs Low Temperature Electrolysis. The results shows that the final price of the hydrogen for each reactor technology depends not only on the production method but also on the cost of the nuclear power plant and the production rate of the hydrogen plant.     

电厂运行机组节能经济性评估的方法

以外高桥电厂设计计算煤耗为基础进行经济性分析,综合考虑实际运行中的不可避免损失及当年不可控偏差,得出了电厂机组当前运行条件下可能达到的基准煤耗和当年达标煤耗,并提出了一种运行机组经济性综合评估的技术思路,据此可以了解机组目前的经济性能状况、节能潜力,同时为机组达到经济运行目标提出改进方向。     

Technical cost modelling for a generic 45-m wind turbine blade producedby vacuum infusion (VI)

A detailed technical cost analysis has been conducted on a generic 45-m wind turbine blade manufactured using the vacuum infusion (VI) process, in order to isolate areas of significant cost savings. The analysis has focused on a high labour cost environment such as the UK and investigates the influence of varying labour costs, programme life, component area, deposition time, cure time and reinforcement price with respect to production volume. A split of the cost centres showed the dominance of material and labour costs at approximately 51% and 41%, respectively. Due to the dominance of materials, it was shown that fluctuations in reinforcement costs can easily increase or decrease the cost of a turbine blade by up to 14%. Similarly, improving material deposition time by 2 h can save approximately 5% on the total blade cost. However, saving 4 h on the cure cycle only has the potential to provide a 2% cost saving.     

Economic feasibility of producing sweet sorghum as an ethanol feedstock in the southeastern United States

This study examines the feasibility of producing sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) as an ethanol feedstock in the southeastern United States through representative counties in Mississippi. We construct enterprise budgets along with estimates of transportation costs to estimate sweet sorghum producers’ breakeven costs for producing and delivering sweet sorghum biomass. This breakeven cost for the sweet sorghum producer is used to estimate breakeven costs for the ethanol producer based on wholesale ethanol price, production costs, and transportation and marketing costs. Stochastic models are developed to estimate profits for sweet sorghum and competing crops in two representative counties in Mississippi, with sweet sorghum consistently yielding losses in both counties.     

石油化工园区生态化建设的环境伦理准则

建设生态工业园区是循环经济在产业领域的主要实践形式,它不仅可以明显减少工业体系对环环境的干扰,而且在降低成本、提高企业效益方面也大有优势.我国石油资源人均占有量低、环境污染问题突出,石油化工行业不仅最有条件、最具潜力,而且也是迫切需要发展循环经济的产业之一.石油化工园区的生态化建设,对于我国当前因石油化工生产造成的环境问题的解决、石油资源的有效利用、企业的合理发展都会起到十分重要的作用.石油化工园区生态化建设对环境伦理的基本目标,一是保障可持续发展,二是实现道德与利益的统一,三是维护世代间人类与环境的公平与正义.在石油化工生态园区建设中,企业必须遵循自然主义环境伦理准则和人本主义环境伦理准则,在企业与环境之间建立起一种和谐的伦理关系,从根本上保障石油化工生态园区的可持续发展.     

Cost estimates for nuclear power in the UK

Current UK Government support for nuclear power has in part been informed by cost estimates that suggest that electricity from new nuclear power stations will be competitive with alternative low carbon generation options. The evidence and analysis presented in this paper suggests that the capital cost estimates for nuclear power that are being used to inform these projections rely on costs escalating over the pre-construction and construction phase of the new build programme at a level significantly below those that have been experienced by past US and European programmes. This paper applies observed construction time and cost escalation rates to the published estimates of capital costs for new nuclear plant in the UK and calculates the potential impact on levelised cost per unit of electricity produced. The results suggest that levelised cost may turn out to be significantly higher than expected which in turn has important implications for policy, both in general terms of the potential costs to consumers and more specifically for negotiations around the level of policy support and contractual arrangements offered to individual projects through the proposed contract for difference strike price.