垃圾填埋场沿底部衬垫双层界面失稳破坏分析

垃圾填埋场底部衬垫系统中黏土-土工膜(GM)界面和土工织物(GT)-土工膜界面的剪切强度较低,极易沿界面发生失稳破坏。提出三阶段界面本构模型描述界面的软化特性,采用有限差分程序建立计算模型,研究了垃圾体弹性模量、密度、高度和背坡坡度变化对界面剪应力和剪切位移的影响。分析结果表明:随着垃圾体弹性模量的增加,基地处界面剪切位移和剪应力均逐渐增大,而背坡处界面剪切位移和剪应力逐渐减小;随着垃圾体密度和填埋高度的增加,界面剪应力和剪切位移均逐渐增大,而背坡坡度对界面剪切位移影响较大;通过GT/GM界面和GM/地基土界面剪应力和剪切位移的对比分析可知,界面失稳破坏往往发生在抗剪强度较小的界面。     

应力历史对黏土–混凝土界面剪切特性的影响研究

 采用大型直剪仪,系统研究法向应力历史对黏土–混凝土界面剪切特性的影响。根据制定的加卸荷方案,对3个粗糙度等级(锯齿高为0,1,2 cm)的黏土–混凝土接触界面先加荷至初始法向应力,再卸荷至剪切法向应力进行剪切。从剪应力–剪切位移曲线、界面最大剪应力、剪胀性3个角度对试验结果进行对比分析。分析结果表明：黏土–混凝土界面剪应力–剪切位移曲线仍大体呈双曲线形式,并未出现应变软化现象。初始法向应力越大,相同剪切位移对应剪应力越大;初始法向应力越大对应的界面最大剪应力越大,根据Mohr-Coulomb准则通过线性拟合得出界面强度参数,并引入界面摩擦有效系数和黏聚有效系数。通过数据对比发现,界面黏聚有效系数随着初始法向应力的增大而增大,而摩擦有效系数则随初始法向应力的增大而减小。剪切过程中3个粗糙度等级的黏土–混凝土界面均发生不同程度的剪胀,界面越粗糙,剪胀量越大。同时,应力历史对界面剪胀性规律有明显的影响,未经历法向卸荷的界面剪切过程开始先剪缩然后再剪胀,而经历法向卸荷的界面剪切一开始便呈现剪胀,且初始法向应力越大,剪胀越明显。     

土工合成材料与稻壳灰土界面特性研究

针对垃圾填埋场中黏土-土工膜界面抗剪强度低的特性,对黏土掺杂不同质量分数的稻壳灰,以提高其界面抗剪强度。利用大型直剪设备,对黏土-土工膜、不同质量分数稻壳灰混合黏土-土工膜进行界面抗剪强度试验。重点分析不同质量分数稻壳灰混合黏土-土工膜界面的剪切应力-剪切位移曲线、抗剪强度、抗剪强度摩擦系数等,然后对模型适用性进行分析,比较双曲线模型和指数模型。结果表明:1)掺入稻壳灰能明显增大界面抗剪强度,掺入质量分数为15%的稻壳灰时效果最佳,此时摩擦角和黏聚力分别提高了29.5%和109.3%;2)指数模型拟合效果明显优于双曲线模型,更能反映实际情况。     

土工合成材料在路基工程中的应用及试验分析

在分析土工合成材料在路基工程中的应用基础上,选取顺纹和逆纹形态的土工膜进行拉伸试验,探索了2种形态条件下的力学性质的差别,并分别对变形破坏拉伸强度和延伸率进行了测试和对比,得出土工膜拉力-位移关系曲线。试验结果表明:在拉力作用下,逆纹与顺纹形态土工膜最大破坏拉力基本相当;土工膜拉力与位移量在初始阶段呈现线性变化,随着拉力的逐渐增加转为塑性变化,土工膜无明显屈服极限,逆纹土工膜最大位移量为顺纹最大位移量的3~7倍。     

垃圾填埋场土工合成材料的界面特性试验方法研究

拉拔、直剪、单剪试验常用于材料间界面特性研究,通过对垃圾填埋场中组成复合衬垫的土工膜、土工布和砂土、黏土界面分别进行了土工膜与砂土、土工膜与黏土、土工布与砂土、土工布与黏土的拉拔试验,土工布与砂土、土工膜与黏土的直剪试验及土工网–土工膜–黏土组合界面的单剪试验。研究结果表明:土工合成材料与土界面特性主要取决于土工合成材料的表面性质,直剪和单剪试验得到应力–位移曲线的初始斜率高于拉拔试验;法向应力由低向高变化时控制滑动面也发生了变化,界面特性受到防渗结构层中相邻材料的影响;在3种试验中拉拔试验得到的界面强度包线最高,单剪次之,直剪最低;单剪试验能较合理地模拟垃圾填埋场复合防渗结构的工作条件,建议利用单剪试验技术确定界面的强度参数,直剪试验也是可选择的试验方法。     

HDPE土工膜端部张拉力的大规模实测数据分析

 垃圾填埋场边土工膜主要受到温度应力和垃圾压缩引起的张拉力的作用，为评价垃圾填埋场防渗系统中高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)土工膜的温度应力和垃圾填埋压缩引起的端部张拉力，以短纤维无纺布、HDPE土工膜组成防渗系统，进行大规模现场试验。试验结果表明：伴随环境温度的下降，HDPE土工膜中产生温度应力，当填埋高度较小时作用在HDPE土工膜端部的张拉力主要为温度应力；随着填埋高度的增加，压缩引起的HDPE土工膜端部张拉力增大。用有限元算法对压缩引起的端部张拉力进行分析，并采用温度与HDPE土工膜张拉力的关系对温度应力进行分析。计算结果与实测结果的对比情况表明，考虑填埋压缩引起的张拉力的应力松弛后计算结果更加接近实测结果。     

不同类型预应力锚索锚固性能现场试验对比研究

 在对锚索锚固段剪应力分布模式进行弹塑性理论分析的基础上,开展拉力集中型、拉力分散型、压力分散型锚索的现场破坏性试验,对3类锚索的剪应力分布特征、承载能力、荷载–位移曲线进行对比分析,结果表明：在弹性状态下,3类锚索锚固体上的峰值剪应力均出现在集中力作用点近端0.5 m范围内,且随着荷载增加而增大;进入塑性状态后,上述0.5 m范围最先出现脱黏滑移,峰值剪应力逐渐向锚固体中部转移,脱黏段的残余剪应力约为峰值的1/3;由于拉力分散型锚索的剪应力分布更加均匀、有效锚固段长度更长,其承载能力相比拉力集中型提高31.1%;压力分散型锚索锚固体由于受压产生径向膨胀,其与土体之间的黏结强度增大,因而承载能力比拉力分散型提高17.7%;从荷载–位移曲线来看,压力分散型锚索具有更好的位移延性和抗变形能力,在土体锚固中优势明显。     

芙蓉江大桥拱座混凝土–基岩抗滑稳定性研究

 通过对混凝土–岩石胶结面剪切破坏过程中剪应力–位移曲线的分析,假设混凝土–岩石胶结面剪应力由混凝土与岩石之间的胶结作用和摩擦效应共同承担,从而建立考虑峰后胶结损伤的胶结面力学模型。室内混凝土–岩石剪切试验结果的反演分析表明,该模型可以很好地反映胶结面剪切破坏过程。利用建立的混凝土–岩石胶结面力学模型,对拟建的芙蓉江大桥拱座抗滑稳定性进行三维计算分析,结果表明：桥梁荷载下拱座–基岩胶结面剪切应力小于其抗剪强度,胶结面变形以弹性变形为主,量值较小,拱座–基岩胶结面不会产生剪切破坏。     

填埋场斜坡上土工膜受力特性的离心模型试验研究

由于垃圾土沉降大,斜坡上土工膜易受到较大下拽力而破损,影响衬垫系统防渗功能。通过离心模型试验对填埋场斜坡上土工膜在垃圾土重力和沉降作用下的拉力和应变进行了研究,并通过FLAC数值对比分析,可获得如下结论：试验采用的模型垃圾土能很好地模拟现场垃圾土,模型土最大沉降量可达土层厚度的20%;土工膜存在中性点,以中性点为界土工膜可分为受拉区和受压区,中性点的位置与坡度和沉降有关,从坡顶到中性点拉应变逐渐变小,从中性点到坡脚压应变先增大后减小;坡度和沉降是影响土工膜拉力发展的重要因素,坡度或沉降越大,拉力越大,沉降是通过改变界面强度的发挥程度来影响土工膜拉力的发展;当采用单糙面土工膜（上光下糙）时,外部作用力很难向土工膜下界面传递,土工膜锚固端拉力几乎为零。     

大型斜面剪切仪的研制和试验

位于垃圾填埋场斜坡上的衬垫结构在垂直应力作用下沿斜坡滑移的剪切状态与底坡上衬垫结构的不同,为了模拟斜坡上衬垫结构间剪切特性,研制了斜面剪切仪。通过对标准砂和黏土的大型斜面和普通直剪剪切试验,发现两种试验得到的标准砂和黏土剪切应力位移特性基本相同,强度指标也相同。在此基础上,进行了光面HDPE土工膜与黏土复合衬垫界面斜面剪切试验,得到的剪应力与正应力比-位移曲线均有峰值和峰值后的软化现象。斜面剪切试验的特点是能够得到剪切面上法向应力和剪切应力同时增加的变化规律,可以揭示更详细的剪切特征,这有利于分析剪切过程中剪切面上法向应力和剪切应力的特性,如剪切面上法向应力和剪切应力变化规律以及剪切面上法向应力和剪切应力比的变化规律。     

Evaluation of Interface Shear Strength between Geosynthetics Under Wet Condition

This paper presents direct shear testing data for interfaces between a nonwoven geotextile or two types of geosynthetic clay liners (GCL) (reinforced and unreinforced) and two types of geomembranes (smooth and textured). In this study, the effect of moisture on interface shear behavior was investigated by performing shear tests in both dry and wet (or hydrated) conditions because the geosynthetic interfaces in a landfill are easily exposed to rain, leachate and groundwater beneath the liners. The degree of strength reduction with increasing displacement and the effect of the normal stress level on friction angles were examined, and the modified hydration method applied for the GCL was also validated. The test results showed that the normal stress level, interface water presence and hydration methods dominated the interface shear strength and behavior. The relationship between the peak secant friction angle and the normal stress demonstrated that the friction angle decreased with increasing normal stress, implying that the shear strength for safe design should be determined by using the maximum value of the normal stress applied in landfills. Finally, comparisons with a few published test results were presented and some design implications for the geosynthetic-installed landfills were discussed.     

A DEM analysis of geomembrane-lined landfill subject to vertical loading

Particle flow code in three dimensions (PFC^3D) is used to investigate the bearing capacity and mechanism of a geomembrane-lined landfill under construction loading. The soils and the geomembranes are simulated by numerous balls and parallel bond, respectively. The initial states and loading processes of geomembrane-lined soil are simulated by PFC^3D method. The displacement vector diagram, the velocity vector diagram, the stress and the porosity of soil were analyzed using the numerical models. The simulation results demonstrate that the geomembranes keep the underneath soil particles from being displaced under the applied load and can distribute the load uniformly over a wider area. The interface between soil particles and geomembranes, the displacement vector, the contact force and the deformation of the geomembranes are also analyzed. The results showed that the vertical loading affect strength-strain behavior of geomembranes. The contribution of radial displacements on strain and, consequently, the stress crack and potential failure mechanism of geomembranes were analyzed.     

圆形构筑物周边土工膜沉降时的褶皱产生机理及分析模型

基于传统薄膜理论建立了下卧土体沉降作用下圆形构筑物周边土工膜受力变形的分析模型,发现在下卧土体沉降作用下圆形构筑物周边土工膜中将产生褶皱,并揭示了其产生机理。进一步通过引入"可变泊松比"概念并基于褶皱薄膜理论建立了褶皱区与张拉区土工膜受力变形的分析模型,分析了下卧土体沉降大小、上覆土压力、土工膜界面强度、圆形构筑物半径及土工膜抗拉刚度对土工膜褶皱程度与受力变形大小的影响。结果表明下卧土体沉降越大、圆形构筑物半径越小,则褶皱程度及土工膜最大应变越大。最后提出了工程上控制土工膜褶皱和最大应变与张力的几点工程措施。     

Influence of micro and macroroughness of geomembrane surfaces on soil-geomembrane and geotextile-geomembrane interface strength

The interface shear strength involving geosynthetics and other materials can be influenced by various parameters, such as the material type and the normal stress on the interface. Although several investigations have been conducted over the years on this topic, the large variation of interfaces that can be used has led researchers to develop other sources of information to improve design methods. This paper investigates how roughness parameters can influence the shear strength developed between different interfaces based on many inclined plane tests and microscopic analyses of the surface roughness. One smooth and three textured geomembranes were used to simulate a barrier layer and sand, and two nonwoven geotextiles were installed on them to simulate drainage or protective layers. A powerful optical apparatus provided fifteen bidimensional and tridimensional surface parameters for the two faces of the analyzed geomembranes. The results showed that the mean height of profile elements (R_c) and the core material volume (V_mc) parameters presented stronger correlations with the interface shear strength. The concept of interface roughness factor was introduced to estimate the interface friction between different materials based on the materials properties for interfaces with geotextiles.     

Field evaluation of geonet flow rate (transmissivity) under increasing load

This paper presents data from a full scale field test of a geonet placed between two geomembranes used as a leak detection system for a solid waste landfill. The cell under investigation is 1·54 ha in area, with the geonet covering 0·87 ha of the base of the cell. The remaining sideslope area was also covered by geonet, but did not contribute to the flow rate testing. Approximately 2300 liters of water were injected at three different times; i.e., at landfill waste heights corresponding to 12, 153 and 311 kPa normal stresses. The percentages of recovered water within a 15-h period were 93·9%, 89·6% and 81·2% respectively. The calculated transmissivity values reflected the increased normal stress as would have been anticipated, i.e., transmissivity values decreased from 45·2 to 43·5 to 40·0 × 10⁻⁴ m²/s, respectively. These decreases were anticipated due to the elastic intrusion of the geomembranes into the geonet under the gradually increasing normal stresses. The results indicate that geonets are viable drainage materials under actual full-scale field conditions and should certainly be considered as drainage replacements for natural granular soil drainage media.     

Shear strength behavior of geotextile/geomembrane interfaces

This paper aims to study the shear interaction mechanism of one of the critical geosynthetic interfaces,the geotextile/geomembrane,typically used for lined containment facilities such as landfills.A large direct shear machine is used to carry out 90 geosynthetic interface tests.The test results show a strain softening behavior with a very small dilatancy(0.5 mm) and nonlinear failure envelopes at a normal stress range of 25-450 kPa.The influences of the micro-level structure of these geosynthetics on the macro-level interface shear behavior are discussed in detail.This study has generated several practical recommendations to help professionals to choose what materials are more adequate.From the three geotextiles tested,the thermally bonded monofilament exhibits the best interface shear strength under high normal stress.For low normal stress,however,needle-punched monofilaments are recommended.For the regular textured geomembranes tested,the space between the asperities is an important factor.The closer these asperities are,the better the result achieves.For the irregular textured geomembranes tested,the nonwoven geotextiles made of monofilaments produce the largest interface shear strength.     

某填埋场垃圾堆体边坡失稳过程监测与反分析

某填埋场是国内首批在场底铺设复合衬垫系统的大型卫生填埋场,该场垃圾坝前堆体边坡于2008年6月连续强降雨期间发生失稳事件。介绍该堆体边坡失稳过程的现场监测结果,包括坡面水平位移、深层侧向位移和渗滤液水位。基于监测数据,开展堆体边坡稳定性反分析工作,探讨复合衬垫系统界面抗剪强度取值方法,提出抽排竖井迫降水位、铺膜防渗等应急抢险措施。现场监测和理论分析结果表明:堆体边坡中高渗滤液水位是导致其失稳的关键因素,堆体边坡水平位移速率和渗滤液水位高度呈明显正相关关系;该堆体边坡失稳模式是沿场底复合衬垫系统中软弱界面的深层滑移;斜坡场底上复合衬垫系统在滑移过程中发生位移-软化效应,其界面强度介于峰值强度和残余强度之间;抽排竖井迫降水位是最直接、有效的应急抢险措施。     

Oberflächenabdichtungen aus PE‐HD‐Dichtungsbahnen für Altdeponien

Surface lining with HDPE geomembranes of old municipal waste landfills. Until mid‐2005 approximately 250 old municipal waste landfills have to be closed, because they failed to meet the requirements according to the state of landfill engineering. After closure, a containment and remediation concept has to be put into action. At landfill sites with appropriate conditions (e.g. base liner and waste water collection system), one may try to stabilize the waste body by forcing up through water infiltration the anaerobic biochemical reaction within the waste body or by aerobic stabilization techniques. However, engineered capping systems are an indispensable tool in the containment strategy for waste disposal. Reliable, highly effective and long lasting liner systems can be installed even under the special conditions on the surface of old landfills. In particular, selected HDPE geomembranes are highly suited for these conditions. However, approval of geomembrane products for this application is essential, since geomembranes made of different HDPE resins as well as differently produced out of the same HDPE resin may extremely differ in their long‐term and installation properties.