基于分类和模块化的工程机械BOM构建

分析了工程机械BOM构建现状和不足,给出一种适合工程机械基于分类和模块化的超级BOM构建方案.从工程机械产品销售实际,对产品的主参数、特征参数、可选参数概念作出说明.将属于某特定型号工程机械产品的所有部件划分为公共部分、特征部分、可选部分,并建立相应部分虚拟层级.根据模块化思想,对特征部分和可选部分建立具有约束关系的选择模块.将物料分类原理应用于模块化超级BOM构建,运用Excel和VBA实现了产品编码自动生成和BOM自动构建功能.分析该方案特点并应用于工程机械产品BOM构建,结果表明,基于分类的模块化BOM构建方法简单易行、合理有效,能够快速准确构建单一产品BOM,对于工程机械信息化具有较好的参考价值.     

Product variety strategies for vertically differentiated products in a two-stage supply chain

In this paper, we study how the presence of coordination, competition and cost structures affect the product variety and pricing decisions in a two-stage supply chain. We consider vertically differentiated industries. Products reach the end customers via assembly companies positioned in the middle-tier between the producers and end customers. The assembly operations incur bill-of-materials (BOM) cost, which includes the cost of raw materials and components as well as the cost of producing, managing and synchronising supply, storage and distribution of these materials and components. We consider three coordination scenarios in the supply chain, and compare an uncoordinated supply chain with a horizontal and a vertical coordination scenario using the Nash equilibria of a multi-leader Stackelberg game between the producers and assembly companies. For exogenously given quality levels, we show that producers and assembly companies should either differentiate their product offering, or offer the high-end product only depending on the BOM cost. In addition, the uncoordinated scenario helps reduce the intensity of competition in the supply chain. For endogenous quality levels, partial product-differentiation equilibrium can emerge. Numerical experiments are performed to illustrate the impacts of BOM cost and quality levels on the equilibrium.     

The coordinated production and transportation scheduling problem with a time-sensitive product: a branch-and-cut algorithm

In many supply chain scenarios in which short lifespan products are considered, production and transportation decisions must be made in a coordinated manner with no inventory stage. Hence, a solution to this problem conveys information about production starting times of each product lot at facility and delivery times of the lots to various customer-sites located in different geographic regions. In this paper, we study a variant of the problem that single product with limited shelf life is produced at single facility. Once produced, production lot is directly distributed to the customers with non-ignorable transportation time by single vehicle having limited capacity before the lifespan. Objective is to determine the minimum time required to produce and deliver all customer demands. To this end, we develop a branch-and-cut (B&C) algorithm using several valid inequalities adopted from the existing literature to improve lower bounds and applying a local search based on simulated annealing approach to improve upper bounds. On test problems available in the literature, we evaluate the performance of the B&C algorithm. Results show the promising performance of the B&C algorithm.     

产品物料清单BOM的XML实现方法研究

针对产品物料清单(BOM)的复杂性、多样性、灵活性等特点,结合XML所具有的特点,提出了基于XML的BOM树的建立方法,由此有效地实现了数据的查询、修改和删除等操作.论文分析了产品全生命周期各阶段BOM数据的特点、演变过程;详细阐述了产品BOM结构的XML的建立优势;产品BOM树的XML模式的设计和实现;以及各种BOM视图之间的转化和BOM数据的交换.重点介绍了.Net Framework环境下BOM树的实现机制.     

Improving cost effectiveness in an existing product line using component product platforms1

Previously, we introduced a new method for improving commonality in a highly customised, low volume product line using component product platforms. The method provides a bottom-up platform approach to redesign family members originally developed one-at-a-time to meet specific customer requirements. In this paper, we extend the method with an activity-based costing (ABC) model to specifically capture the manufacturing costs in the product line, including the cost associated with implementing a platform strategy. The valve yoke example is revisited in this paper, the customised ABC model is defined, two design strategy alternatives are addressed, and the new method is used to determine which alternative is better at resolving the trade-off between commonality, total cost, and product performance. The proposed method shows promise for creating a product platform portfolio from a set of candidate component platforms that is most cost-effective within an existing product line. The proposed method allows for arbitrary leveraging as it does not rely solely on the traditional vertical, horizontal, or beachhead strategies advocated for the market segmentation grid, and this is especially beneficial when applied to an existing product line that was developed one-at-a-time time such that artefact designs are inconsistent from one to another.     

基于QFD和SIT的产品创新设计方法

针对产品在激烈的市场竞争中取得成功必须符合用户需求且具有创新性的现状,基于对用户需求和创新策略的系统分析,提出了一种基于QFD和SIT的产品创新设计方法.该方法通过挖掘目标产品的顾客需求,借助QFD质量屋分析顾客需求并获得技术特征间的关系,针对负相关应用SIT理论进行创造性求解,从而快速地获得相应的技术解决途径和方案....     

Integrated process planning and scheduling for large-scale flexible job shops using metaheuristics

In this paper, we discuss an integrated process planning and scheduling problem in large-scale flexible job shops (FJSs). We assume that products can be manufactured in different ways, i.e. using different bills of materials (BOM) and routes for the same product. The total weighted tardiness is the performance measure of interest. A Mixed Integer Programming formulation is provided for the researched problem. Because of the NP-hardness of the investigated problem, an iterative scheme is designed that is based on variable neighbourhood search (VNS) on the process planning level. Appropriate neighbourhood structures for VNS are proposed. Because the evaluation of each move within VNS requires the solution of a large-scale FJS scheduling problem instance, efficient heuristics based on local search from previous research are considered on the scheduling level. Extensive computational experiments based on new randomly generated problem instances are conducted. In addition, a parallel version of the VNS is investigated within the computational experiments. The proposed iterative scheme is benchmarked against a genetic algorithm (GA) from the literature that simultaneously considers process planning and scheduling for the special case where a single BOM is available for each product. It turns out that the new iterative scheme outperforms the GA and a memetic algorithm based on the GA. It is able to solve even large-size problem instances in reasonable amount of time.     

集成产品开发中基于BOM的集成技术研究

本文提出了基于BOM的集成产品开发环境的框架，指出了集成产品开发的几种集成方案．通过对BOM在信息系统之间的共享、交换以及信息资源的集成，阐述了BOM在产品开发中的重要作用及基于BOM的集成技术，最后给出应用实例。     

基于故障树映射的产品族保证成本分析

针对当前制造企业的产品通常以产品族而不是单一产品的形式存在的现实,对现有的基于单一产品的保证成本计算模型进行了改进,并指出产品族保证成本计算取决于配置产品的元件的可靠性。通过逆向搜索的方法,元件可靠性可以根据故障树模型向BOM模型映射得到。作者通过一个笔记本电脑的案例说明文中方法的操作过程,并比较了企业采用FRW和PRW两种策略时保证成本的差异。     

Inverse Sub‐structuring Method for Multi‐coordinate Rigidly Coupled Product Transport System based on a Novel Shearing Probe Technique

The inverse sub‐structuring method can predict the component‐level frequency response functions (FRFs) of product (critical component) for product transport system from only measured system‐level FRFs, facilitating the cushioning packaging design. However, the FRFs of the coupling interface between product and vehicle are usually of extreme difficulty to be measured due to the limited accessible space. To overcome this difficulty, the authors suggested a so‐called FRF probe technique method in the previous study, which may be more suitable for the single‐coordinate coupled system. In practice, most of the product transport systems should be treated as multi‐coordinate coupled system. The aim of this paper is to derive a new FRF‐based inverse sub‐structuring method for multi‐coordinate rigidly coupled product transport system and develop a new shearing probe technique to obtain the difficult‐to‐monitor FRFs at the coupling interface, which will be validated by a lumped mass model and finite element models, respectively, showing perfect agreement. Finally, the experiment on a physical prototype of multi‐coordinate rigidly coupled product transport system is performed to further check the feasibility of the application prospect of the shearing probe technique for inverse analysis of product transport system. The method proposed in this study will provide the packaging designers an alternative method to monitor the integrity of product transport system. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A combined QFD and integer programming framework to determine attribute levels for conjoint study

Conjoint Analysis (CA) and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) are two popular tools for new product design; marketers frequently use the former and engineers the latter. Typically, in a conjoint study, the attributes and their levels are determined through focus group discussions or market surveys. Sometimes, the market researchers exclude some critical features or include unrealistic attribute levels resulting in infeasible product profiles. Inappropriate selection of attribute levels may render the conjoint study less useful. In QFD, the New Product Development team attempts to identify the technical characteristics (TCs) to be improved (included) to meet the customer requirements (CRs) through a subjective relationship matrix between CRs and TCs. At present there is no methodology that uses the output of QFD to generate feasible product profiles to be used in CA and therefore improve its usefulness. In this paper, QFD is used along with an integer programming (IP) model to determine the appropriate TCs and consequently the right attribute levels. These attribute levels are then used in a conjoint study. It is also proposed to measure the elements of the so-called relationship matrix in QFD in a way so that the right levels of the attributes can be generated from the IP solution. The proposed method is illustrated through a commercial vehicle design problem with hypothetical data.     

Process flexibility under bill of material constraints: part II–structural properties and improving principles

For the manufacturing system that consists of multiple assembly lines, this paper investigates the method of improving its process flexibility under bill of material (BOM) constraints. Based on the flexibility measurement developed in part I, generic characteristics of the capability configuration of assembly lines that ensure it more flexible are first investigated on two hierarchical and highly interrelated levels: the assembly line level and the system level. These characteristics are termed ‘structural properties’ of process flexibility under BOM constraints, which are valuable because they provide an effective way of improving flexibility of the manufacturing system through investing in limited operational flexibility of machines in the assembly lines. According to the obtained structural properties, guidelines for improving process flexibility on the two levels are then developed. The proposed guidelines can help the manager of a manufacturing system to make effective decisions on flexibility improvement without much computation effort. Results of simulation experiments illustrate that the proposed structural properties and guidelines are effective and widely applicable to real manufacturing systems.     

A framework for designing a supply chain distribution network

Based on the analysis of the pertinent literature, we propose a framework to serve as a guide in designing a distribution network as a component of a supply chain (SC). It consists of three steps that are common to goods and services SCs: position of the decoupling point, structure of the network, and product delivery. For each step, we take into account the peculiarities of both goods and services separately in order to establish a list of available options and evaluate their suitability in relation to the relevant factors that characterise the products and the markets.     

基于多维感性的用户需求分析方法研究

目的以提高产品设计中用户需求信息获取及评估的准确性、有效性和全面性为主要目标,提出基于多维感性的用户需求信息分析方法。方法针对用户需求多层面的属性,提出对应的描述及归纳方法;根据用户需求的多层次性和动态性,提出面向产品和用户的多维度用户需求获取方法,应用需求预测技术分析、预测用户需求;应用层次分析法对建立的多层次用户需求进行评估。结果建立用户需求信息分析流程与方法,给设计工作者提供明朗的产品概念设计参考方向;通过对该方法进行实际应用,验证其在需求描述、归纳、获取、分析及评估方面的可行性、易用性和合理性。     

可供性与产品语义设计理论的交集与边界研究

可供性理论最早由James Gibson 提出，首先运用于生态心理学领域，被称为“直接知觉论”，强调人或动物与环境之间发生活动的可能性。Krippendorff的产品语义理论则是从产品认知和语言学的视角探讨产品的可用性和可理解性。文中梳理了学界有关可供性和产品语义两种理论的分歧与共识，探讨了两种设计理论的共性与区别，并从产品(包括有形和无形产品)设计应用层面进行了比较分析。提出了基于可供性与产品语义的设计框架，旨在帮助设计师分析产品功能和用户需求，并通过交互行为库和交互组件库的匹配，辅助产品造型和结构原型设计，最终提升产品设计的用户体验水平。     

Indirect Inverse Substructuring Theory for Coupling Dynamic Stiffness Identification of Complex Interface Between Packaged Product and Vehicle Transport System

Inverse substructuring method has been recently proposed and applied for inverse analysis of the dynamical response of product transport system. The component‐level frequency response functions (FRFs) and the coupling dynamic stiffness for facilitating the cushioning packaging design are all predicted from only the system‐level FRFs. However, the system‐level FRFs from coupling degree of freedoms may not be measured accurately because of the difficulties of vibration excitation and response measurement for the coupled interface between packaged product and vehicle within the limited accessible space. The aim of this paper is to develop a new FRF‐based indirect inverse substructuring method for the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of a three‐substructure coupled product transport system without measuring system‐level FRFs at the coupling degree of freedoms. By enforcing the dynamic equilibrium conditions at the coupling coordinates and the displacement compatibility conditions, a closed‐form analytical solution to inverse sub‐structuring analysis of multi‐substructure coupled product transport system is derived based on the relationship of easy‐to‐monitor component‐level FRFs and the system‐level FRFs at the coupling coordinates.. The proposed method is validated by a lumped mass‐spring‐damper model, and the predicted coupling dynamic stiffness is compared with the direct computation, showing exact agreement. Then, the FRF tests of a physical prototype of multi‐substructure coupled product transport system are performed to further check the accuracy of the suggested method. The method developed offers an approach to predict the unknown coupling dynamic stiffness from measured FRFs purely. The proposed method may help to obtain the main controlling factors and contributions from the various structure‐borne paths for product transport system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于AutoCAD和PDM数据库的产品结构管理开发

针对产品结构树复杂,多样,灵活等特点,提出以AutoCAD为平台,以PDM数据库为基础的产品结构树开发模式.在该系统中,能方便的实现客户端与服务器端的产品入库、出库、建立产品树,以及生成产品物料清单(BOM).以.Net Framwork为开发工具,对AutoCAD和SQL数据库进行二次开发.系统应用于某型机械压力机,取得较好效果.     

A hybrid adaptive large neighbourhood search for multi-depot open vehicle routing problems

In this paper we address the multi-depot open vehicle routing problem (MDOVRP), a complex and difficult problem arising in several real-life applications. In the MDOVRP vehicles start from several depots and do not need to return to the depot at the end of their routes. We propose a hybrid adaptive large neighbourhood search algorithm to solve the MDOVRP coupled with improvement procedures yielding a hybrid metaheuristic. The performance of the proposed metaheuristic is assessed on various benchmark instances proposed for this problem and its special cases, containing up to 48 customers (single-depot version) and up to six depots and 288 customers. The computational results indicate that the proposed algorithm is very competitive compared with the state-of-the-art methods and improves 15 best-known solutions for multi-depot instances and one best-known solution for a single-depot instance. A detailed sensitivity analysis highlights which components of the metaheuristic contribute most to the solution quality.     

基于图形数据与文本数据一体化的产品图纸文档管理系统

开发了一套产品图纸文档管理系统,实现了在ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ环境下以产品图纸的标题栏,明细栏为核心的产品图纸和技术文档的计算机一体化管理。