氧化物／活性炭复合电极材料的研究

用醋酸锰和高锰酸钾制备二氧化锰粉末；用氯化钌和氢氧化钠制备水合二氧化钌粉末。以二氧化钌和二氧化锰作为电极材料的活性物质，以活性碳粉末为电极的基础原料制备复合电极，并组装超级电容器单元。用x射线衍射仪和扫描电镜对电极材料进行表征，可得复合电极具有明显的电容特征。在浓度为38％的硫酸电解质溶液中，对复合电极进行电化学性能测试，循环伏安曲线、充放电曲线和交流阻抗特性显示了复合电极材料具有良好的电化学性能。碳，锰复合电极的比容量为128F／g，碳/锰/钌复合电极的比容量为266F/g。当二氧化钌和二氧化锰在电极中质量比各占20％时，更能发挥活性物质的作用，由该电极材料组成的超级电容器具有理想的电容特性。     

Biomimetic synthesis and characterization of semiconducting hybrid organic-inorganic composite materials based on polyaniline-polyethylene glycol-CdS system

Triple hybrid materials based on polyaniline-polyethylene glycol and cadmium sulphide have been prepared by the duffusion-limited biomimetic route and characterized by a number of spectroscopic, XRD, SEM, thermal and electrical measurements. These hybrid materials have been prepared by controlled precipitation of cadmium sulphide by passing H₂S gas and mixing the resultant colloid with the acidic solution of aniline. In situ polymerization of adsorbed anilinium ions on anionic surface of CdS resulted in hybrids. Water-soluble polyethylene glycol led to diffusion-limited growth of polyaniline and CdS resulting in a nanosized hybrid material as indicated by UV-visible spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). AC impedance spectroscopic studies on binary and ternary nanocomposites of polyaniline with polyethylene glycol and cadmium sulphide separately and triple hybrid system have been reported. Equivalent circuits were determined and discussed in the light of contributions made from different sources such as grain, grain boundary and electrode.     

Complex investigations of hard-magnetic materials based on oxides

Hard-magnetic materials based on oxides are used as an example considering the complex study of their phase composition, morphology, and particle size and microdeformation of phase lattices, as well as special features of formed solid solutions, which are studied by X-ray phase analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The obtained results make it possible to explain the magnetic properties of the studied samples under different impacts.     

Impact deformation and fracture of hybrid composite materials

On the basis of experimental investigations of hybrid composite materials, carried out with the aid of a system “aSTanin,” their deformation and fracture have been analyzed. A special attention was given to the processes occurring at the reinforcing fiber-matrix boundary.     

Optimum bolted joints for hybrid composite materials

The optimum bolted joints for hybrid composite materials composed of glass-epoxy and carbon-epoxy under tensile loading were investigated. The design parameters considered for the bolted joints were ply angle, stacking sequence, the ratio of glass-epoxy to carbon-epoxy, the outer diameters of washers and the clamping pressure. As bearing failure was desirable for bolted joints, the geometry of the bolted joint specimen was designed to undergo bearing failure only.

By inspecting the fracture surfaces of the specimens it was found that delamination on the loaded periphery of the holes and extensive damage on the edge region constrained by a washer occurred. To assess the delamination of the hybrid composite materials, three-dimensional stress analysis of the bolted joint was performed using a commercial finite-element software and compared with the experimental results.     

Performance assessment of hybrid composite friction materials based on flyash–rock fibre combination

Friction composites based on several combinations of flyash and inorganic mineral rock fibres such as lapinus™ fibre were fabricated, characterised and tribo-evaluated. The tribo-performance in terms of their friction-fade and friction-recovery behaviour has been rigorously evaluated while synchronously taking into account of the in situ braking induced temperature rise in the disc at the braking interface on a Krauss friction testing machine following pulse velocity wave (PVW) 3212 norms as per the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) regulations. The fade behaviour has been observed to be highly dependent on the combination of flyash–lapinus fibre e.g. fade remained maximum (45%) in the composite with the highest amount of lapinus fibre content and lowest amount of flyash whereas the frictional fluctuations in terms of μ_max − μ_min has been observed to be higher in case of low flyash–high lapinus fibre combination. The recovery response seemed unaffected by the disparity of ingredients and remained consistently stable within the range of 112 ± 2%. The analysis of friction and wear performance has revealed that flyash along with lapinus fibre provide thermo-mechanical stability and overall mechanical integrity to the system causing reduction in friction-fade whereas wear was found to be more recovery-controlled and less fade controlled. Worn surface morphology investigation using SEM has been carried out which has revealed that the interplay of flyash–lapinus combination and topographical attributes vis-a-vis dynamics of contact patches (formation–destruction) largely influence the friction and wear performance of such composites.     

Advanced asymmetrical supercapacitors based on graphene hybrid materials

Supercapacitors operating in aqueous solutions are low cost energy storage devices with high cycling stability and fast charging and discharging capabilities, but generally suffer from low energy densities. Here, we grow Ni(OH)₂ nanoplates and RuO₂ nanoparticles on high quality graphene sheets in order to maximize the specific capacitances of these materials. We then pair up a Ni(OH)₂/graphene electrode with a RuO₂/graphene electrode to afford a high performance asymmetrical supercapacitor with high energy and power density operating in aqueous solutions at a voltage of ∼1.5 V. The asymmetrical supercapacitor exhibits significantly higher energy densities than symmetrical RuO₂-RuO₂ supercapacitors or asymmetrical supercapacitors based on either RuO₂-carbon or Ni(OH)₂-carbon electrode pairs. A high energy density of ∼48 W·h/kg at a power density of ∼0.23 kW/kg, and a high power density of ∼21 kW/kg at an energy density of ∼14 W·h/kg have been achieved with our Ni(OH)2/graphene and RuO₂/graphene asymmetrical supercapacitor. Thus, pairing up metal-oxide/graphene and metal-hydroxide/graphene hybrid materials for asymmetrical supercapacitors represents a new approach to high performance energy storage.      

Heat-insulating composite based on unwoven materials and organomineral binder

Composites based on unwoven cellulose-hydrate and carbon materials and an organomineral binder have been developed and investigated. Optimal compositions of the composites feature a higher fire resistance, a low density, and effective thermophysical characteristics. The composites are promising for use as heat-insulating materials with a rigid structure in different branches of the national economy and industry. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 85–91, January–February, 2009.     

Development of ferroelectric oxides based resistive switching materials

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) is one of the most promising candidates that satisfies the requirements of new generation non-volatile memories, as a consequence of its high density, outstanding scalability, and low power consumption. The review is based on a summary of recent studies in ferroelectric oxides based resistive switching (RS) materials and devices. It highlights the various ferroelectric oxide materials with RS behaviour and the underlying mechanisms including filament-type and interface-type mechanism. In the end, the challenge in current RRAM for future high-density data storage applications is addressed.     

Functional composite materials based on chemically converted graphene

Graphene, a one-atom layer of graphite, possesses a unique two-dimensional structure and excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Thus, it has been regarded as an important component for making various functional composite materials. Graphene can be prepared through physical, chemical and electrochemical approaches. Among them, chemical methods were tested to be effective for producing chemically converted graphene (CCG) from various precursors (such as graphite, carbon nanotubes, and polymers) in large scale and at low costs. Therefore, CCG is more suitable for synthesizing high-performance graphene based composites. In this progress report, we review the recent advancements in the studies of the composites of CCG and small molecules, polymers, inorganic nanoparticles or other carbon nanomaterials. The methodology for preparing CCG and its composites has been summarized. The applications of CCG-based functional composite materials are also discussed.     

The flexural behaviour of aramid fibre hybrid composite materials

In this paper the elastic-plastic model of flexural behaviour of beams is applied to hybrid composites containing aramid fibres. In the hybrids, as in the parent aramid-fibre-reinforced composite, the neutral axis is shifted toward the tensile face. The shift depends on the quantity and placement of the aramid fibre. The analysis and experimental work reported here relate to two fundamental sandwich hybrids, one with aramid fibres in the skins and carbon or glass fibres in the core, and the other with aramid fibre in the core and carbon or glass fibres in the skins. The flexural behaviour of the hybrids is discussed in terms of the effect of the placement of the aramid layer and of the relative thickness of the skin on the ultimate stresses, the elastic-plastic behaviour and the mode of failure.     

Magnetism,orbital ordering and lattice distortion in perovskite transition-metal oxides

Magnetism of matters has two basic ingredients. While exchange and correlation are responsible to the stability of magnetic moment, magnetic ordering is controlled by orbital hybridization, which depends on the atomic arrangement and the mode of orbital occupation. Transition-metal oxides serve as an important playground where unique properties and phenomena can be observed as results of close correlation among magnetism, orbital ordering and lattice distortion. Fundamental aspects of their close correlation are discussed by taking some typical examples: LaMnO₃, Ca_2−xSr_xRuO₄ and Sr₂FeMO₆ (M = Mo, W and Re).     

基于复合纳米颗粒的有机-无机杂化膜制备与性能表征

采用共混杂化的方法,利用Al2O3/TiO2复合纳米颗粒对疏水性强、易污染的聚偏氟乙烯膜进行改性,以增强其在水相溶液中的应用能力。通过测定纯水通量、截留率和膜表面接触角分别考察膜的透过、分离性能及亲疏水性能。用扫描电镜观察杂化膜的表面形态及断面结构。用傅立叶红外光谱分析杂化膜的化学结构,用X射线衍射分析杂化膜的结晶状态。膜的抗污染性能由料液通量试验考察。改性前后膜的测试结果表明,纳米颗粒的加入改善了聚偏氟乙烯膜的通量、亲水性能和抗污染性能。     

膨胀石墨基镍/炭复合物(英文)

NiO粒子修饰的压缩膨胀石墨(EGNiO)浸以煤焦油沥青,经550℃裂解,继而800℃水蒸气活化,制得Ni/C复合物块体。应用TEM考察了复合物中含Ni纳米粒的微结构排列方式。以N2吸附测定分析了复合物的比表面积和孔隙度。以2,2,3—三甲基戊烷脱氢裂解模型反应评估了复合物的催化活性并与EGNiO常规H2处理获得的参照物的活性做了比较。     

Stress-strain behavior of concrete columns confined with hybrid composite materials

A new type of concrete columns was developed at the University of Alabama in Huntsville for new construction to achieve more durable and economical structures. The columns are made of concrete cores encased in a PVC tube reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). The PVC tubes are externally reinforced with continuous impregnated fibers in the form of hoops at different spacings. The PVC acts as formwork and a protective jacket, while the FRP hoops provide confinement to the concrete so that the ultimate compressive strength and ductility of concrete columns can be significantly increased. The volume of fibers used in this hybrid column system is very modest compared to other existing confinement methods such as FRP tubes and FRP jackets. This paper discusses the stress-strain behavior of these new composite concrete cylinders under axial compression loading. Test variables include the type of fiber, volume of fiber, and the spacing between the FRP hoops. A theoretical analysis was performed to predict the ultimate strength, failure strain and the entire stress-strain curve of concrete confined with PVC-FRP tubes. Test results show that the external confinement of concrete columns by PVC-FRP tubes results in enhancing compressive strength, ductility and energy absorption capacity. A comparison between experimental and analytical results indicates that the models provide satisfactory predictions of ultimate compressive strength, failure strain and stress-strain response.     

A fast multipole hybrid boundary node method for composite materials

This article presents a multi-domain fast multipole hybrid boundary node method for composite materials in 3D elasticity. The hybrid boundary node method (hybrid BNM) is a meshless method which only requires nodes constructed on the surface of a domain. The method is applied to 3D simulation of composite materials by a multi-domain solver and accelerated by the fast multipole method (FMM) in this paper. The preconditioned GMRES is employed to solve the final system equation and precondition techniques are discussed. The matrix–vector multiplication in each iteration is divided into smaller scale ones at the sub-domain level and then accelerated by FMM within individual sub-domains. The computed matrix–vector products at the sub-domain level are then combined according to the continuity conditions on the interfaces. The algorithm is implemented on a computer code written in C + +. Numerical results show that the technique is accurate and efficient.     

Preparation and properties of hybrid magnetic materials based on phthalocyanine polymer

Dicarboxylic acid containing 1,3-benzoxazine was synthesized and chemically bonded on iron carbonyl particles by post-coating method. The novel organic–inorganic hybrid magnetic composites were prepared via the interfacial reaction between iron phthalocyanine magnetic polymer and chemically modified iron carbonyl particles. The interfacial compatibility of hybrid magnetic materials was improved by the polymer coatings. The magnetic properties of prepared magnetic composites were measured by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). After the metallic particles were treated, the magnetic properties of obtained composites were enhanced, and with the feed ratio of coated iron carbonyl increased from 20 to 40%, the saturation magnetization of the magnetic composites increased from 48.82 to 65.06 emu/g; meanwhile the obtained magnetic composites exhibited excellent thermal stability up to 500 °C.     

基于仿生技术的高强度复合材料的研究进展

自然界造物的方式是人们制备高强度复合材料的榜样,自然材料的优异特性可以归结为长期自然进化和自然选择条件下所形成多尺度的多级组装结构。阐述了目前研究较多的仿生技术的特点,挖掘了这几类仿生材料的主要组成成分和多级结构实现高强度的机制,重点论述四大类仿生高强度复合材料:基于植物的仿生复合材料、基于动物的仿生复合材料、基于细菌的仿生复合材料、基于天然矿石的仿生复合材料的制备过程和增强机制的研究;揭示了通过仿生手段实现复合材料高强度的原理,并指出其应用领域和目前研究中存在的问题。     

The properties of polyurethane hybrid materials based on castor oil

The goal of this work was to investigate the properties of environmentally friendly, castor oil based polyurethane hybrid materials with titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles, as a filler, and different types of diisocyanate (toluene diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate). In the sample synthesis, different ratios of the reactive groups (NCO/OH), r, were used (1, 1.15 and 0.92). In the composite preparation, only toluene diisocyanate was used, and the filler particles were premixed in a glass vessel with the castor oil polyol before the reaction with diisocyanate. For all the composite samples, the r value was 1. Polyurethane formation was confirmed by ATR-FT-IR by detecting the urethane band at 1515 cm⁻¹. It was determined that the hydroxyl groups had reacted because the broad band corresponding to the OH groups (3400 cm⁻¹) was not detected or detected at a reduced intensity depending on the r value. As was expected, the presence of the unreacted NCO groups was detected only for samples with r > 1 (band at 2300 cm⁻¹, which corresponds to the existence of these groups). The dynamic mechanical measurements were performed at a temperature range from −50 °C to 100 °C at different frequencies. For investigation of reinforcement effect of filler on polymer matrix, tensile testing was applied. The glass transition temperature, T_g, was determined by DSC measurement. It was estimated that the T_g of the samples decreased as the nanofiller content increased due to the changes in the segmental mobility influenced by the interaction between the nanoparticles and polymer chains.