Introduction to papers presented at the 8th annual fine particle society conference,Chicago, August, 1976

Industrial standpipes for gas—solid recirculation systems are often installed with slide valves at their lower end for control of solid flow and pressure balance. By combining the equations for gas—solid dense phase flow with equations for flow of fluidized solids through an orifice, a set of equations is presented for standpipe design. The equations permit quantitative design of a standpipe and can be used to predict the effects of terminal pressure, slide valve opening position and aeration rate on gas and solid circulation rates, flow pattern and pressure profile in standpipes.     

高压可燃气体泄漏动力学过程与喷射火热灾害分析

以高压可燃气体泄漏诱发的喷射火为研究对象,对泄漏过程中喷口处稳态气流状态参数变化及其被点燃之后的喷射火火焰形态与辐射热流场预测模型研究进展进行了综述。归类分析了基于理想气体状态方程和Abel-Noble状态方程的高压气体泄漏模型及其适用情况,并对不同浮力控制和动量控制范围的几种喷射火火焰几何尺寸模型进行了概括性总结,同时对不同火焰形态下的点源、多点源、固体以及线源4种热辐射模型进行了汇总,最终提出将3种模型耦合联用以建立适用于不同泄漏条件下喷射火热灾害分析预测方法。分析表明,该分析预测方法具有很好的适用性。     

下行床反应器内催化裂化过程的CFD模拟

耦合湍流气粒多相流模型和催化裂化集总动力学模型,建立了描述下行床内多相流动和催化裂化过程的反应器数学模型,并利用计算流体力学单元模拟软件CFX4.3对下行床内的催化裂化过程进行了数值模拟及分析.模型能预测出在工业应用中反应器内最受关注的诸多参数,如固含率、相间滑移速度、压降、气固相的加速区以及各组分浓度的分布情况.预测结果表明,气相反应的进行将导致反应器内的气粒流动行为发生较大变化,充分考虑反应与流动行为的耦合十分重要;而反应器床径的增大将导致转化率和各产物收率的下降.     

Dynamics of the flow of a dense fluid in narrow pores

A new approach was employed for the theoretical study of a dense fluid flow (gas and liquid) in narrow pores. Calculations were made on the basis of the Navier-Stokes equations. The transfer coefficients and the equations of state were derived within the framework of the simplest molecular model, namely, the lattice gas model. This model takes into account the volume of molecules and their interaction with one another. The transfer coefficients and the equations of state prove to be dependent on the local values of the fluid density and temperature. A study was performed into the dynamic modes of flow of a monoatomic gas (argon) in slitlike pores of various widths at a given pressure drop across the pore ends. It was shown that, at low densities, there is a high anisotropy of the flow owing to the attraction of argon atoms to the pore walls, which gives rise to a strong dependence of the local viscosity on the distance from the pore wall and to the film flow. An investigation was carried out into the dynamics of the interaction between the gas and liquid zones, which is accompanied by the breakdown of the interface.     

A mechanistic model for roll waves for two‐phase pipe flow

A new two‐phase roll wave model is compared with data from high pressure two‐phase stratified pipe flow experiments. Results from 754 experiments, including mean wave speed, wave height, pressure gradient, holdup and wave length, are compared with theoretical results. The model was able to predict these physical quantities with good accuracy without introducing any new empirically determined quantities to the two‐fluid model equations. This was possible by finding the unique theoretical limit for nonlinear roll amplitude and applying a new approach for determining the friction factor at the gas‐liquid interface. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

气辅共注成型工艺中气道截面影响的CAE研究

基于气辅共注成型充填过程控制方程和7参数Cross—WLF黏度模型，采用数值模拟的方法研究了气辅共注成型工艺中气道截面的大小对熔体流动、气体穿透与压力分布的影响。采用改进的控制体积／有限元／有限差分法实现对充填过程中多重运动界面的追踪以及压力、温度等场量分布的预测，编写了相应的模拟程序。对气道等效直径分别为5mm、8mm和12mm的矩形板的气辅共注成型充填过程进行了数值模拟。通过对模拟结果的比较发现：随着气道等效直径的增大，气道中的熔体与薄壁区的熔体流速差越来越大，熔体流动的“跑道”效应越来越突出；“薄壁穿透”缺陷由明显到缓解直至基本消除；压力损失越小，压力分布也变得更为均匀。因而在制件设计时，气道截面尺寸宜稍大而不宜过小。     

Development of counter-current flow limitation model applicable to a sharp-edged liquid entrance

There are many industrial machines that function by operation of multi-phase fluids. Some of them take advantage of the characteristics of counter-current two-phase flow. The maximum flow rates of gas and liquid phases which flow in opposite-directions (counter-current flow) are limited by a phenomenon known as a Counter-Current Flow Limitation (CCFL or flooding). The mass and momentum conservation equations for two phases were established to build a system of first-order partial derivative equations (PDE). A new CCFL model was developed based on the characteristic equation of the first-order PDE system. The present model applies to the case in which a non-uniform flow is developed around a square or sharp-edged entrance of liquid phase. The model can be used to predict the operating-limit of components in which mass and heat transfer are taking place between liquid and gas phases.     

Analysis of fractured rock and gas flow interaction in explosion simulations

In this study, an attempt has been made to adopt a combined finite discrete element methodology to couple gas dynamics equations and solid deformation states to develop a numerical tool for simulation of blast damage in brittle solid media such as rocks. A standard finite-element method is used, accompanied by strain softening behavior for modeling initiation and propagation of solid cracks due to high gas pressures. This variable high pressure is governed by the gas mass and momentum conservation equations. The gas behavior is fully coupled by the solid deformation which changes the density and porosity required in the gas dynamics equations and is based on new modifications to the recently proposed approach by the same authors. The proposed model for the flow of the detonation gas allows for evaluation of the spatial distribution of pressure and mass of the detonation gas over a complex geometry of cracked/fragmented solid (rock) model. Full geometric and material nonlinearities are taken into account by using a fully deformable finite-element mesh and cracked/fragmented discrete elements. Local adaptive remeshing (enrichment) techniques are used to geometrically simulate the crack propagation. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 127–137, July–August, 2007.     

CFD–DEM simulation of the gas–solid flow in a cyclone separator

In this work, a numerical study of the gas–solid flow in a gas cyclone is carried out by use of the combined discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model where the motion of discrete particles phase is obtained by DEM which applies Newton’s equations of motion to every individual particle and the flow of continuum fluid by the traditional CFD which solves the Navier–Stokes equations at a computational cell scale. The model successfully captures the key flow features in a gas cyclone, such as the strands flow pattern of particles, and the decrease of pressure drop and tangential velocity after loading solids. The effect of solid loading ratio is studied and analysed in terms of gas and solid flow structures, and the particle–gas, particle–particle and particle–wall interaction forces. It is found that the gas pressure drop increases first and then decreases when solids are loaded. The reaction force of particles on gas flow is mainly in the tangential direction and directs mainly upward in the axial direction. The reaction force in the tangential direction will decelerate gas phase and the upward axial force will prevent gas phase from flowing downward in the near wall region. The intensive particle–wall collision regions mainly locate in the wall opposite to the cyclone inlet and the cone wall. Moreover, as the solid loading ratio increases, number of turns travelled by solids in a cyclone decreases especially in the apex region of the cyclone while the width of solid strands increases, the pressure drop and tangential velocity decrease, the high axial velocity region moves upwards, and the radial flow of gas phase is significantly dampened.     

A continuum model for gas–liquid flow in packed towers

Gas–liquid flow in packed towers is commonly encountered in the chemical and processing industry. A continuum model is developed based on the volume-and-time averaging of multiphase flows in isotropic rigid porous media/packed columns. Closures are presented for the evaluations of the extra surface/intrinsic phase integral terms. Both inertia and inter-phase interactions are retained in the volume averaged (Navier–Stokes) equations. These governing equations are solved for fully-developed axi-symmetric single and gas–liquid two phase flows in highly porous packed towers. It is found that the dispersion term is present in the continuity equation as well as the momentum equations. Numerical simulations with the models show that the volume-and-time averaged equations can predict the velocity, phase hold-up and pressure drop quite well for up to the loading point for gas–liquid counter-current flows.     

Transient analysis of a gas manifold system

In the present work, a numerical study has been carried out to predict transient gas flow and pressure behaviour in a gas manifold system. The start‐up and shutdown of the system, varying demands at the consumer ends, malfunctioning of compressors and valves are a few examples of common causes of transience in a gas delivery system. In particular, the sensitivity of oscillations in pressure and mass flux to variation in pipe dimensions, supply pressure and gas flow rate are ascertained under the aforementioned conditions of transience. The present results show that large pipe dimensions, high gas flow rate and high upstream pressure in the branch in which the disturbance is introduced, all cause greater amplitude in mass flux and pressure oscillations in the neighboring branches. The duration of oscillations is also found to be longer. The present study has practical importance in designing as well as in operating, a gas delivery system.     

异常高压气井生产动态仿真研究及应用

异常高压气井生产动态仿真方法不仅改变了传统物理仿真成本高、过程复杂的缺点,而且具备了计算机仿真模拟的准确性。考虑异常高压气井流体高压、高温的特点,本文将异常高压气井生产压降分解为地层流动压降、井筒流动压降和嘴流流动压降三个过程,并建立了气井生产动态流动数学模型;本文利用计算机仿真技术模拟了异常高压气井地层流体流动过程、井筒流体流动过程和气嘴流体流动过程,并预测了气井生产动态流动参数,为下步异常高压气井动态配产提供了基础数据。通过实例分析,将计算机仿真预测出的异常高压气井流动参数代入优化配产模型计算出配产结果与实际配产结果十分接近,表明异常高压气井生产动态仿真对实际生产具有重要的指导意义。     

A 3‐D finite element model for gas‐assisted injection molding: Simulations and experiments

To gain a better understanding of the gas‐assisted injection molding process, we have developed a computational model for the gas assisted injection molding (GAIM) process. This model has been set up to deal with (non‐isothermal) three‐dimensional flow, in order to correctly predict the gas distribution in GAIM products. It employs a pseudo‐concentration method, in which the governing equations are solved on a fixed grid that covers the entire mold. Both the air downstream of the polymer front and the gas are represented by a fictitious fluid that does not contributeto the pressure drop in the mold. The model has been validated against both isothermal and non‐isothermal gas injected experiments. In contrast to other models that have been reported in the literature, our model yields the gas penetration from the actual process physics (not from a presupposed gas distribution). Consequently, it is able to deal with the 3‐D character of the process, as well as with primary (end of gas filling) and secondary (end of packing) gas penetration, including temperature effects and generalized Newtonian viscosity behavior.     

Analysis of two-phase flow distribution in trickle-bed reactors

In the present paper, a phenomenological one-dimensional model of a two-phase gas and liquid flow in a trickle bed reactor is developed. Based on some realistic assumptions specific to tickling flow regime, the original equations of continuity and momentum are reformulated in terms of liquid saturation and gas pressure equations. The computational method used is the finite volume technique combined with Godunov's method. It is shown that the pressure drops derived from the model solution are in good agreement with those measured in the same operating conditions and with previous literature results.     

泡沫薄膜液在直管内的流变学特性

针对泡沫液在多孔介质内的流动特点,对泡沫薄膜液在直管内的流变学特性进行了实验研究。按单相幂律流体假设,获得二氧化碳及氮气泡沫薄膜液的表观黏度数据。结果表明：泡沫薄膜液具有较大表观黏度并呈现剪切变稀的非牛顿流体特性。由于水溶性影响,二氧化碳泡沫液的表观黏度要小于氮气泡沫液。利用量纲分析法确定量纲1参数,对泡沫薄膜液的流变学特性进行了量纲1分析并给出基于两相流动分析的阻力模型。     

Modelling and economic analysis of gas production from hydrates by depressurization method

Gas production from a hydrate reservoir involves decomposition of the solid hydrate. An analytical model is developed to predict reservoir performance for gas production by the depressurization method from a hydrate reservoir containing associated free gas. The model is developed by combining the intrinsic kinetics of hydrate decomposition, which is of interest to chemical engineers, with gas inflow performance relationship and material balance equations. An economic analysis model is also developed and incorporated with the reservoir performance model. These models are used in a case study of gas production from a hydrate reservoir in the Alaskan North Slope. The results show that gas transportation cost is the main factor controlling feasibility of commercial gas production. The hydrate zone contributes significantly to overall reservoir performance by arresting pressure decline and maintaining gas production rate.     

一种利用不同时间地层压力计算气藏动态储量的方法

气井二项式产能方程结合气藏物质平衡方程,根据已测得的井底流动压力利用二项式产能方程计算当前地层压力,再根据气藏物质平衡方程计算气藏动态储量。考虑到计算的气藏动态储量分布因素,利用建立的数学模型计算气藏动态储量。     

Experimental Investigation of Particle Circulation in an Internally Circulating Clapboard-Type Fluidized Bed

The particle circulation rate of the clapboard-type internal circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) is investigated with the particle tracing method. For quantitative determination, the capacitance probe and the differential pressure sensor are used to measure the voidages in the high and low gas velocity regime. The mechanism governing the solid circulation in the ICFB is the competition between driven force, caused by pressure drop across the gap, and the resistance force of particle flow, derived by the flow friction in the wall surface and clapboard, the partial resistance loss of clearance, and the gas bypassing formed from the high to the low gas velocity regime. A modified La Nauze model helped to predict and to calculate the particle circulation rate without giving data of pressure drops.     

新型径向叶片式旋转床压降分析及气相流场模拟

针对折流式旋转床压降高、能耗大的问题,提出了一种新型超重力旋转床设备--径向叶片式旋转床。首先,对该旋转床的压降进行了理论分析和建模,并利用水-空气体系进行了实验研究。通过改变气量、转速和液量探究了新型径向叶片式旋转床压降的变化规律,结果表明压降随气量、转速和液量的增加而增加,且随着气量和转速的增加,液量对压降的贡献逐渐减小。压降模型的预测值与实验数据的相对偏差基本在10%以内,表明模型可以较好地预测新型径向叶片式旋转床的压降。另外,通过计算流体力学（CFD）软件的模拟获得了旋转床内气相流场和压力分布的结果,发现转子内压降是总压降的主要部分;气体进入转子后会因叶片作用使得周向速度变大,并在转子外缘处达到最大值;气体的进口流速将会影响旋转床内的气相分布。利用实验数据对CFD模拟结果进行了验证,两者的相对偏差在10%左右。     

Engineering Model of a Nonisobaric Heavily Laden Gas‐Particle Jet

An axisymmetrical model of a rapid nonisobaric heavily laden gas‐particle jet is developed. The model is based on the general functions for both axial and radial pressure distributions, which were discovered by a numerical study of rapid gas‐particle jets by the CFD code. The model equations were solved analytically. The results obtained by the model developed are in good agreement with those computed by the CFD code for a wide range of flow parameters.