Why colour order systems?

In this introductory lecture to the AIC Forsius Symposium on Colour Order Systems, the author reviews color order systems from a historical point of view as samplings of the World of Colour, seeking with each example to find an answer to the question posed in the title.     

影响磷酸二铵产品颜色的因素分析

结合安徽六国化工股份有限公司年产24万t磷酸二铵生产,讨论磷矿来源、中间产品磷酸质量、操作方法及工艺条件对产品颜色的影响,提出稳定控制DAP产品外观颜色的措施稳定矿源,加强磷酸质量控制,适当改变中和原始操作方法,稳定中和温度,实行中和槽低液位操作.     

The basic concepts and attributes of colour order systems

One of the first—if not the first—colour order system described in the literature is that of the Swedish scientist Forsius in his book Physica, published in 1611, and the Symposium at which this article was presented was organised to provide a forum for discussion of the philosophy and principles underlying the various colour order systems that have been developed since that time. Two main types of colour order system can be identified, depending on the subjective variables of colour appearance on which they are based. These variables are discussed in this article with particular reference to the Munsell System and the Natural Colour System, the chief representatives of the two types of system, together with some comments on colour naming as an additional method of colour ordering. Here the Kelly-Judd report on Color: Universal Language and Dictionary of Names (1976) provides a penetrating insight into the subjective terminology by which one block of colour space can be distinguished from another. Some other novel colour order systems are also mentioned.     

影响聚酯切片色泽的因素分析

探讨了影响聚酯切片色泽的因素 ,提出控制PTA质量、催化剂与添加剂种类及含量、生产负荷与真空度、聚酯的结晶度与羧基含量等主要因素 ,生产出色泽均一、晶亮的聚酯切片 ,从而提高聚酯的可纺性及其纤维的色泽     

Comparison of the colorcurve and SCA-2541 colour order systems using the OSA-UCS model

An earlier article has compared the perceptual scaling of the Munsell, NCS, DIN, Coloroid, and OSA-UCS colour order systems. This article expands on the earlier article by presenting a comparison of the Colorcurve and SCA-2541 [Swiss Colour Atlas] colour order systems, again using the OSA- UCS system as a reference model. To enable direct comparison with the earlier article, the same varied but systematic sets of OSA- UCS cleavage planes were used in this new comparison. To enable comparison between these systems, and the Munsell, NCS, DIN, and Coloroid systems, thejndings are graphically presented in a format similar to that used in the earlier article. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Comparison of the munsell,NCS, DIN,and coloroid colour order systems using the OSA-UCS model

An earlier article described the use of a colour notation conversion program to measure the accuracy of the NCS, DIN and OSA-UCS color atlases. This article describes the application of the same program to compare the perceptual scaling of the Munsell, NCS, DIN, and Coloroid systems with that of the OSA-UCS system. Five OSA-UCS cleavage planes were selected which represent a varied but systematic sampling of OSA-UCS colour space. The samples contained on these planes were converted onto the colour spaces of the Munsell, NCS, DIN and Coloroid systems. The converted points have been displayed graphically for ease of comparison.     

对影响餐具洗涤剂浊点和色泽因素的研究

研究了影响某种餐具洗涤荆浊点和色泽的一些因素。并对实践生产中如何控制这两项指标提出了可行性建议．     

Some factors affecting rancidity

Summary 1. Data are given showing the relative keeping properties of various shortenings and the crackers in which they are used. Evidence is presented to show that some anti-oxidants which are effective in prolonging the life of shortenings largely disappear during the mixing, fermentation and baking of crackers. A theory is proposed to explain the contradictory results on the relative stability of the various shortenings and crackers containing them. 2. Metals, particularly iron, are shown to have a powerful effect in promoting the rancidity of crackers. For comparative stability work on crackers, it is necessary to remove all sources of metallic contamination. 3. Determination of the stability of shortenings does not necessarily indicate the stability the shortening will show in crackers. To determine the latter, it is necessary to use the shortenings in crackers and test the stability of the crackers.     

Survey of color order systems

Important modern color order systems accompanied by physical exemplifications (atlases) are surveyed; one of great historical interest, though not currently available, is included. The systems covered include the Munsell, Natural Color, OSA-UCS, DIN, Coloroid, and Ostwald systems. Their history, guiding principles, variables, and relation to the CIE system are described. Some of the interrelationships among the systems are then considered, specifically those between the Munsell system and the Natural Color and OSA-UCS systems. Implications for the consideration of international standard color order systems are mentioned.     

Physical exemplification of color order systems

Color order systems must be distinguished from colorant order systems and other systematic ways of relating colored objects. Abstract systems require definition of dimensions and scales. A concrete system is a collection of specimens exhibiting properties specified by the dimensions and scales of an abstract system. The accurate production of such specimens requires a complete written definition of the system, including the specification of all pertinent observing and measuring conditions. The choice of materials requires consideration of the spectral and geometric aspects of the optical nature, some aspects of the mechanical nature, stability, durability, availability, acceptability to users, and cost. The value of color standards depends on the precision and accuracy with which they are produced. Efficient production and long-term reproducibility depend on well-standardized methods of color measurement.     

Philosophy of perceptive color order systems

A color order system may arrange color perceptions, color stimuli, or material color samples according to certain rules. Material color systems have many practical applications but are different for different materials and different applications. Stimulus systems are useful in comparing instrumental measurements of transmitted or reflected radiation, but do not adequately describe the appearance of the color perceptions. In most perceptive color systems attributes like hue, saturation, and lightness (or their near correlates) describe three-dimensional color space. There are two main exceptions: the OSA–UCS system intended to be equidistant in all directions of color space, and the NCS, which is a Hering-type opponent system, based on six innate elementary colors with six corresponding attributes. In the NCS, hue and chromaticness, which in other systems are primary attributes, are derived from the elementary attributes.     

短程硝化反硝化影响因素分析

通过介绍短程硝化反硝化的脱氮机理,分析了温度、DO浓度、游离氨浓度、游离亚硝酸浓度、pH值、泥龄及有机物浓度7个方面对于短程硝化反硝化的影响,探讨如何控制这些影响因素来达到亚硝酸盐的积累,最终实现短程硝化反硝化。提出了一些常用脱氮工艺进行短程硝化反硝化的控制参数,并展望了今后研究的发展方向。     

影响玻璃性质的几种因素分析

1引言 所谓玻璃的性质,是指玻璃受外部作用后,所表现出的一系列变化或响应.如力学性质(强度、硬度、弹性模量等),电学性质(电阻率、介电常数等),热学性质(热膨胀系数、导热系数等),磁学性质(磁化率、反顺磁性等),光学性质(折射率、反射率、透光率等),玻璃密度等,这些统称为玻璃的物理性质.玻璃的耐化学侵蚀性,玻璃的发霉等现象,由于伴随着化学变化的产生,应该归属于玻璃的化学性质.微观上讲,玻璃的物理性质是玻璃受外部作用后,玻璃中的原子或电子所做出响应的集中统计性平均表现.因此受构成玻璃的原子种类、原子的排列方式、网络结构或化学键的形式的影响.这是影响玻璃性质的内部因素.玻璃的熔化、退火为影响玻璃性质的外部因素.     

Color order systems and architectural color design

In its first part, this article traces some outlines of the history of color order systems which bear upon the question of aesthetic color combinations (syntactic aspect). The second part defines the position of color in the field of architectural design (psychological, contextual, and structural aspect). The function and usefulness of color order systems in the process of architectural color planning and realization (pragmatic aspect) are discussed in the third and last part.