Geochemistry of the Muthurajawela peat deposit of Sri Lanka

The Muthurajawela peat deposit of Sri Lanka has been studied for its geochemical distribution of 20 elements. There were no significant positive correlations of the metals with organic carbon. However, most metals, in particular Be, Zr, Li and the majority of the transition series metals, exhibit strong positive correlations with K, Al, Fe and Mn. Owing to the common occurrence of the latter elements in clay particles, this feature indicates the strong association of metals with the clay particles rather than with humic acids of the organic matter. The low pH of the peat bog presumably aids the conversion of the metals to ‘free’ ions which are in turn adsorbed on to clay particles. At low pH values the metal-organic complexes have low stability which accounts for the low metal-organic carbon correlations. However, due to the presence of marine-based sediments in the peat deposit, the metals could have been mobilized as chloro-complexes which were reduced to the free ion state by the effect of the humic acids. The general metal content of the peat deposit does not show enrichment compared to the average black shale, and the source of the metals is considered to be the laterites bordering the eastern part of the deposit and also the lagoonal sediments comprising the top and bottom horizons. Depth-element variations showed that the bottom horizon with abundant clay matter contains the highest amounts of the metals.     

表面活性剂在墨水制造中的应用

对表面活性剂在墨水制造中的分散、吸附和消泡等行为的作用原理进行了较为详细地概括，并介绍了应用于墨水制造中的表面活性剂的基本结构与性质；讨论了表面活性剂在改善墨水性能方面的作用以及所赋予产品的优良性能；同时介绍了有机墨水颜料制备过程中表面活性剂的选择；最后简要地指出了表面活性剂在墨水化工应用方面亟待解决的几个研究课题，为进一步深入开展表面活性剂在墨水中的应用研究提供了一些有益信息。     

Diffusion in binary liquid mixtures at infinite dilution

A correlation is presented for the mutual diffusion coefficient in a binary liquid system at infinite dilution. It has several advantages over previous correlations, and is recommended for diffusion in organic solvents. Some special cases where empirical correlations should be used with caution are discussed briefly.     

Plasma-sprayed coatings as adherend surface pretreatments

As part of the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences contract on adhesive bonding of dissimilar materials, UTRC, as a sub-contractor, is evaluating environmentally acceptable surface preparation techniques for selected metals and composites. The selected processes are automatable and capable of being transferred into the manufacturing arena. One aspect of the programme is the evaluation of plasma-sprayed, microporous, thin coatings as surface pretreatments for both resin-based composites and metals. Mechanical test results are presented which demonstrate the viability of this approach to achieve acceptable joint strengths with steel, titanium and aluminium bonded to several types of resin-matrix composite. The environmental impact, by elimination of organic primer systems and strong acid etching and anodizing solutions, will be discussed.     

纳米零价铁的制备、改性及对废水中重金属和 有机污染物的去除

纳米零价铁（nZVI）结合了零价铁还原性强和纳米材料比表面积大的特点,能够高效去除水体中的重金属和有机污染物,是当前环境科学领域研究的热点之一。研究表明单一nZVI颗粒存在易团聚及表面易被氧化等问题,影响nZVI颗粒形态和对污染物去除效果,限制了其在环境修复中的应用。针对目前的研究现状,本文分析并总结了以下内容：①nZVI常用的制备方法;②提高nZVI活性与稳定性的改性方法,如合成时添加表面活性剂和负载材料;③nZVI去除废水中Cr、Cd、Cu和As等重金属和硝基苯、氯代芳烃、氯代脂肪烃等有机污染物的主要机理及影响因素;④应用于自然环境中的nZVI可能对环境产生的毒理学效应和在环境修复过程中存在的潜在风险及其评估;⑤对nZVI今后的研究重点和方向进行分析和展望。     

The chemistry and electrochemistry associated with the electroplating of group VIA transition metals

An overview of the requirements for the electroplating of refractory metals from molten salts is presented, followed by a discussion of recent electrochemical studies which have been carried out to delineate the solution chemistry of alkali metal halide plating baths. New results for halide baths involving chromium and molybdenum are presented and considered from the view of both solution chemistry and the electrocrystallization processes of these metals. Advantages and disadvantages of these electrolytes are discussed in the context of plating cell development and pulse modulated plating techniques.This paper was presented at a workshop on the electrodeposition of refractory metals, held at Imperial College, London, in July 1985.     

Recent Advances in Hybrid Optoelectronics

Polymer/organic optoelectronic devices have drawn the attention of both the academic and industrial research communities due to the potential for a low-cost, large-area, solution-processable technology alternative to conventional inorganic optoelectronics. Issues related to the stability and degradation of the organic/polymer-based optoelectronics are hampering the progress in the field. The use of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT : PSS) as the anode and reactive metals as the cathode, as well as the degradation of organic semiconductors in ambient atmosphere, are some of the stability issues to be addressed. To resolve these issues, in the past decade, there has been a growing interest in research of hybrid optoelectronic devices which employ metal oxides as air-stable charge injecting/extracting layers that sandwich the photo-responsive organic active layer and protect it from the ambient oxygen and moisture and prevent photo-oxidation by absorbing UV light. Herein, we review the recent advances made in hybrid optoelectronics and discuss the tremendous potential of these devices.     

The terminal velocity and frequency of oscillation of drops in pure systems

Terminal velocities and frequencies of oscillation are presented for single drops of an organic liquid falling through water. It is shown that no previous correlations of either the velocity or the frequency of oscillation are entirely satisfactory when the system is specially purified and when the drops are oscillating. Empirical correlations are presented for these variables.     

Naturally Chiral Surfaces

Chiral surfaces are of growing importance as a result of their potential for use in enantioselective chemical processes. By far, the most widely used and commonly studied chiral surfaces are those prepared by templating of an achiral surface with chiral organic ligands. It is possible, however, to prepare naturally chiral surfaces by a number of means. This paper describes the various types of chiral surfaces. In addition, data are presented to suggest that naturally chiral surfaces of metals can be prepared by a process of imprinting in which chiral adsorbates induce reconstructions that create chiral kinks on metal surfaces.     

Emerging Synthetic Methods and Applications of MOF-Based Gels in Supercapacitors,Water Treatment,Catalysis, Adsorption,and Energy Storage

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which are synthesized through the self-assembly of organic ligands and inorganic metals, have drawn considerable research interest owing to their unique properties and attractive structures. Many studies on various MOF derivatives, such as MOFs and cellulose aerogels, hydrogel composite materials, and bimetallic-centered MOF materials, have provided the potential for wide application of MOFs. However, MOFs mostly exist in the form of powder particles, which are difficult to form. In addition, MOFs have problems with structural instability. MOF-based gels can overcome this problem. MOF-based gels also have significant advantages in secondary processing. In this review, synthetic methods for MOF-based gels, particularly the synergistic effect with other materials, are introduced. The applications of MOF-based hydrogels and aerogels in supercapacitors, water treatment, catalysis, adsorption, and energy storage are also discussed.     

Simultaneous removal of metals and organic compounds from a heavily polluted soil

The paper describes the results of treatment of soil samples, deriving from a dismissed industrial site, contaminated with several metals: Hg, Ni, Co, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, As and organic substances. The soil was subjected to remediation based on a process in which an oxidising leaching agent was produced electrochemically in-line in an undivided electrochemical cell reactor equipped with a Ti/Pt-Ir anode and a stainless steel cathode. Leaching of the soil samples was performed under dynamic conditions using a leaching column. A subsequent regeneration of the leaching solution, which consisted in electrodeposition of metals and electro-oxidation of organic substances, was carried out in a packed-bed reactor equipped with a centrally positioned graphite rod, serving as an anode, and stainless steel three-dimensional filling as a cathode. The study was focused on how and to which extent the metals present in the soil, as organic complexes, can be solubilised and how the process rates are impacted by the solution pH and other process variables. Data obtained under non-oxidising conditions, typically adopted for leaching of metals, are compared with the performance of chlorine-enriched leaching solutions. The results obtained under various conditions are also discussed in terms of the total organic carbon (TOC) removal from the water phase.     

Heavy Metal Pollutants and Chemical Ecology: Exploring New Frontiers

Heavy metals are an important class of pollutants with both lethal and sublethal effects on organisms. The latter are receiving increased attention, as these may have harmful ecological outcomes. For example, recent explorations of heavy metals in freshwater habitats reveal that they can modify chemical communication between individuals, resulting in “info-disruption” that can impact ecological relationships within and between species. Info-disruption can affect animal behavior and social structure, which in turn can modify both intraspecies and interspecies interactions. In terrestrial habitats, info-disruption by metals is not well studied, but recent demonstrations of chemical signaling between plants via both roots and volatile organic molecules provide potential opportunities for info-disruption. Metals in terrestrial habitats also can form elemental plant defenses, in which they can defend a plant against natural enemies. For example, hyperaccumulation of metals by terrestrial plants has been shown to provide defensive benefits, although in almost all known cases the metals are not anthropogenic pollutants but are naturally present in soils inhabited by these plants. Info-disruption among microbes is another arena in which metal pollutants may have ecological effects, as recent discoveries regarding quorum sensing in bacteria provide an avenue for metals to affect interactions among bacteria or between bacteria and other organisms. Metal pollutants also may influence immune responses of organisms, and thus affect pathogen/host relationships. Immunomodulation (modification of immune system function) has been tied to some metal pollutants, although specific metals may boost or reduce immune system function depending on dose. Finally, the study of metal pollutants is complicated by their frequent occurrence as mixtures, either with other metals or with organic pollutants. Most studies of metal pollutants focus on single metals and therefore oversimplify complex field conditions. Study of pollutant impacts on chemical ecology also are difficult due to the necessity of studying effects at varying ecological scales: “dynamic scaling” of chemical ecology studies is rarely done completely. It is clear that much remains to be learned about how heavy metal pollution impacts organisms, and that exciting new research frontiers are available for experimental exploration.     

Investigations on twenty Australian sewage sludges — their evaluation by means of chemical analysis

To evaluate twenty sludges from different places in Australia for disposal on arable land, these sludges were extracted with (a) HNO₃ to determine the ‘total’ contents of some heavy metals and other elements; (b) a solution containing DTPA to determine contents of ‘available’ heavy metals; and (c) with a CaCl₂-solution to determine contents of water-soluble heavy metals and some other elements. Measurements of the pH of the sludges, their electrolytic conductivity, NaHCO₃-extractable P, water-extractable Cl, and contents of ash and organic carbon were also made. The HNO₃-extractable Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the sludges were compared with those in sludges from three other countries. High correlations between HNO₃-extractable and DTPA-extractable metals were found in the Australian sludges; therefore, the HNO₃ is equally good as the DTPA as an extractant of heavy metals in sewage sludges. The correlations between HNO₃- and CaCl₂-extractable Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn were not significant. ‘Young’ and ‘aged’ sludges from the same treatment plants consistently differed in their Na and Cl contents, which were lower in the ‘aged’ sludges. A wheat experiment treated with high application rates of a saline and metalliferous sludge showed that the balance of nutrients and the amount of soluble salts in a sewage sludge are of greater direct importance to the growth of plants than the heavy metal content of that sludge.     

黏土负载型类Fenton催化剂的研究进展

黏土负载型类Fenton催化剂是将活性金属固定在黏土上,用以催化活化H₂O₂产生羟基自由基去除难降解有机污染物,克服了均相Fenton氧化适用pH范围窄、易产生铁泥沉淀等缺点。本文从黏土的类型和结构特点出发,简述了层状与非层状黏土负载活性金属的特点及其催化性能;分析了柱撑、浸渍、沉积-沉淀等活性金属负载方法和黏土的改性手段;阐述了负载活性金属类型及其对催化性能的影响。针对黏土负载型类Fenton催化剂的特点和现阶段存在的问题,从黏土负载型催化剂的活性金属负载形式、负载方法和高效稳定催化性能的需求等角度指出了今后的研究方向。     

A REVIEW OF THE INDUSTRIAL AND RECENT POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF TRIOCTYLPHOSPHINE OXIDE

ABSTRACT

The industrial applications of trioctylphosphine oxide, more commonly known as TOPO, make use of its complexing powers with metals and with hydrogen donor organic compounds. Commercial uses as a solvent extraction reagent are in the recovery of uranium from wet process phosphoric acid and in the recovery of byproduct acetic acid and furfural generated during sulphite wood pulping. Recently investigated potential uses include the separation of niobium from tantalum and the extraction of organic compounds, such as citric acid, from fermentation broths. Each process is discussed briefly.     

From Rings to Polymers

A short review of the origins and development of my research program at the University of Vermont in the area of inorganic polymers is presented. The topics include the discovery of a class of hybrid polymers and copolymers in which an inorganic ring such as a cyclophosphazene or cycloborazine system is a substituent on a carbon polymer chain. The subsequent elucidation of the electronic and chemical reactivity factors which control the formation of these materials allowed for design of successive generations of improved materials. Additional topic includes work in polyphosphazenes which have substituents with exploitable organic functionality.     

Neuere Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Raffination der Speiseöle

Novel Developments in Refining of Edible Oils The requirements for the physical refining of edible oils are analyzed. One major requirement is the more or less complete removal of phospholipids, lipoproteins, free and bound carbohydrates, traces of heavy metals and organic pigments. Acid degumming processes, e. g. Super-Degumming and Special-Degumming as also the Alcon-Process are examined on their mechanism and efficiency on the background of the above mentioned requirements. Additionally, the process of ultrafiltration of edible oil miscella is presented as a novel development, which fulfills the requirements for physical refining very efficiently. The ultrafiltration process, which exploits the principle of reversed osmosis, removes phospholipids and other numerous impurities present in crude oils in one single unit-process. The principle and the modification possibilities of this process are discussed.     

生物炭持久性自由基形成机制及环境应用研究进展

持久性自由基（PFRs）因其持续反应活性和潜在毒性而日益受到广泛关注。生物炭在高温热解和水热碳化制备过程中会产生PFRs，并可转化形成活性氧物质，从而促进环境污染物的氧化还原转化和降解，同时也产生潜在的环境健康风险。本文综述了生物炭PFRs的国内外研究进展，归纳了PFRs在生物炭制备过程中的形成和转化机制，总结了生物炭PFRs生成ROS降解有机污染物、光诱导氧化降解有机污染物、重金属氧化还原转化等方面的环境应用研究现状，初步探讨了生物炭PFRs的毒性效应，并对今后的研究发展方向提出了展望，以期为生物炭PFRs的进一步环境应用提供方向和依据。     

有机固体废弃物热化学制氢研究进展

氢气是理想的清洁能源,也是重要的化工原料。但是,目前的制氢技术多以化石燃料为原料,制氢过程具有高能耗和高污染的弊端,这使氢能的清洁属性大打折扣。随着社会经济的发展和城市化进程的加快,城市固体废弃物的产量逐年递增,这其中的大部分有机物都有成为制氢原料的潜力。以有机固体废弃物（简称“有机固废”）为原料的制氢工艺对于氢能的清洁化发展和固废的资源化利用具有双重意义。本文以有机固废热化学转化制氢过程为对象,对该过程的原料预处理、技术路线、催化剂和吸附剂、技术经济分析、生命周期评价和生态风险评估等方面的研究进展进行综述,重点聚焦大型中试装置和工业化示范项目。通过分析各类技术路线的优劣性,总结得出新型热化学转化制氢技术受成本和装备的限制,大规模利用进展缓慢。在传统热化学转化制氢领域中,有机固废气化制氢最具大规模应用潜力。根据有机固废制氢的发展现状,还对该领域催化剂和吸附剂未来的研究方向以及技术经济分析和生命周期评价的热点问题进行讨论。最后对有机固废制氢的前景作出展望。     

ADSORPTION OF AUTOMOTIVE PAINT SOLVENTS ON ACTIVATED CARBON: III. EQUILIBRIUM ADSORPTION OF BINARY MIXTURES

The use of activated carbon adsorption systems to remove volatile organic compounds released during automobile paint spray operations has received considerable attention in the past few years. In this paper, adsorption equilibria of eight automotive paint solvent pairs on activated carbon are presented. The data were obtained at total vapor concentrations of 365 ppm by volume, typical of those found in automobile assembly plant spraybooth exhaust air. Correlations of the data using two different modifications of the Polanyi adsorption potential theory in order to accommodate multicomponent equilibria are also presented and discussed. The correlations evaluated predict equilibrium compositions reasonably well for some binary mixtures. However, neither of the methods evaluated appeared to be satisfactory to correlate the equilibrium composition of all of the vapor pairs studied. A possible explanation for this behavior is that very small errors in the data available for the adsorption of pure components result in substantial changes in the predicted binary mixture compositions.