Liquid or slurry holdup in the flow of gas-liquid and gas-slurry mixtures in vertical tubes

In a support study for the development of the Synthoil coal liquefaction process, liquid (or slurry) holdups resulting from the flow of gas-liquid and gas-coal slurry mixtures in vertical tubes were measured. The effect of the viscosity of the liquid phase, the density of the gas phase, and the tube diameter on holdup values were investigated. The results showed that slurries of coal particles (up to 27.1 wt.%) in a white mineral oil behave as homogeneous Newtonian fluids. Therefore, the results obtained for the flow of gas-liquid mixtures are equally applicable to the flow of the type of gas-slurry mixtures that exist in the Synthoil coal liquefaction process.     

γ射线透射技术测量气液鼓泡塔内气含率的轴向分布

引　言鼓泡床反应器以其具有良好的传热、传质、相间充分接触和高效的可连续操作等特点在许多领域得到了广泛的应用 ,如氧化、加氢、烷基化、污水处理等工业过程 .在鼓泡反应器中气体以分散相的形式存在 ,轴向气含率分布是反映气泡在鼓泡塔反应器内运动行为的重要参数之一 .虽然采用了各种测量方法对流体力学行为进行了大量研究[1～ 3] ,取得了一定的研究成果 ,但工业过程往往是在高温高压的条件下操作 ,大部分的测量方法难以适应这种条件 ,所以探求新的测试技术尤为重要 .　　γ射线透射技术不仅用于塔设备的故障检测 ,而且用于其他的石油…     

Hydrodynamics of a high pressure three‐phase fluidized bed subject to foaming

The effects of pressure and surfactants on the phase holdups and flow regime transition velocities of gas–liquid–solid fluidized beds were investigated. The effect of pressure on the bed phase holdups is significant and more pronounced at larger gas flow rates where pressure has a greater effect on the equilibrium bubble size. The addition of a surfactant leads to an increase in the gas holdup and a lowering of the solids and liquid holdups. The presence of a surfactant with a liquid flow results in shearing of the bubbles across the gas–liquid distributor, limiting the effect of pressure. Finally, for all conditions, gas holdups in the freeboard region were greater than in the bed.     

低、高压滴流床中压降和持液量计算的统一关系式

基于对滴流床中气液两相流动特征尺度的分析,提出以修正的相摩擦系数对相Reynolds数进行关联,获取低、高压滴流床中压降和持液量计算的统一关联式的方法.对于滴流床中单相不饱和流（液体流动,气体静止）情形,以及低压和高压滴流床中两相流、高气液作用情形,收集了文献报道的不同大小颗粒、不同物系的大量实验数据,以相摩擦系数对相Reynolds数进行关联,得到新的压降和持液量计算式,其物理意义明确,计算精度得以提高.     

Experimental and numerical study of stratified viscous oil–water flow

Stratified two-phase flows of oil and water are important to the energy industry, and models capable of predicting this type of flow are primordial. Many studies focus on fluids with low viscosity, but a high viscosity oil in the mixture significantly changes its behavior. We gathered experimental data of pressure drop, volumetric fractions, and flow-pattern data of a stratified liquid–liquid flow with high viscosity ratio. In addition, a wire-mesh sensor provided tomographic views of the flow. The data were compared with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models using OpenFOAM and a one-dimensional model. CFD simulations used an interface capturing method, and turbulence damping was introduced to avoid high eddy viscosity at the interface region. Reynolds Average Navier–Stokes and large eddy simulations were used to account for turbulence, and they showed significant differences. The comparisons showed good overall results for pressure drop, volumetric fractions, and phase distributions between CFD and experiments.     

流体物性对壳侧不互溶双组分两相流动特性的影响

选用空气-水和空气-柴油2种不互溶双组分两相混合物物系,实验研究了液相物性对管壳式换热器壳侧两相流流型及其转变和两相流动特性的影响.研究表明,液相物性对间歇流向环状流的转变有显著影响,对于向泡状流转变的影响则不如在管内流动明显.研究还表明,液相物性特别是粘度和表面张力对截面含气率和两相摩擦压降有显著影响.     

流体物性对壳侧不互溶双组分两相流动特性的影响

选用空气-水和空气-柴油2种不互溶双组分两相混合物物系,实验研究了液相物性对管壳式换热器壳侧两相流流型及其转变和两相流动特性的影响.研究表明,液相物性对间歇流向环状流的转变有显著影响,对于向泡状流转变的影响则不如在管内流动明显.研究还表明,液相物性特别是粘度和表面张力对截面含气率和两相摩擦压降有显著影响.     

Numerical and Experimental Study of Catalyst Loading and Body Effects on a Gas‐Liquid Trickle‐Flow Bed

The influence of tortuosity and fluid volume fractions on trickle‐flow bed performance was analyzed. Hydrodynamics of the gas‐liquid downward flow through trickle beds, filled with industrial trilobe catalysts, were investigated experimentally and numerically. The pressure drop and liquid holdup were measured at different gas and liquid velocities and in two different loading methods, namely, sock and dense catalyst loading. The effect of sharp corners on hydrodynamic parameters was considered in a bed with rectangular cross section. The reactor was simulated, considering a three‐phase model, appropriate porosity function, and interfacial forces based on the Eulerian‐Eulerian approach. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results for pressure drop and liquid holdup agreed well with experimental data. Finally, the velocity distribution in two types of loading and the effect of bed geometry in CFD results demonstrated that pressure drop and liquid holdup were reduced compared to a cylindrical one due to high voidage at sharp corners.     

Effect of liquid viscosity on gas holdups in a reversed flow jet loop reactor

The effect of draft tube diameter and liquid viscosity on overall and annulus gas holdups were studied in a reversed flow jet loop reactor. The draft tube diameter to reader diameter ratio (D_d / D) and liquid viscosity were varied in the ranges 0.34-0.67 and 1.5-43 mPa. s, respectively. The maximum gas holdup was obtained when the D_d / D value ranged btween 0.47 and 0.61. The gas holdup decreased with increasing viscosity. Empirical correlations are presented to predict the gas holdups.     

Vertical two-phase flow: Part II. Holdup and pressure drop

Two-phase gas-liquid flow has been investigated in a 1-inch internal diameter vertical tube coil containing two risers and a downcomer all connected by “U” bends. Pressure drop, holdup and flow pattern data were successfully obtained simultaneously in the three vertical tubes, each 17.30 ft. long, for five different air-liquid systems at about 25 psia and 50°F-80°F over flow ranges of 0–700 lb_m air/min-ft² and 140--25300 lb_m liquid/min-ft². Pressure drops and liquid holdups were plotted against gas volume flowrate with liquid flowrate as a parameter. From these plots it was found that for a combination of an increase in liquid viscosity and density, and a decrease in surface tension, the frictional pressure drop increased in down flow and decreased in upflow. Holdup, on the other hand, increased for both types of vertical flow with respect to the same combination of parameters. The Lockhart-Martinelli scheme was satisfactory in correlating frictional pressure drop and holdup in all the flow regimes except the frothy-slug regime in upflow. In downflow however, the Lockhart-Martinelli scheme met with limited success because of a strong influence of liquid flowrate, physical properties and pipe orientation. Holdup in the falling film and falling bubbly film regimes in downflow were satisfactorily treated by the drift flux approach which emphasizes the relative motion of the two phases.     

Phase holdup characteristics of three phase fluidized beds

The individual phase holdups in two (liquid-air, liquid-solids) and three (liquid-air-solids) phase fluidized beds have been measured over a wide range of liquid and gas velocities. Ex-periments were canied out in a large two-dimensional bed. Three solids were used ranging in size from 1 to 6 mm. The effect of viscosity (1-70 cp) was determined using solutions of sugar and carboxymethyl cellulose of different concentrations. Various acetone-water mixtures were employed to examine the effect of surface tension in the range 40-73 dyne/cm. Beds of particles having a minimum fluidizing velocity in the liquid of less than 1.28 cm/sec were found to initially contract upon the injection of gas. In contrast, beds of particles having minimum fluidizing velocities exceeding tins value were found to expand.     

气-液-固三相循环流化床局部相含率分布

应用自行开发的微电导探针测试技术,以玻璃珠(d_p=0.48 mm, ρ_s=2460 kg•m^-3)和苯乙烯颗粒(d_p=1.45mm,ρ_s=1264 kg•m^-3)为固相,空气为气相,水及0.05%、0.20% (质量)SCMC(羧甲基纤维素钠)水溶液为液相,对三相循环流化床(TCFB)的各相局部含率进行了同时测定.考察了不同表观液体速度、辅助液体速度、液体黏度及颗粒密度对局部相含率轴径向分布的影响. 在不同操作条件下,获得了1286套局部相含率实验数据. 给出了局部固含率和局部气含率与操作条件、流体物性及床层轴径向位置的关联式,关联式的计算值与实验值吻合较好.     

微通道内浆料体系中的气泡生成特性及尺寸预测

利用高速摄像仪对T型微通道内浆料体系中的气泡生成频率和气泡尺寸进行了研究。以氮气作为分散相,含0.35%（质量分数）表面活性剂（SDS）不同浓度玻璃珠的甘油-水溶液为连续相。实验考察了弹状流下气液两相流量、颗粒浓度以及浆料表观黏度对气泡生成频率及气泡尺寸的影响。结果表明：在弹状流下,当分散相流量一定时,随着连续相流量的增大,气泡的生成频率增大而气泡尺寸减小。当连续相流量一定时,随着分散相流量的增大,气泡生成频率和气泡尺寸均增大。随着颗粒浓度的增大,浆料的表面张力减小,表观黏度增大,气泡生成频率增大而气泡尺寸减小。提出了T型微通道内浆料体系中生成气泡尺寸的预测模型,模型具有良好的预测精度。     

液相物性对壳侧不互溶双组分两相流截面含气率及两相压降的影响

在用空气-水、空气-0号柴油研究的基础上,用空气和质量浓度为30％的甘油水溶液研究了理想管壳式换热器壳侧平均截面含气率和两相压降,以期进一步考察不同液相物性的影响.研究表明,液相物性对两者均有一定影响.提出了不同液相物性时截面含气率的通用关联式.根据流型整理了两相摩擦因子.并提出了一种新的两相摩擦压降关联式,它能较好地预测不同液相物性时两相压降的实验数据.     

Frictional Pressure Drop of Air Non‐Newtonian Liquid Flow through Helical Coils in Horizontal Orientation

Investigations have been carried out to evaluate the two‐phase frictional pressure drop for air non‐Newtonian liquid flow through helical coils in horizontal orientation. The experiments performed using 36 different helical coils and 4 different concentrations of sodium salt of carboxymethyl—cellulose (SCMC) as non‐Newtonian liquids. The effects of air and liquid flow rate, coil diameter, helix angle and liquid properties‐ on two‐phase frictional pressure drop have been discussed. An attempt has been made to fit the experimental two‐phase frictional pressure drop data by the Lockhart and Martinelli, Chem. Eng. Prog. 45 , 39–48 (1949) correlation and the modified Lockhart‐Martinelli correlation as presented by different authors. In another approach, friction factor method was adopted to correlate the experimental data by dimensional analysis. The correlation developed predicts the two‐phase frictional pressure drop with acceptable statistical accuracy.     

Oil–water two‐phase flow in microchannels: Flow patterns and pressure drop measurements

This paper investigates oil–water two‐phase flows in microchannels of 793 and 667 µm hydraulic diameters made of quartz and glass, respectively. By injecting one fluid at a constant flow rate and the second at variable flow rate, different flow patterns were identified and mapped and the corresponding two‐phase pressure drops were measured. Measurements of the pressure drops were interpreted using the homogeneous and Lockhart–Martinelli models developed for two‐phase flows in pipes. The results show similarity to both liquid–liquid flow in pipes and to gas–liquid flow in microchannels. We find a strong dependence of pressure drop on flow rates, microchannel material, and the first fluid injected into the microchannel.     

水平管稠油掺气减阻模拟实验

依托流体可视化环道装置,设计并加工稠油掺气减阻模拟装置,实验研究水平管内两种稠油模拟油掺气流动阻力特性,拍摄不同气液流量比下的管流流型,分析不同实验条件下气相对稠油的减阻效果并建立相应的压降预测模型。结果表明：在气液比0~15范围内,共观察到六种流型,分别是泡状流、弹状流、分层流、段塞流、环状流、雾状流。220^#与440^#模拟油所对应的管路减阻率分别在气液比1.17和0.96时达到最大值48.19%和33.76%,当掺气比为0.9~1.2时,减阻率均可维持在20%以上。其机理可归结为空气使油-油接触转变为油-气-油接触,降低了混合相的层间剪切应力。Dukler法不适用于高黏气液两相流,所建立的稠油-气两相压降模型预测值与实测值吻合良好,平均相对误差在20%以内。     

水力喷射空气旋流器中射流雾化过程模拟及其机理

水力喷射空气旋流器(WSA)是一种新型高效的气液传质反应设备。采用雷诺应力模型和VOF两相流模型较好地模拟了WSA的气相压降特性、液相回流比和射流雾化过程,并讨论分析了雾化过程的机理。模拟和实验研究表明,WSA的气相压降随着进口气速的增加先后出现低压降区、压降突跳区、压降过渡区和高压降区4个特征区域,并给出了不同压降区域之间转折点气速的计算方法。射流在这4个压降区域里,分别表现为稳态射流、变形与袋式破碎、袋式破碎与剪切雾化和剪切雾化与离心分离等流态。射流在压降过渡区与高压降区的转折点左右实现充分雾化并达到最大相间传质面积。研究结果为建立基于WSA压降特性的射流雾化与流场调控方法提供了理论依据。     

Flow dynamics in perforated plate liquid extraction columns

A linearized unsteady state flow model is developed for two counter-currently flowing liquids in an un-agitated perforated plate liquid–liquid column contactor. The model is based on the simultaneous solution of dynamic conservation equations and linearized hydrodynamic constitutive equations relating pressure drops and dispersed phase holdups to flow rates. Analytical expressions are obtained for the dynamic responses of inter-stage continuous and dispersed phase flow rates, inter-stage holdups, and level of the top interface to changes in the light liquid and heavy liquid inflow rates to the column. The system's dynamic behavior is vividly demonstrated through a set of typical frequency and transient response computations. Owing to the interaction between the dynamics associated with the flow of the two liquids, the frequency responses of the flow rates and holdups of the two phases are characterized by resonance peaks and non-minimum phase behavior.