TATB/HMX共晶炸药的制备及性能研究

采用溶剂/非溶剂法,在超声辅助的情况下,制备了TATB/HMX共晶炸药;探究了TATB/HMX共晶技术的影响因素;计算了TATB/HMX共晶炸药的理论密度和理论爆速;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和差示扫描热量法(DSC)对其进行表征和热分析,并测试了其撞击感度。结果表明,制备TATB/HMX共晶的最佳工艺条件为:以[Emim]Ac/DMSO为复合溶剂,TATB和HMX投料比(摩尔比)为3∶7,温度为80℃,搅拌速率为500r/min;与原料相比,TATB/HMX共晶分子在结构上发生改变;TATB/HMX共晶炸药颗粒大小约为2μm,形貌为六边形晶体;共晶炸药的热安定性优于原料HMX,其特性落高比原料HMX高74cm,撞击感度明显降低;理论密度为1.891g/cm~3,理论爆速为8.758km/s,表明其爆炸性能良好。     

外电场对HMX/DMI共晶感度影响的理论研究

为研究外电场对共晶含能材料HMX/DMI感度的影响,分别采用DFT-B3LYP-D3、M06-2X-D3和ωB97XD方法,在6-311+G(d,p)水平下,对HMX/DMI的稳定构型施加±0.005a.u.、±0.010a.u.、0.00a.u.的外电场,分析了电子密度转移、硝基基团电荷、分子表面静电势及引发键变化。结果表明,施加正向外电场时,电场强度越大,炸药感度越高。施加负向外电场时,电场强度越大,炸药感度越低;随着负向外加电场的增强,引发键电子云密度越大,引发键强度增大,导致HMX/DMI感度降低;负向外加电场增加,硝基基团所带负电荷由0.126e增至0.325e,感度降低;分子表面静电势研究分析表明,施加负向电场时,分子表面静电势增大,共晶感度降低;引发键变化分析表明,负向外加电场强度增加,引发键键长由0.1386nm降至0.1367nm,引发键键解离能由180.252kJ/mol增加到180.782kJ/mol,共晶化合物感度降低。     

HMX/ANPZO共晶炸药的制备及表征

运用分子动力学方法,计算了1,3,5,7-四硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮环杂辛烷(HMX)分子、2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基-吡嗪-1-氧(ANPZO)分子以及HMX/ANPZO共晶分子的分子间作用力、结合能和内聚能密度。通过气相扩散法制备了HMX/ANPZO共晶炸药,用红外光谱(IR)、差示扫描量热(DSC)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征了其结构,并测试了其机械感度。结果表明,HMX/ANPZO共晶分子间的相互作用力大于HMX分子间以及ANPZO分子间的相互作用力。与HMX和ANPZO相比,HMX/ANPZO共晶炸药的晶体结构和热分解特性变化较大,特性落高为59cm,与HMX相比提高了96.7%;理论爆速达9 060m/s。     

悬浮液法制备高纯度CL-20/HMX共晶炸药

采用悬浮液法制备了CL-20/HMX(摩尔比为2∶1)共晶炸药,利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了CL-20/HMX共晶炸药的结构和热分解特性,并计算了其纯度;采用扫描电镜(SEM)对比分析了CL-20/HMX共晶炸药和混合炸药的表面形貌,并测试了其撞击感度。结果表明,随着搅拌时间的增加,CL-20/HMX共晶炸药在13.184°处的衍射峰强度越来越强,在12.537°、22.972°处的衍射峰强度越来越弱;CL-20/HMX共晶炸药分解过程只有一个放热分解阶段,随着搅拌时间的增加,放热峰发生偏移,16h后维持在241℃左右;CL-20/HMX共晶炸药的纯度为88.5%,结晶体为规则的立方体结构,粒径约为12μm;特性落高H50为67.54cm,比原料CL-20、原料HMX、CL-20/HMX混合炸药分别高45.56、37.54、39.00cm。     

HMX/NQ共晶分子间相互作用的密度泛函理论研究

为研究HMX/NQ共晶分子间的相互作用,基于密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了4种HMX/NQ的共晶结构;运用静电势、电子密度拓扑、约化密度梯度和引发键等方法分析和预测了其分子间的相互作用和炸药性质。结果表明,HMX/NQ共晶的分子间作用本质是一系列弱氢键和范德华力的共同作用,主要表现为NH…O、CH…O和N…O作用;4种构型键的相互作用能大小排序为结构III结构II≈结构IV结构I;与HMX和NQ相比,HMX/NQ共晶的引发键强度增大,稳定性增强,感度降低,结构III的表现较为明显。     

CL-20/HMX无规作用及共晶作用的理论计算

为了对比六硝基六氮杂异戊兹烷(CL-20)/环四亚甲基四硝铵(HMX)炸药分子间的无规作用及共晶作用,基于密度泛函理论(DFT),在B3LYP方法上使用6-311++G(d,p)基组优化得到了4种CL-20/HMX无规构型(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ),对4种无规构型的几何结构、静电势、能量及电子密度拓扑进行了分析;利用分子动力学方法计算了共晶结构中H原子和O原子的径向分布函数;计算了不同摩尔比CL-20/HMX共晶的密度及爆速。结果表明,4种CL-20/HMX的无规构型存在氢键相互作用,氢键键长在0.274 2~0.296 4nm之间;4种无规构型的稳定性排序为:ⅣⅢⅡⅠ,构型的稳定性主要取决于氢键的数量和键长;4种无规构型在键临界点BCP处的电子密度ρ(r)大小排序为:ⅣⅢⅡⅠ,CL-20和HMX分子之间不仅存在H…O以及H…N形式的氢键相互作用,还存在N…O和C…O形式的范德华作用;共晶结构中CL-20与HMX的相互作用主要有氢键和强范德华力,氢键键长为0.22nm;CL-20/HMX共晶(摩尔比2∶1)的理论密度为2.003g/cm~3,理论爆速为9 608m/s。     

超细ANPyO/HMX混晶炸药的制备与性能

为提高超细ANPyO/HMX的能量输出,采用溶剂/非溶剂法和水悬浮法制备了超细ANPyO/HMX混晶炸药。用SEM、XRD、红外光谱对其结构进行表征,并测试了其比表面积、真空安定性、撞击感度、冲击波感度、爆速和飞片起爆感度。结果表明,XRD和红外光谱特征峰的位移现象说明超细混晶炸药中ANPyO分子的氨基与HMX分子的硝基形成了分子间氢键;ANPyO/HMX混晶炸药(ANPyO与HMX质量比为70∶30)撞击感度为138cm,真空安定性为1.72mL/g(200℃)和4.50mL/g(250℃)。装药密度为1.84g/cm3时,混晶炸药冲击波感度为7.1mm,爆速为8 080m/s,最低起爆电压为2.91kV,是一种感度适中、易于被短脉冲起爆、能量输出高的超细混晶炸药。     

液相超声法制备CL-20/HMX共晶炸药与表征

采用液相超声法制得摩尔比2︰1的CL-20/HMX共晶炸药。利用扫描电镜(SEM)对其大小和形貌进行表征,利用X射线衍射法(XRD)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)对其是否形成共晶进行判定,并对其进行撞击感度测试与分析。结果表明,所制得的样品不是CL-20与HMX简单的混合,而是形成了CL-20/HMX共晶炸药;共晶炸药颗粒为片状结晶,粒径在1μm左右;CL-20/HMX共晶炸药的热分解放热峰温为246.31℃,较CL-20小4.53℃,热分解焓变比CL-20低151 J/g,热安全性与CL-20相当;共晶炸药的特性落高为37.8 cm,比CL-20高24.7 cm,比HMX高18.2 cm。     

分子动力学法研究掺杂缺陷对HMX/NQ共晶炸药性能的影响

为了研究掺杂晶体缺陷对HMX/硝基胍(NQ)共晶炸药性能的影响,分别建立了"完美"型与含有掺杂缺陷的HMX/NQ共晶炸药模型;采用分子动力学方法,预测了各种模型的稳定性、感度、爆轰性能和力学性能,得到了不同模型的结合能、引发键键长分布、引发键键连双原子作用能、内聚能密度、爆轰参数和力学参数并与"完美"型模型进行了比较。结果表明,与"完美"型晶体相比,缺陷晶体的结合能减小幅度为1.28%～11.05%,表明分子之间的相互作用力减弱,炸药的稳定性降低;缺陷晶体的引发键键长增大幅度为0.46%～5.29%,而键连双原子作用能减小幅度为0.63%～17.24%,内聚能密度减小幅度为0.83%～10.85%,表明炸药的感度升高,安全性降低;缺陷晶体的密度、爆速和爆压减小幅度分别为0.89%～7.06%、0.68%～5.41%、1.85%～14.18%,表明威力与能量密度降低;由于晶体缺陷的影响,拉伸模量、体积模量和剪切模量减小幅度分别为0.106～4.368GPa、0.086～2.573GPa和0.082～1.835GPa,柯西压增大幅度为0.108～1.787GPa,表明炸药的刚性与硬度降低,延展性增强。因此,晶体缺陷会对HMX/NQ共晶炸药的稳定性、感度和爆轰性能产生不利影响。     

新型呋咱(氧化呋咱)类炸药爆轰参数的理论计算

以3,4-二(氨基呋咱基)氧化呋咱(BAFF)为结构单元设计了一类新型呋咱(氧化呋咱)类炸药分子.运用预测炸药分解产物的BW法则、计算爆速的Rothsteine方法和计算C-J压力的库珀方法等对该类炸药的爆炸参数进行了理论计算,并与HMX等炸药的爆炸参数进行了比较.结果表明,该类炸药的密度大,爆速和爆压介于TATB和HMX之间,是一类新型高能量密度材料化合物.由于该类炸药分子中含呋咱环具有芳香性,预测其分子的稳定性良好.     

Preparation and Performance of Nano HMX/TNT Cocrystals

Cocrystals of 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetraazacyclooctane (HMX) and 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) with high energy and low sensitivity were obtained by a spray drying method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy (FT‐Raman) were used to characterize the raw materials and cocrystals. Impact sensitivity and thermal decomposition properties of the cocrystals were tested and analyzed. The results show that microparticles prepared by the spray drying method are spherical in shape and 1–10 μm in size. The particles are aggregates of many tiny cocrystals, ranging from 50 nm to 200 nm. The formation of cocrystals originates from the N O ⋅⋅⋅ H hydrogen bonding between  NO₂ (HMX) and  CH₃ (TNT). Compared with raw HMX, the impact sensitivity of the cocrystals reduces obviously and it is much harder to decompose the cocrystal thermally.     

Tuning physicochemical properties of theophylline by cocrystallization using the supercritical fluid enhanced atomization technique

Formation of different micro- to nanosized cocrystals of theophylline is addressed by using the supercritical enhanced atomization (SEA) process. The experimental results presented here help to highlight how to prepare cocrystals of theophylline (TPL) using a supercritical fluid-based technique to accomplish the required physicochemical properties of that active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The SEA process shows a strong versatility and feasibility towards the formation of highly pure theophylline cocrystals, using tetrahydrofuran as a solvent. The formation of TPL cocrystals with different types of morphology and dissolution behaviour/properties is induced by using different coformers, such as urea, saccharin, gentisic acid, salicylic acid, glutaric acid, sorbic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid and nicotinamide. The solubility of each coformer in the dissolution medium of phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4 at 25 °C) could determine the dissolving rate behaviour of the produced cocrystals. Consequently, the low-soluble coformers generate TPL cocrystals with a slow-dissolving rate, while the use of highly soluble coformers produces faster-dissolving TPL cocrystals. Albeit the SEA process operating temperature influences the mean cocrystal particle size, this technique shows a high potential as an effective cocrystal screening tool.     

Screening for pharmaceutical cocrystals using the supercritical fluid enhanced atomization process

The supercritical fluid enhanced atomization (SEA) process was used to produce cocrystals of six different active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs): indomethacin, theophylline, caffeine, sulfamethazine, aspirin and carbamazepine. Micrometric cocrystals using the FDA-approved sweetener saccharin (SAC) as a cocrystal former were produced from ethanol solutions using supercritical CO₂ as the atomization enhancing fluid. The corresponding cocrystalline phases were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Particle morphologies and size distributions were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by aerosizer.The results presented here show the formation of cocrystals of all the APIs selected, evidencing the ability and the potentiality of the SEA technique to generate different pharmaceutical cocrystals. Cocrystal particles produced by SEA had similar mean particle size than those produced by classical grinding methods. Interestingly, a new cocrystal form of theophylline–saccharin (likely with a 1:2 stoichiometry) was obtained by the SEA method that has not been previously reported by traditional screening methods.     

Structures and Properties Prediction of HMX/TATB Co‐Crystal

In this study, a new co‐crystal explosive of 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocane (HMX)/1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB) (molar ratio 1 : 1) was designed based on crystal engineering. The crystal structure was predicted using the polymorph predictor (PP) method. The main properties of co‐crystal consisting of mechanical properties, stability, and interaction formats were simulated through molecular dynamics methods. Simulated results indicate that the crystal structure of the HMX/TATB co‐crystal may belong to the P , P2₁2₁2₁ or P2₁/c space group. The calculations of the binding energy and the analysis for radial distribution function show that the two components are connected through electrostatic hydrogen bonding and strong van der Waals interactions. The new co‐crystal has better mechanical properties with the moduli systematically decreased. With the appearance of the new crystal, the trigger bond N NO₂ has little change.     

Preparation and Performance of a HNIW/TNT Cocrystal Explosive

A novel cocrystal explosive composed of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitrohexaazaiso‐wurtzitane (HNIW) and 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) in a 1 : 1 molar ratio was effectively prepared by solvent/nonsolvent cocrystallization adopting dextrin as modified additive. The structure, thermal behavior, sensitivity, and detonation properties of HNIW/TNT cocrystal were studied. The morphology and structure of the cocrystal were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and single crystal X‐ray diffraction (SXRD). SEM images showed that the cocrystal has a prism type morphology with an average size of 270 μm. SXRD revealed that the cocrystal crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Pbca, and is formed by hydrogen bonding interactions. The properties of the cocrystal including sensitivity, thermal decomposition, and detonation performances were discussed in detail. Sensitivity studies showed that the cocrystal exhibits low impact and friction sensitivity, and largely reduces the mechanical sensitivity of HNIW. DSC and TG tests indicated that the heterogeneous exothermic decomposition of the cocrystal occurs in the temperature range from 170 °C to 265 °C with peak maxima at 220 °C and 250 °C and significantly increases the melting point of TNT by 54 °C. The cocrystal has excellent detonation properties with a detonation velocity of 8426 m s⁻¹ and a calculated detonation pressure of 32.3 MPa at a charge density of 1.76 g cm⁻³, respectively. Moreover, the results suggested that the HNIW/TNT cocrystal not only has unique performance itself, but also effectively alters the properties of TNT and HNIW. Therefore, the cocrystal formed by HNIW and TNT could provide a new and effective method to modify the properties of certain compounds to yield enhanced explosives for further application.     

Study of Thermal Reactivity and Kinetics of HMX and Its PBX by Different Methods

Vacuum Stability Test (VST) was used to determine the thermal behavior and kinetic parameters of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) and its mixture with hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) as a binder coded as HMX/HTPB.Model fitting and isoconversional method were applied to determine the kinetic parameters based on VST results.For comparison,non-isothermal thermogravimetry analysis data (TGA) was also used to calculate the kinetic parameters by using Kissinger,OFW (Ozawa,Flynn,and Wall) and KAS (Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose) methods.Advanced Kinetics and Technology Solution (AKTS) software was also used to determine the decomposition kinetics of the studied samples.Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was employed to determine the decomposition heat flow properties of the studied samples.Results show that the activation energies obtained using VST results is 360.1kJ/ mol for pure HMX and 186.9kJ /mol for HMX/HTPB.The activation energies obtained by the three different methods using TGA results are in the range of 360-368kJ/mol for pure HMX and 190-206kJ/mol for HMX/HTPB.It is concluded that values of kinetic parameters obtained by VST are close to that obtained by the different techniques using TG/DTG results.The onset decomposition peak of HMX/HTPB is lower than that of HMX where the HTPB binder has negative effect on the thermal stability of HMX.The results of all the applied techniques prove that HMX/HTPB has lower activation energy and heat release than the pure HMX.HTPB polymeric matrix has negative effect on the kinetic parameters of HMX.