钛基高温形状记忆合金进展综述

形状记忆合金凭借其独特的形状记忆效应和超弹性成为了重要的金属智能材料,在航空航天、电子、汽车和医疗等领域展现出巨大的应用价值。二元近等原子比镍钛合金是最为成熟的形状记忆合金材料,但是镍钛合金难以在很高的温度环境下(100℃,373 K)实现应用。以航空航天、核反应堆等为代表的高温服役环境迫切需要具有高相变温度(373 K)且综合性能良好的形状记忆合金,因此,发展高温形状记忆合金是本领域面临的研究重点和难点。近年来,科研工作者们以新型钛基合金为研究对象,通过合金化元素设计,获得具有高马氏体相变温度的形状记忆材料,发展出Ti-Ta基、Ti-Zr基、Ti-Nb基、Ti-Mo基等新型高温形状记忆合金体系。在满足高温相变特性的基础上,这些合金体系体现出不同的性能特点,例如Ti-Ta基合金利用Ta元素有效抑制ω相的析出而提高合金塑性,Ti-Nb基合金具有良好的加工成型能力。此外,以Pd、Pt、Au等贵金属为合金化元素可以进一步提高材料的相变温度,加入Sn、Al、Ga等元素则可以适当降低相变温度,并改善材料的力学性能和功能特性。本文综述了Ti-Ta基、Ti-Zr基、Ti-Nb基、Ti-Mo基等主要钛基高温形状记忆合金体系的研究进展,着重分析了合金化元素对合金相变温度、形状记忆效应、力学性能的影响规律,对各类合金的性能优势及缺点进行了全面总结,提出了高温形状记忆合金研究中存在的问题和未来发展方向。     

时效硬化铜钛合金的相变和应用

铜钛合金是典型的时效硬化高强高导电合金。本文详细阐述了铜钛合金的相变过程;综述了铜钛合金的研究现状,即通过氢气氛时效、预冷变形与时效处理结合的方法可以在不同程度上提高铜钛合金的导电性、强度等性能。指出,晶界对合金性能的影响以及塑性变形对相变的影响有待进一步研究,预冷变形与时效处理结合将是今后研究的热点。     

亚稳β钛合金的设计方法及室温变形机制的研究进展

本文介绍了当前亚稳β钛合金中的一些设计方法,包括合金元素法、[Mo]当量、d电子合金设计和e/a电子浓度等,概述了当前亚稳β钛合金中变形机制的一些研究进展,如滑移、机械孪晶和应力诱发相变,并对其变形机制之间的相互联系以及变形机制和合金力学性能之间的关系进行总结,最后讨论了不同因素对变形机制的影响,包括β相稳定性、变形过程、晶粒取向与尺寸以及第二相等.     

TC21钛合金高温热变形行为研究

研究了不同热变形条件下TC21钛合金的流变应力行为和微观组织演变规律,分析了高温热变形行为模型及动态再结晶现象.结果表明,随变形温度的升高和热变形速率的降低,TC21钛合金在热变形过程中相变和变形同时发生,导致了热变形过程中的动态回复和再结晶现象.     

考虑相变的TC4钛合金流动应力研究

为完善TC4钛合金的塑性成形理论,必须建立准确的流动应力模型,而TC4钛合金的流动应力不仅与温度、应变速率和应变量相关,也受到βα+β相变的影响.本文通过等温实验和DSC实验研究了900℃时TC4钛合金的等温与连续冷却过程中的相变动力学,建立了相变动力学模型;通过Gleeble 3800热模拟机进行热压缩实验,根据实测的TC4钛合金在高温β区与低温α+β区的流动应力曲线,建立了流动应力模型;将相变动力学模型与流动应力模型结合,建立了考虑相变的流动应力模型;最后将TC4钛合金在900℃等温不同时间后进行压缩变形,对比实验得到的流动应力曲线与模型计算得到的流动应力曲线,验证了该模型的准确性.     

一种低成本钛合金相变点的测定方法

目的获得一种低成本钛合金Ti12LC准确的相变点。方法采用差热分析法和连续升温金相法,对钛合金的相变温度进行了测定。首先通过差热分析,初步确定了该钛合金相变温度范围,接着采用连续升温金相法,进一步精确分析钛合金的相变点。通过分析DSC曲线中的吸热、放热现象,对该合金的相变温度范围进行研究,再通过试样淬火后的金相分析,研究α相和β相的数量及分布。结果确定了Ti12LC钛合金的相变温度在880~890℃之间,而连续升温淬火金相法测得Ti12LC钛合金的相变温度为885℃。结论由于淬火温度间隔小,两种分析方法下,该相变温度的测定较为准确。     

钛合金热变形机制及微观组织演变规律的研究进展

综述了当前国内外钛合金在热加工过程中的变形机制及微观组织演变规律方面的研究成果.主要讨论了α,α β和β钛合金在β区、α区或α β两相区热变形的流变曲线特征,应力指数和变形激活能参数,α相和β相的变形方式、再结晶和回复以及α β两相组织的球化等组织演变机制及规律.     

近β马氏体钛合金中的β→ω相变

近β马氏体钛合金的典型热处理制度为固溶时效,该类钛合金在水冷条件下会发生β→ω相变,该相变属于无扩散型相变,相变的形核源于母相(111)晶面的弹性位移重组,而后续时效过程是扩散型相变,其中强化相α相的析出与ω相的体积分数和形貌密切相关。综述了β→ω相变的相变机理和几种典型近β马氏体钛合金中的β→ω相变特点,总结了水冷态近β马氏体钛合金的电子衍射花样的规律。     

β型钛合金相变温度的新型金相测试方法

根据钛合金的相变理论,建立了β型钛合金材料相变温度的新测试方法。首先对合金试样进行预热处理,在理论相变温度以上30～50℃保温40min炉冷至650℃后空冷。然后按照GB/T 23605-2009测试相变温度,晶界板条α体积分数小于1%和等于0%的温度区间即为β型钛合金相变温度区间。TC18,TB6,TB3,TB8钛合金相变温度的测试结果表明该方法切实可行,弥补了标准测试法方法的不足。     

书讯

《钛合金相变及热处理》为国家出版基金项目"有色金属理论与技术前沿丛书"之一,主要介绍了钛及钛合金的特点、分类及锻造加工,钛合金研究的发展现状及趋势,钛及钛合金的应用,钛合金相变研究方法,钛合金的相     

The assisting and stabilizing role played by ω phase during the {112} <111>β twinning in Ti-Mo alloys:A first-principles insight

The ω phase is commonly observed in β-Ti alloys and plays a significant role on various properties of β-Ti alloys.Although many results about the role ofω phase on mechanical properties of β-Ti alloys have been derived from theoretical and experimental studies,the role ofω phase on deformation mechanism hitherto remains elusive and deserves to be further studied.In this work,the role played by ω phase during the {112 } <111>β twinning in Ti-Mo alloys were investigated by first-principles calculations at atomic scale.In the energy favorable interface of(112)β/(10(1)0)ω,we found that partial dislocations slipping on the successive (10(1)0)ω planes ofω phase can lead to the formation of { 112} <111>β twin nucleus.And the twin nucleus grows inwards ω grain interior through atomic shuffle.Thus,a new twinning mechanism of {112 } <111>β assisted by ω phase was proposed.Furthermore,our calculations indicated that the Pearance of ITB (interfacial twin boundary) ω phase can improve the stability of the symmetrical 12 } <111 >β twin boundary (TB),which can well explain the experimental phenomenon that the ITB ω phase always accompanies the formation of {112 } <111>β twin.Finally,a probable microstructure evolution sequence was suggested,namely β matrix → β matrix + athermal ω phase → (112)[11(1)]twin → (112)[11(1)]β twin + ITB ω phase.Our calculations provide new insights on the role played by ω phase during the twinning process of {112} <111>β,which can deepen the understanding on the deformation behaviors of β-Ti alloys.     

Deformation and martensitic transformation

The influence of applied stresses and imposed plastic deformation on the martensitic transformation of a parent phase is described. Changes in mechanical properties such as flow stress, work hardening rate, fracture toughness, etc brought about by strain-induced martensitic transformation are briefly examined. In the absence of appreciable dislocation glide, atomic displacements associated with glissile boundaries are highly ordered and reversible modes of (plastic or nonlinear pseudoelastic) deformation. Such processes lead to large strains and are encountered in deformation twinning, martensitic transformations and in the reorientation of martensite units. The reversibility leads to phenomena such as elastic twinning, thermoelastic martensites, superelasticity, shape memory and two-way shape memory effects, and rubber-like behaviour. These are discussed using a unified approach based on thermoelastic equilibrium. The shape memory effect suggests several potential applications of the martensitic transformations in non-ferrous alloys in which the effect is most commonly observed. Recent developments in this area are reviewed with special reference to the prerequisites for the effect and the influence of metallurgical processing on the extent of shape recovery.     

Self-adjustment of Young's modulus in biomedical titanium alloys during orthopaedic operation

In spinal fixation devices, the Young's modulus of the metallic implant rod should be not only sufficiently low to prevent stress shielding for the patient but also sufficiently high to suppress springback for the surgeon. This paper proposes a novel function of biomedical titanium alloys—self-adjustment of Young's modulus. Deformation-induced ω phase transformation was introduced into β-type titanium alloys so that the Young's modulus of only the deformed part would increase during operation, while that of the non-deformed part would remain low. The Young's modulus increase by deformation was investigated for a binary Ti-12Cr alloy. This alloy successfully underwent deformation-induced ω phase transformation and exhibited the increase in the Young's modulus by deformation.     

Effect of order-disorder transformation modes on the anomalous yield behaviour of Fe3Al intermetallic compounds

Compression tests were performed to clarify the effects of transformation modes on the anomalous yield behaviour of hypo- and hyper-stoichiometric Fe₃Al alloys which show a first- and a second-order transition, respectively. There were great differences in the anomalous yield behaviour depending on the transformation modes. In the first-order transformation alloy, changes in the degree of order played an important role before phase separation, while precipitation of phase had a great influence on the anomalous behaviour after phase separation. In contrast, only the change in the degree of order was a dominant factor in the second-order transformation alloy.     

变形量对NiTi形状记忆合金相变行为及恢复性能的影响

通过低温DSC测试仪、金相显微镜和拉伸试验机,研究NiTi形状记忆合金冷轧变形量对马氏体相变行和形状恢复率的影响。结果表明：冷轧变形生成的应力诱发马氏体和取向不同的丝织构及高密度位错,使得马氏体相变时界面迁移的阻碍作用增加,抑制了相变的发生;随冷轧变形量的增大合金的形状恢复率降低。     

Structure transformations of the decagonal and icosahedral phases in quaternary alloys

An investigation of the phase transformations experienced by the decagonal and icosahedral phases in two different quaternary alloys is carried out. The transformation in the decagonal phase of Al-Cu-Co-Si alloy is induced by the electron radiation in a transmission electron microscope. However, in the icosahedral phase of Al-Cu-Co-Fe alloy this transformation is induced by annealing. Electron diffraction patterns obtained from both phases suggest that the deformation mechanism involved in these kinds of transition is related to twinning.     

Micromechanics of Tension‐Compression Asymmetry of Polycrystalline Shape‐Memory‐Alloys

The asymmetry associated with martensitic transformations observed in tension/compression experiments of shape‐memory‐alloys (SMAs) is investigated on the basis of a recently suggested micromechanical model. The approach is based on crystallographic theory and utilizes a framework of energy minimization in a finite deformation context. Polycrystalline NiTi under tension demonstrates smaller phase‐transformation start‐strain, differe phase‐transformation stress‐levels and flatter phase‐transformation stress‐strain slopes than that under compression in our numerical simulation. The phase‐transformation start‐stress is followed to have a linear relationship with respect to the temperature within a certain range. These results agree well with experimental results reported in the literature.     

Microstructure and Texture Formation During Near Conventional Forging of an Intermetallic Ti–45Al–5Nb Alloy

Texture formation was studied in an intermetallic Ti‐45at%Al‐5at%Nb alloy after uniaxial compression and near conventional forging. Depending on the deformation conditions the texture of the γ‐TiAl phase is formed by pure deformation components, components related to dynamic recrystallization, or transformation components. This changing corresponds with microstructural observations. The α₂‐Ti₃Al and the α‐Ti(Al) phase show a similar texture as it is known for Ti and Ti‐base alloys after compressive deformation at elevated temperatures. In contrast to the γ texture, no significant change of the α/α₂ texture was observed in the temperature range between 800 °C and just below the α‐transus temperature (T_α = 1295 °C).     

Relationships between tensile deformation behavior and microstructure in Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr system alloys

Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr system alloys are receiving more attention for biomedical material component applications. However, the deformation behavior of the Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr system has not been evaluated to date. Therefore, the deformation behavior of Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr alloys with different Nb contents was investigated in this study.The behaviors of loading–unloading stress–strain curves of Ti–20Nb–10Ta–5Zr and Ti–25Nb–10Ta–5Zr air-cooled after final heating of the manufacturing process are similar to that obtained in metastable β type titanium alloys that have the shape memory effect. Therefore, the shape memory effect was expected in Ti–20Nb–10Ta–5Zr and Ti–25Nb–10Ta–5Zr alloys. The elastic deformation of Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr disobeyed Hooke's law. However, stress or strain-induced martensite (SIM) is not observed on the loading–unloading stress–strain curve. The deformation mechanism of Ti–25Nb–10Ta–5Zr changes with varying its microstructure. In Ti–25Nb–10Ta–5Zr air-cooled after final heating, the microstructure consisted of an ω phase in a β phase. The stress for inducing martensite in a β phase, σ_M, was nearly equal to the yielding stress, σ_y. Therefore, stress-induced martensitic transformation and movement of dislocations occurred together. In Ti–25Nb–10Ta–5Zr water-quenched after final heating of the manufacturing process, the microstructure consisted of a single β phase, where σ_M is lower than σ_y. Therefore, stress-induced martensitic transformation occurred before yielding.     

氢对TC21合金高温变形行为的影响

采用连续升温金相法研究了氢对TC21合金相变温度的影响,通过热模拟压缩实验,研究了氢对TC21合金高温变形行为的影响.结果表明:置氢可以显著降低TC21合金的相变温度,置氢0.7%(质量分数,下同)的TC21合金相变温度为810℃,与未置氢合金相比,降幅达145℃;同时,置氢还可以有效降低TC21合金的流变应力,并且温...