超细晶纯钛疲劳裂纹的扩展行为

对纯钛进行2道次室温等径弯曲通道变形(ECAP)、等径弯曲通道变形加旋锻复合变形(ECAP+RS)并在旋锻后在300℃和400℃退火1 h,制备出4种具有不同组织的超细晶纯钛。对这4种超细晶纯钛进行疲劳裂纹扩展实验并观察分析超细晶纯钛的显微组织和疲劳断口的形貌,研究了裂纹的扩展行为。结果表明：显微组织对超细晶纯钛的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值和近门槛区有显著的影响;超细晶纯钛的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值随着塑性变形量的增大而增大,随着旋锻后退火温度的提高而降低;疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线因超细晶纯钛晶粒尺寸和强度的影响出现转折,转折前ECAP+RS复合变形纯钛的抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力比ECAP变形强,且随着退火温度的提高而降低;转折后4种超细晶纯钛的疲劳裂纹扩展速率相差较小,呈现出相反的结果。疲劳裂纹扩展寿命中转折前近门槛区裂纹扩展寿命占绝大部分,因而转折前的门槛值与近门槛区的扩展速率对抗裂纹扩展能力更为重要。     

室温ECAP和冷轧复合变形工业纯钛的组织和性能

采用ECAP技术和常规冷轧复合变形工艺制备了高强度工业纯钛,研究了复合变形后试样的力学性能与显微组织的关系.结果表明,工业纯钛经室温单道次ECAP和冷轧复合变形后,晶粒被严重拉长,形成了明显的纤维状组织,试样的抗拉强度高达805MPa;随着冷轧变形量的增大,变形组织的细化程度和均匀性提高,使试样的强度和塑性进一步提高.位错滑移和孪生是工业纯钛室温ECAP和冷轧复合变形的主要变形机制.     

室温90°模具ECAP变形工业纯钛的力学性能

采用两通道夹角Φ=90°,外圆角Ψ=20°的模具,在室温,以C方式(两次挤压道次之间试样绕纵轴旋转180°)对工业纯钛进行了4道次ECAP(Equal Channel Angular Pressing)变形,成功制得表面光滑无裂纹试样,并对其力学性能和微观组织进行了检测分析.结果表明,工业纯钛经室温4道次ECAP变形后,原始晶粒细化到170 nm左右,显微维氏硬度和抗拉强度分别由1 792 MPa、438 MPa提高到2 486 MPa、728 MPa,且保持良好的塑性,断后伸长率为21.4%.     

激光退火对1Cr5Mo钢焊接接头热拉伸性能的影响

利用CO_2激光对1Cr5Mo耐热钢焊接接头进行退火处理,通过拉伸实验分析温度对激光退火前后试样热拉伸性能的影响。采用扫描电镜观察激光退火前后晶粒变化情况、断裂形式和断口形貌,并通过X射线应力仪测定激光退火前后焊接接头表面残余应力状态。结果表明:在200℃时激光退火后试样的屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率比原始试样分别提高了32.5%,22.5%和4.6%,而在300℃时激光退火后试样的屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率比原始试样仅分别提高了6.6%,6.5%和7.5%;激光退火前后试样拉伸断口均为韧性断口,但激光退火后试样的韧窝尺寸大于原始试样,随着温度升高,韧窝尺寸进一步增大;激光退火后试样表面产生的晶粒细化和残余压应力是热拉伸性能提高的主要因素。     

退火对ECAP纯铝组织结构、力学及腐蚀性能的影响

为研究高温后超细晶纯铝的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能变化,本文在室温下对99.6%的纯铝(CP-Al)进行等通道转角挤压(ECAP)后,获得超细晶纯铝.在8道次、Bc挤压路径,不同退火温度下,通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、单向拉伸与硬度测试及电化学测试分析,对其力学性能、组织结构、耐腐蚀性进行了研究.实验结果表明,随着退火温度的升高,8道次ECAP纯铝的强度和硬度降低,塑性逐渐提高;其在未退火及150、250、350 ℃退火后的硬度和抗拉强度分别为99.4HV,279.6 MPa、94HV,276.2 MPa、80HV,220.6 MPa、47HV,209.5 MPa;延伸率分别为4.89%、5.68%、9.81%、12.10%;晶粒尺寸由612 nm增加到1 314 nm,晶面取向发生变化.在质量分数为3.5% NaCl溶液中,对8道次ECAP纯铝在不同退火温度下分别进行了极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试,并观察了显微结构图,结果表明,ECAP 8道次挤压后,随着退火温度的增加纯铝的腐蚀电流密度由未退火时的5.756 μA/cm²略减少到150 ℃的5.732 μA/cm²,而后增加到300 ℃的6.846 μA/cm²,腐蚀形貌发生改变.退火温度为150 ℃时,纯铝表现出更好的耐腐蚀性能,这是由于退火温度增加会减少材料缺陷,但晶粒增大对耐腐蚀性的抑制高于材料微观结构改善对耐腐蚀性的促进.     

热压形变参数对AZ31镁合金接头微观组织和力学性能的影响

采用与母材同质的焊丝对AZ31镁合金板材进行手工钨极氩弧焊,利用真空热压炉及专门设计的夹装模具对焊接接头分别在250,300,350,400℃,应变速率为0.001s-1进行真空热压试验,通过电子拉伸试验仪、光学显微镜(OM)及扫描电镜(SEM)技术,研究镁合金焊接接头的力学性能和组织演化规律。结果表明:随着热压温度的升高,接头抗拉强度和伸长率不断增大,在350℃时,接头表现出最大的抗拉强度228MPa和伸长率10.2%,400℃时,强度和伸长率有所降低。在该工艺过程中,随着变形温度的升高,接头组织再结晶现象越来越明显,350℃时出现较多的动态再结晶核心和再结晶小晶粒,平均晶粒尺寸由46μm细化至16μm左右,随着温度的升高,动态再结晶晶粒数量逐渐增加,400℃时,晶粒尺寸有所长大,平均晶粒尺寸为26μm,分布较均匀。     

搅拌摩擦加工细晶TA2工业纯钛晶粒长大规律

TA2工业纯钛经过转速180 r/min、行进速度25 mm/min搅拌摩擦加工后发生剧烈塑性变形,获得晶粒尺寸均匀(平均晶粒尺寸为2μm)的细晶组织。在500～600℃对搅拌摩擦加工细晶TA2工业纯钛进行不同时间的退火处理,利用场发射扫描电子显微镜进行组织观察及织构表征,计算晶粒生长指数和激活能,并建立数学模型,系统研究搅拌摩擦加工细晶TA2工业纯钛晶粒长大行为。研究结果表明,搅拌摩擦加工细晶TA2工业纯钛晶粒长大过程中织构具有稳定性,退火处理后晶粒c轴平行于加工方向。当退火温度为550℃时,部分晶粒优先长大,600℃受热下,晶粒快速长大。在500～600℃内,搅拌摩擦加工细晶TA2工业纯钛晶粒的生长指数为3,生长激活能为328. 5 kJ/mol。研究表明,通过搅拌摩擦加工获得的细晶组织具有较好的晶粒稳定性。     

铸态AZ81镁合金ECAP态组织与性能研究

采用自制的90°模具,经Bc路径在温度为300℃下研究对比了铸态及不同道次的等通道挤压(ECAP)态AZ81镁合金微观组织和力学性能.结果表明ECAP随着挤压道次的增加,AZ81镁合金显微组织和力学性能发生显著变化.当挤压到4道次,平均晶粒尺寸由原来铸态的145um细化为9.6um,拉伸断口韧窝明显增多;抗拉强度从180 MPa提高到306 MPa,延伸率和硬度分别达到15.8%和142HL.分析表明,AZ81镁合金在高温挤压过程中Mg17Al12相粒子被破碎,并部分溶入基体,$-Mg基体与%-Mg17Al12相互相阻碍其晶粒长大,获得细小晶粒组织.     

初始状态对形变及热处理后工业纯钛组织和力学性能的影响

利用Gleeble 3800热模拟试验机对退火态和淬火态的工业纯钛进行多道次平面应变压缩,研究不同初始状态经过压缩变形和热处理后的组织和性能的演变规律。通过流变曲线、组织观察和显微硬度分析表明:退火态相对于淬火态变形组织较为均匀且变形抗力低10~25MPa,显微硬度也较低。经过不同工艺热处理后,工业纯钛淬火态的组织不均匀性未得到消除且出现混晶现象,淬火态与退火态的显微硬度趋于一致。     

温度对退火态6.5%Si—Fe热轧合金塑性的影响

本文研究了退火态6.5%Si-Fe热轧合金在不同温度下拉伸时的力学性能，并观察了拉伸断口形貌及退火态6.5%Si-Fe热轧合金的金相组织。结果表明，经750℃保温140min后，6.5%Si-Fe热轧合金的层状组织消除；其断裂模式随拉伸温度的升高迅速由理解断裂向韧性断裂转变；在200℃拉伸时，为纯解理断口，此时该合金即具有高达26%的延伸率；但是在200℃-400℃温区，延伸率未随温度的升高而显著增大，其断口形貌为解理 韧窝的混合断口；在500℃拉伸时，为纯韧窝断口，其延伸率可达43%。     

Microstructure and tensile strength of grade 2 titanium processed by equal-channel angular pressing and by rolling

Commercially pure titanium strengthened by severe plastic deformation constitutes an alternative to the use of complex Ti alloys in many medical or industrial applications. In this research, rods of grade 2 Ti were processed by up to six passes using Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) at 573 K followed by cold rolling at room or subzero temperatures. After four passes of ECAP, the grain size was refined down to the submicrometer scale and subsequent rolling led to further refinement. The microstructure was characterized by taking Vickers microhardness measurements and tensile testing was performed both at room temperature and in the temperature range of 573–773 K. The results show that at all temperatures the tensile strength is significantly improved by means of these processing techniques. At room temperature, the ultimate tensile strength of pure Ti after ECAP plus subzero rolling is close to that of the traditional Ti-6Al-4V alloy while maintaining adequate levels of elongation to failure.     

Microstructures and properties of ultrafine-grained pure titanium processed by equal-channel angular pressing and cold deformation

Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) has been used to refine the grain size of commercially pure (CP) titanium as well as other metals and alloys. CP-Ti is usually processed at about 400 degrees C because it lacks sufficient ductility at lower temperature. The warm processing temperature limits the ability of the ECAP technique to improve the strength of CP-Ti. We have employed cold deformation following warm ECAP to further improve the strength of CP-Ti. Ti billets were first processed for eight passes via ECAP route Bc, with a clockwise rotation of 90 degrees between adjacent passes. The grain size obtained by ECAP alone is about 260 nm. The billets were further processed by cold deformation (cold rolling) to increase the crystalline defects such as dislocations. The strength of pure Ti was improved from 380 to around 1000 MPa by the two-step process. This article reports the microstructures, microhardness, tensile properties, and thermal stability of these Ti billets processed by a combination of ECAP and cold deformation.     

ECAP变形对Mg2Si增强耐热镁合金组织及性能的影响

为了提高镁合金的耐热性能,在Mg-Zn合金中加入Si,形成Mg-Zn-Si镁合金.采用ECAP工艺在变形温度为573 K和挤压路径为Bc条件下对Mg-Zn-Si镁合金进行不同道次的变形.运用金相显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段对变形后的Mg-Zn-Si镁合金进行了组织表征,对变形后的合金进行了室温拉伸和高温蠕变等力学性能测试.结果表明:随着挤压道次增加,α-Mg基体、Mg Zn相及Mg2Si相均得到细化且分布趋于均匀.1道次挤压后部分基体α-Mg细化,4道次挤压后α-Mg的尺寸减小为5~10μm,且晶粒大小趋于均匀;2道次挤压后Mg2Si相枝晶在原位置破碎为颗粒状,6、8道次挤压后Mg_2Si相呈弥散分布.4道次挤压后合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度均提高120%,伸长率提高353%;8道次挤压后合金的抗拉强度和伸长率与4道次相比变化不大,但屈服强度进一步提高了19%.随着挤压道次增加,高温抗蠕变性能提高,8道次后高温稳态蠕变速率降低5倍.Mg2Si相细化机理为受剪切而机械碎断.     

温度对V-5Cr-5Ti合金拉伸性能及组织结构的影响

对真空自耗重熔制备的V-5Cr-5Ti合金进行了室温到1150℃温度范围的拉伸性能测试,获得了不同温度下的拉伸应力应变曲线,用SEM和光学显微镜对断口形貌和金相组织进行了观察,分析了温度对断口形貌和组织的影响。结果表明:V-5Cr-5Ti合金的屈服强度和极限强度总体上随温度升高而降低,但在300℃到700℃之间出现应变失效效应,断裂伸长率随温度升高而降低,断面收缩率随温度升高先增大再而降低,在400℃时断面收缩率最大;温度较低时塑性变形以滑移为主,温度较高时以晶界开裂为主,并伴随有晶界熔化的现象,高温断口表现为韧性断裂为主,具有韧性与脆性共存的现象。     

α+β相区高温退火对Ti80合金板材组织与性能的影响

研究了Ti80合金板材在α+β相区较高温度退火时,退火温度与冷却方式对其组织及性能的影响。结果表明,两相区高温退火时,初生α相对温度极为敏感,随着退火温度的升高,其含量急剧下降,而次生α相含量则明显增加。随着退火温度的升高,室温强度逐渐降低,伸长率变化不明显,而冲击功则随着退火温度的升高明显增加。两种冷却方式下,Ti80合金板材冲击断裂方式均为穿晶断裂。两者相比,980℃/60 min,水冷获得了较小的初生α相,以及较薄的次生α相片层,从而导致板材强度明显升高,伸长率略有降低,而冲击功则大幅下降。     

热处理对AZ31B镁合金轧板组织和性能的影响

研究了AZ31B镁合金轧板经不同温度、时间退火后的组织和性能及其再结晶行为。结果表明,热轧板材在退火过程中主要发生再结晶;退火后,强度略有下降,但伸长率明显提高;在523K下退火,保温60min,可获得平均晶粒直径为10μm的细晶组织,其抗拉强度为258MPa,断裂伸长率为22.3%,综合性能较好。热轧态板材呈脆性准解理断裂,退火后转变为韧性断裂。     

Aging impact on mechanical properties and microstructure of Al-6063

The impact of aging on the mechanical properties and microstructure of Al-6063 alloys were studied, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, as well as tensile measurements. It was found that the 0.5% yield stress and the ultimate tensile strength increase at the beginning of the aging process, reach a maximum, and than decrease with increasing the aging duration. On the other hand, the uniform elongation, the total elongation, and the strain hardening factor decrease with increasing aging duration well after the material reaches the maximum strength (T6 conditions), reaches a minimum and than increase again. The final fracture area reduction also decreases to a minimum, which occurs simultaneously with the maximum of the ultimate tensile strength; then it increases with aging time. The final fracture area reduction is accompanied with morphology transition from transgranular shear rupture to a combination of transgranular shear rupture and intergranular dimpled structure. The intergranular rupture area increases with aging up to the minimum in the total elongation, and then decreases with aging duration. Aging is accompanied with the appearance of needle-like Mg₂Si precipitates except in Precipitation Free Zones (PFZ) that are adjacent to the grain boundaries. The PFZ size depends on the annealing temperature, while the morphology and density of the precipitates depend on the annealing duration. A correlation has been established between the PFZ and the measured mechanical properties and fracture morphology. The impact of the Mg/Si ratio on the mechanical properties is discussed.     

钛网添加对镁/铝复合板微观组织和力学性能影响研究

目的 有效抑制镁/铝复合板界面处金属间化合物的形成。以钛网为中间金属夹层,研究它对镁/铝复合板微观组织和力学性能的影响。方法 利用复合轧制技术制备以钛网为中间金属夹层的镁/铝-钛复合板,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射仪(EBSD)、万能试验机等对复合板退火前后的微观组织和力学性能进行表征和分析,系统研究中间层钛网对轧制态和退火态复合板微观组织、织构、拉伸性能、界面结合强度的影响规律。结果 中间层钛网均匀分布在镁/铝-钛复合板界面处,钛网的添加能有效抑制复合板退火过程中镁-铝金属间化合物的连续生长,减少金属间化合物的数量。与镁/铝复合板相比,钛网的添加对轧制态和退火态复合板中镁层和铝层的平均晶粒尺寸和织构类型的影响较小。与镁/铝复合板相比,钛网的添加降低了轧制态复合板的界面剪切强度和延伸率,但极大提升了退火态复合板的界面剪切强度、拉伸强度和延伸率。结论 中间层钛网的添加可有效减少复合板界面处金属间化合物的数量,提升退火态复合板的综合力学性能。     

Effect of equal channel angular pressing on fracture toughness of Al-7075

In this paper, influence of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) on the fracture behavior of Al-7075 alloy is experimentally investigated. The specimens are successfully processed by ECAP methodology up to four passes using different routes. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images showed that after four passes of ECAP, the average grain size is refined from 40 μm to less than about 500 nm. The percentage increase in yield strength, ultimate strength and microhardness of the specimens after four ECAP passes was 230, 90 and 110 respectively. Standard tests on the disk-shaped compact DC(T) specimens showed that fracture toughness is decreased up to 8% at the first ECAP pass while after four passes, this parameter roused to 17% higher than that of annealed condition. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs demonstrated that ductile fracture mechanism with large dimples occurred in the annealed samples, changed to limited ductile fracture with fine dimples after ECAP process. This research provides new insights into the effect of ECAP and grain refinement on the fracture behavior of materials.