温度对镍基合金718在高含H_2S/CO_2环境下应力腐蚀行为的影响

镍基合金718是一种高酸性油气井中常用的金属材料,但对其应力腐蚀开裂敏感性及其影响因素的研究较少。利用高温高压反应釜进行应力腐蚀开裂模拟试验,结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等分析手段研究了温度对718镍基合金在高含H_2S/CO_2环境下应力腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:在CO_2分压3.5 MPa、H_2S分压3.5 MPa、Cl~-含量150 000 mg/L的模拟环境下,镍基合金718在150,175,205℃下均未发现点蚀和裂纹,应力腐蚀开裂敏感性较低;但随温度升高,镍基合金718的C环应力腐蚀试样表面的钝化膜出现明显的硫化和颗粒状的腐蚀产物,并逐步团聚形成点蚀源。     

高温高酸性环境下镍基合金718与异种金属偶接的电偶腐蚀行为

高温/高压高酸性腐蚀环境中镍基合金718常作为可靠的材料使用,但不可避免会与其他金属偶接使用,易产生电偶腐蚀。模拟150℃,H_2S分压1.0 MPa,CO2分压1.5 MPa,Cl~-浓度200 000 mg/L的高温高酸性腐蚀环境,采用高温高压电化学测试技术和浸泡腐蚀模拟试验,研究了镍基合金718分别与低合金钢35Cr Mo、C110和不锈钢13Cr偶接后的电偶腐蚀行为。结果表明:在模拟高温高酸性环境下,3种金属分别与718合金偶接后,均发生了一定程度的电偶腐蚀,其中C110电偶腐蚀速率最大,而不锈钢13Cr的电偶腐蚀速率最小。电偶腐蚀的驱动力是2种金属的自腐蚀电位差,异种金属偶接后的电偶效应与两偶接材料的电位差成正比,而阳极材料自身的极化特性决定了其与耐蚀合金偶接后的电偶腐蚀程度。     

元素S对镍基合金718在含H2S和CO2盐溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

目前就元素S对高酸性油气井中常用的金属材料镍基合金718腐蚀行为影响的研究较少。在模拟高温、高含H2S/CO2和高Cl-浓度的腐蚀环境中,通过高温高压腐蚀模拟试验,结合失重测量、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱分析(EDS)等技术手段研究了元素S对镍基合金718腐蚀行为的影响。试验表明:在205℃,CO2分压3.5 MPa、H2S分压3.5 MPa、Cl-浓度200 g/L环境下,1 g/L元素S的加入加剧了镍基合金718的腐蚀,增加了应力腐蚀开裂的敏感性。点蚀主要源于Cl-参与的歧化反应,而均匀腐蚀是高温下的单质S直接或间接与金属发生反应导致的。开裂的成因是单质S的加入加速了点蚀坑的形成和发展,导致多个点蚀坑连通构成长条状的腐蚀坑,最终形成裂纹导致开裂。     

镍基合金825在模拟油气井含CO_2环境中的耐蚀性研究

针对深层油气井开采过程中的CO_2腐蚀问题,采用高温高压釜模拟腐蚀试验和动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等测试手段研究了镍基合金825在苛刻CO_2环境中的腐蚀行为。试验结果表明:镍基合金825在210℃、CO_2分压4.4 MPa的腐蚀环境中,腐蚀速率为0.015 7 mm/a,均匀腐蚀很轻微,表现出良好的抗均匀腐蚀性能;镍基合金825的阳极极化曲线呈现出明显的钝化区,且在120℃、CO_2分压为3.5 MPa条件下存在二次钝化现象;随着温度升高,CO_2分压增大,自腐蚀电位负移,腐蚀驱动力变大; EIS表明电化学阻抗谱有明显的容抗弧特征,电荷转移电阻呈减小的趋势,而钝化膜电容呈减少趋势,电化学腐蚀动力学阻滞性能减弱,降低了镍基合金825在模拟工况中的耐蚀性。     

G-3合金在高含H_2S/CO_2环境中的腐蚀电化学行为

采用腐蚀电化学动电位扫描技术和腐蚀产物膜的SEM、EDS等微观分析手段,研究了G-3合金在高含H2S/CO2腐蚀环境中,CO2、pH值、Cl-等不同因素对镍基合金G-3腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:Cl-不利于G-3钝化膜的形成,且使腐蚀加剧;CO2的加入促进了G-3的腐蚀,pH值的增加使G-3的自腐蚀电位出现较大负移,并影响了腐蚀产物膜的稳定性。     

CO2分压对20#钢在CO2/H2O气液两相塞状流中腐蚀行为的影响

利用失重法、SEM、EDS、XRD和XPS等分析方法在自主设计的动态腐蚀实验装置上研究了CO_2分压对20#钢在CO_2/H_2O气液两相塞状流中腐蚀行为的影响,对腐蚀试样进行了腐蚀速率分析、腐蚀形貌特征观察以及腐蚀产物成分与膜层结构特征分析。结果表明:随CO_2分压的增加腐蚀速率增加,0.04 MPa、0.28 MPa下分别达到腐蚀速率最小值(1.160 9 mm/a)和最大值(1.898 8mm/a);上管壁腐蚀产物随着CO_2分压的增加最终形成颗粒较大的节瘤状产物,下管壁腐蚀产物由球形颗粒形成初始致密的单层膜逐渐转变为由致密的内层膜和具有网状连通裂纹的片状疏松外层膜构成;经EDS元素分析可知上下壁面的腐蚀产物均由Fe、C、O三种元素构成,XPS分峰图谱显示C 1s、O 1s和Fe 2p均出现了三个拟合峰位,结合XRD分析可知腐蚀产物的主要组成相有Fe_3C、FeCO_3、Fe_2O_3、Fe_3O_4、FeOOH。     

不同腐蚀环境下压力容器材质耐蚀性评价

结合塔河油田实际情况,通过对压力容器拟选用的5种材料20、20G、Q345、A333、Q245分别进行CO_2+H_2S共同控制环境、H_2S主控腐蚀环境和CO_2主控腐蚀环境3个环境下的腐蚀失重试验,并对经过试验的挂片进行扫描电镜(SEM)观察和能谱(EDS)分析。结果显示:选取的5种材质的挂片在CO_2+H_2S共同控制环境和H_2S主控腐蚀环境的腐蚀速率均小于0.1 mm/a,且比CO_2主控腐蚀环境条件下的腐蚀速率小;在H_2S+CO_2共同控制的腐蚀环境中,5种材质腐蚀速率大小依次为Q345>20>Q245>A333>20G;在H_2S腐蚀为主的环境中,5种材质腐蚀速率大小依次为20>20G>Q245>Q345>A333;在CO_2腐蚀为主的环境中,5种材质腐蚀速率大小依次为Q345>A333>20G>20>Q245。根据试验结果,不同腐蚀环境下5种材料的防腐蚀性能均不同,结合现场实际工况,对压力容器材质进行相应的选材。     

模拟下古气藏工况下抗硫油管钢的CO_2/H_2S腐蚀行为

为了更好地理解抗硫油管钢在含硫气田中的腐蚀行为和机理,利用高温高压反应釜装置,结合SEM和XRD分析方法,对N80S和P110S抗硫油钢管在模拟下古气藏环境中CO_2,H_2S共存时的腐蚀行为进行了研究,计算了不同CO_2和H_2S分压比时的腐蚀速率,分析了腐蚀产物特征和成分,探讨了其腐蚀机理。结果表明:2种抗硫油管钢随H_2S含量的增大,腐蚀速率先增大后减小;H_2S微量时抗硫油管钢表面形成了Fe CO3和Fe S等腐蚀物,未见明显的腐蚀坑,随H_2S含量的增大,表面的腐蚀产物为铁的硫化物且存在明显的局部腐蚀。     

油气田中C02/H2S腐蚀与防护技术的研究进展

大多数油气田都会含有C0_2/H_2S等腐蚀性气体,而CO_2/H_2S腐蚀是油气田采集、运输、处理过程中主要的腐蚀介质.综述了CO_2/ H_2S腐蚀机理以及影响因素,并在此基础上介绍了防腐蚀涂层技术、缓蚀剂技术、过滤吸附技术以及新型牺牲阳极技术等国内外常用的防腐措施在防止C0_2/H_2S腐蚀中的应用,并指出各种新的防止CO_2/H_2S腐蚀的方法将会不断被提出并得到应用.     

基于腐蚀时间效应的含H_2S/CO_2环境中的腐蚀速率预测模型

高含H_2S/CO_2高温高压气井中井筒油管、套管的腐蚀已成为制约井筒完整性的主要因素,一旦井筒完整性失效将会给油气田的开发造成重大影响,并可能导致严重的人员安全、环境及经济损失。由于高温高压H_2S/CO_2环境腐蚀机理较为复杂,国际上使用较为广泛和经典的DE Waard腐蚀速率计算模型已不能预测类似高温高压复杂环境下井筒的腐蚀速率。目前,实验室通常开展短期的腐蚀测试试验,并以此数据预测长期的腐蚀速率,但长期的腐蚀速率与短期腐蚀速率差异甚大。因此,为了准确地预测服役寿命周期内油套管的腐蚀状况,采用自主设计制造的高温高压材料损伤试验平台,模拟气井井筒的实际腐蚀环境,开展CO_2、H_2S腐蚀环境中的电化学腐蚀速率测试试验,研究了不同测试时间下的腐蚀速率,分析了腐蚀速率的时间效应。结果表明:在管柱服役早期,其腐蚀速率较大,随着服役时间的延长,由于形成了腐蚀产物膜以及腐蚀性气体浓度的降低,腐蚀速率逐渐降低直至稳定于某一较低值。最后,利用数理统计方法建立了考虑腐蚀时间效应的腐蚀速率预测模型,可为合理选择油套管材质和油气井的安全评价提供依据。     

热处理工艺对Inconel718合金组织、力学性能及耐蚀性能的影响

对高含H2S/CO2酸性油气田封隔器材料-Inconel718镍基合金进行固溶处理和时效处理,研究不同热处理工艺条件下合金的组织、力学性能、耐蚀性能之间的关系。结果表明:随着固溶温度的升高,δ相不断溶入基体。材料经时效处理后析出第二相γ″相,硬度和强度明显高于固溶处理的样品,1000℃固溶+720℃×8h→50℃/h620℃×8h时效处理的样品硬度和强度达到最大值。高温高压H2S/CO2介质中挂片实验的结果表明,不同热处理的Inconel718合金均具有良好的耐腐蚀性能,经固溶处理的材料耐腐蚀性略优于经固溶+时效处理的材料。高温高压H2S/CO2应力腐蚀实验的结果表明,Inconel718没有发生应力腐蚀开裂迹象。综合考虑耐蚀性能和力学性能,确定Inconel718合金的最佳热处理工艺为:1000℃固溶1h+720℃×8h→50℃/h620℃×8h时效。     

Joint strength and interfacial microstructure in silicon nitride/nickel-based Inconel 718 alloy bonding

Joining of Inconel 718 alloys to silicon nitrides using Ag–27Cu–3Ti alloys was performed to investigate the microstructural features of interfacial phases and their effect on joint strength. The Si3N4/Inconel 718 alloy joints had a low shear strength in the range 70.4–46.1 MPa on average, depending on joining temperature and time. When the joining time was held for 1.26 ks at 1063 K, shear, tension, and four-point bending strength were 70.4, 129.7, and 326.5 MPa on average. The microstructures of the joints typically consisted of six types of phases. They were TiN and Ti5Si4 between silicon nitride and filler metal, a copper- and silver-rich phase, island-shaped Ti–Cu phase, a Ti–Cu–Ni alloy layer between filler and base metal, and diffusion of titanium into the Inconel 718 alloys. With increasing joining temperature, the thickness increase of the Ti–Cu–Ni alloy layer was much greater than that of the reaction layer. Thus the diffusion rate of titanium into the base metal was much greater than the reaction rate with silicon nitride. This behaviour of titanium results in the formation of a Ti–Cu–Ni alloy layer in all the joints. The formation of these layers was the cause of the strength degradation of the Si3N4/Inconel 718 alloy joints. This fact was supported by the analyses of fracture path after four-point bending strength tests.     

铜合金在海水中的腐蚀行为研究

通过高速旋转腐蚀试验，X射线衍射，扫描电镜（SEM）及能谱分析（EDAX），高化学特征测定等对Cu-2,9Sn-0.9Al铜合金在人工海水中的腐蚀行为进行了研究，结果表明，添加2.9%Sn,0.9%Al的铜合金在室温，pH值为8．2的人工海水中具有较好的耐腐蚀性，其高耐蚀性主要是由于在合金表面形成一层氧化膜，它对阳极过程和阴过程都有影响，这层膜是Cu的氧化物和Sn的氧化物及Cu-Al-Mg共析化合物的复合保护膜，它们的协同作用降低了氧化层的孔隙度，从而避免了局部酸性区域的形成而导致的局部腐蚀。     

Superplastic behaviour of Inconel 718 sheet

Abstract

Inconel 718 is a nickel based alloy used extensively in the aerospace industry, having good service capabilities, in terms of strength and fatigue resistance, at high temperatures. Inconel 718, in the form of sheet, has the capability of being shaped using gas pressure forming techniques similar to those used for a number of aluminium and titanium based alloys. An extensive research programme has been carried out to investigate the high temperature formability of this alloy. This has involved both uniaxial tensile testing to determine such parameters as flow stress and strain rate sensitivity, and microstructural examination to investigate grain stability under both static heating and following deformation. The forming characteristics of the material have been correlated with the δ phase solvus temperature determined using SEM techniques. Optimum forming temperatures and strain rates are discussed.     

Laser-treated austenitic steel and nickel alloy for human implants

The recent research in biocompatible materials has been useful in replacing and supporting the fractured natural human bones/joints. Under some condition, negative reaction like release of ions from the bare metal toward the human body fluid leads to corrosion. In this proposed research paper, the biocompatibility of the laser surface-modified austenitic stainless steel (SS316L) and nickel-based superalloy (Inconel 718) was studied. The investigation on laser-modified surfaces is evaluated through electrochemical polarization analysis using simulated body fluid (SBF). The samples subjected to electrochemical polarization analysis were characterized by optical image analysis, SEM, EDS, and XRD analysis. It was inferred that laser surface-modified materials provided enhanced corrosion resistance and bare nickel alloy is more susceptible to corrosion by SBF.     

Thermal conductivity of Inconel 718 and 304 stainless steel

The results of thermal conductivity measurements on Inconel 718 and 304 stainless steel by the comparative and flash diffusivity techniques are reported for the temperature range 0–700°C. For 304 stainless steel, excellent agreement with published data is found for the specific heat, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity. In the case of Inconel 718, the measurements show that the conductivity depends critically on the sample thermal history and the metallurgical condition of the alloy. Measurements on a solution-treated sample indicated a conductivity function close to that reported previously, while precipitated samples showed a higher conductivity, similar to the conductivityvs-temperature function used for reduction of comparative thermal conductivity data with Inconel 718 references. These results indicate that Inconel 718 is not a suitable reference for high-accuracy comparative thermal conductivity measurements unless its thermal history and associated conductivity function are known.     

温度冲击对不同阳极氧化温度SiC_P/2A12复合材料阳极氧化膜开裂行为的影响

通过己二酸-硫酸工艺制备了SiCP/A1合金(2A12)复合材料阳极氧化膜,研究了不同阳极氧化温度下(15~35℃)制备的SiCP/2A12复合材料阳极氧化膜温度冲击后的开裂行为及耐蚀性能。采用FE-SEM对温度冲击前后SiCP/2A12复合材料阳极氧化膜的微观形貌进行了分析,采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了冲击前后SiCP/2A12复合材料阳极氧化膜的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:温度冲击对不同阳极氧化温度制备的SiCP/2A12复合材料阳极氧化膜影响程度不同,随着阳极氧化温度的升高,温度冲击后SiCP/2A12复合材料阳极氧化膜的裂纹密度逐渐增加。阳极氧化温度为25℃时,温度冲击后SiCP/2A12复合材料阳极氧化膜耐蚀性最好。SiCP/2A12复合材料阳极氧化膜的耐温度冲击性能优于2A12铝合金氧化膜。     

Hydrogen embrittlement behavior of Inconel 718 alloy at room temperature

Hydrogen embrittlement of Inconel 718 alloy was investigated. Multi-scale observation technique were employed, comprising slow strain rate tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The results demonstrate that hydrogen charging deteriorates mechanical properties of the alloy. Inconel 718 alloy shows partial Portevin-Le Chatelier(PLC) effect at room temperature when hydrogen charging current density is 220 mA cm~(-2) and 590 mA cm~(-2). Moreover, plastic deformation features with dislocation cells are detected in hydrogen-induced brittle zone. Thus, it is concluded that dragging effect of hydrogen atoms on dislocations contributes to PLC effect.     

An evaluation of the endurance of chromized and plated chromium coatings in a hot gas erosion atmosphere

A comparison was made of the endurance of plated chromium and chromized coatings in a high temperature erosion atmosphere, produced by burning propellants in an erosion test apparatus. The substrate materials used for these coatings were a nickel-base alloy (Inconel 718), an FeNi-base alloy (CG-27), H11 tool steel and CrMoV steel. The erosivity was obtained from weight loss determinations. Chromizing provides a better erosion-resistant surface for Inconel 718 than chromium plating does, whereas chromium plating provides a better resistance to erosion for CG-27, H11 and CrMoV steels than chromizing does. Optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive analysis with X-rays confirm these findings.