7075-T651铝合金薄壁管件多轴低周疲劳行为及寿命预测

针对航空铝合金多轴疲劳失效问题,对7075-T651铝合金薄壁管件进行不同加载条件下的拉扭复合疲劳实验。结果表明:随等效应力幅的降低,多轴疲劳寿命增加;等效应力恒定时,寿命随应力幅比的升高而增加;拉扭相位差对寿命影响较小。高应力幅下材料在轴向和扭向以软化为主,低应力幅下硬化和软化交替出现。宏观断口平台区随应力幅比的增加而逐渐减小,微观断口呈现管壁外侧的多裂纹源特征,扩展区可以观察到疲劳条带和二次裂纹,瞬断区出现混合型韧窝。提出基于Basquin准则的改进模型,得到较好的寿命预测效果,寿命预测值均位于两倍分散带内。     

S135钻杆钢的拉扭复合加载疲劳行为

采用疲劳实验和回归分析相结合的方法,研究了S135钻杆钢在拉扭复合加载条件下的疲劳行为,并对疲劳断口进行了微观分析。结果表明:当τa/σeq=0.7时,由拉扭应力幅对应的当量应力表示的疲劳寿命公式可很好地描述S135钻杆钢的拉扭疲劳寿命规律;疲劳断口由疲劳源区、疲劳裂纹稳定扩展区和快速瞬断区组成,疲劳裂纹从试样表面萌生,并向试样内部扩展,且常为多疲劳源,不同疲劳源断口的连接和复合加载形成所谓的"屋脊"状特征;拉扭疲劳断裂试样裂纹源区的微观断口特征为明显的河流花样,裂纹扩展区的微观断口特征为疲劳条带与涟波状花样。     

不同应力幅比加载下2A12铝合金的多轴疲劳性能

采用SDN100/1000电液伺服拉扭复合疲劳试验机对2A12铝合金进行不同应力幅比下的多轴疲劳实验,观察试样断口形貌并结合加载过程中的疲劳循环曲线进行失效机理分析。结果表明:单级加载条件下,随应力幅比的增加合金的疲劳寿命提高,纯扭转条件下断面存在平整的光滑区域,随应力幅比的增加断面划痕减少,并能观察到疲劳条带以及鱼骨状、鳞片状和蜂窝状特殊形貌;不同应力幅比累积路径下,多轴疲劳寿命随一级加载周次变化的规律不同;高-低应力幅比累积路径下,拉压方向一级高应力幅比加载阶段出现明显的循环硬化现象,材料产生"锻炼效应"。     

相位角加载条件下2A12铝合金多轴疲劳失效行为

采用SDN100/1000电液伺服拉扭复合疲劳试验机对2A12铝合金进行不同相位角加载条件下多轴疲劳试验研究,通过加载循环曲线和微观断口形貌分析失效机理,对不同损伤累积模型的预测效果进行评价,修正Manson损伤曲线模型以期达到更好的预测效果。结果表明:单级加载条件下,随相位角正弦值的增加疲劳寿命线性递减,当相位角为0°时,轴向硬化、软化交替出现,切向出现循环硬化,90°加载下轴向和切向单独作用效果明显;两级累积路径下,随一级加载周次的增加多轴疲劳寿命延长,0°加载阶段轴向和切向都出现循环硬化现象,两种路径下断口都呈现出多裂纹源特征,在裂纹源区附近观察到台阶状形貌,扩展区存在大量划痕和鳞片状花样;修正后的Manson损伤曲线模型预测误差均在15%以内。     

多轴复杂应力形式下TB6高强钛合金耳片的微动疲劳断裂研究

本实验研究了TB6高强钛合金在拉-扭多轴应力条件下的微动疲劳断裂机理,并结合宏微观观察、残余应力测试、计算机模拟分析了不同工艺条件的耳片在拉-扭疲劳试验应力下的微动疲劳寿命差异,研究了微动疲劳裂纹的萌生及扩展特性,揭示了耳片裂纹萌生机制。结果表明:二次挤压耳片的断口扩展区面积比例较大,说明其拉-扭疲劳扩展更为充分。经二次挤压后,耳片的拉-扭微动疲劳总寿命得到延长,且裂纹萌生寿命均占总寿命的95%以上;二次挤压后耳片的裂纹萌生驱动力较低,呈现较高的裂纹萌生抗力。各断口均起源于耳片内孔微动磨损印迹较重处,大面积连续片状的微动磨损印迹表明二次挤压后的钛合金微动疲劳敏感性大大降低。经挤压强化后,孔壁形成了较高幅值的残余压应力层和组织强化层,可以有效地抑制裂纹的萌生和扩展。耳片内孔微动磨损层的形成是机械诱导机制和热诱导机制共同作用的结果,其最终磨损形式为疲劳磨损。     

加载路径对Sr变质A319铝合金疲劳行为的影响

研究了Sr变质A319铸造铝合金在0.2%应变幅不同加载路径条件下的疲劳性能,包括循环应力响应特征及疲劳寿命,并分析了失效试样的断口特征以及Si颗粒的破坏方式。结果表明:在不同加载路径下材料发生循环硬化程度和速率从大到小排序是:圆形加载、比例加载和单轴加载;疲劳寿命随着加载路径的变化与材料循环硬化程度和速率随着加载路径的变化相对应。断口分析结果表明,宏观断口在比例路径下表现为"人"字形的两条主裂纹,且从单轴、比例到圆形路径,裂纹源区逐渐不明显,裂纹源区和稳定扩展区尺寸也变小;在单轴加载条件下裂痕的断面基本上与主轴平行,而在多轴加载条件下裂痕的分布较为分散。     

拉弯扭比例加载下50CrVA弹簧钢的多轴疲劳寿命及损伤特征

用MTS 809拉-扭电液伺服材料试验机研究50CrVA弹簧钢标准试样以及各偏心试样在比例加载下的多轴疲劳寿命,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对疲劳断口形貌进行观察。结果表明:比例加载下当弯曲应力幅值不超过等效应力的11%时,附加弯矩对试样的疲劳寿命无影响。各试样断口在疲劳扩展前期可以观察到轮胎花样;疲劳裂纹的扩展方向有周向和径向两种。断口上的疲劳特征为综合应力作用的结果;沿径向和周向分布的疲劳条带分别为轴向应力作用和扭转切应力作用的结果。     

Ti6321合金的拉-扭疲劳行为研究

通过Ti6321合金的拉-扭疲劳试验,对0°和30°相位差的疲劳寿命进行对比分析,研究0°相位差时微裂纹和宏观裂纹扩展路径,并对疲劳断口进行分析.结果表明:相同Mises等效应力幅下,相位差为30°时疲劳寿命相对相位差为0°时的较低;受切应力主要作用,Ti6321合金表面萌生的微裂纹绝大部分分布在与试样轴向夹角20°～...     

基于DIC的铝合金薄壁缺口件多轴疲劳行为

为探究缺口对材料多轴疲劳性能的影响,以航空用7075-T651铝合金薄壁缺口件为研究对象,进行等效应力幅变量的比例多轴疲劳实验,采用数字图像相关技术进行表征并分析临界平面角度.结果表明:随加载等效应力幅的增加,试样多轴疲劳寿命降低,缺口附近最大轴向、扭向和剪切工程应变增大.不同加载条件下,缺口附近应变集中现象均随着加载周次的增加而逐渐增强.缺口附近的应变变化过程可分为裂纹萌生、裂纹扩展及瞬断阶段.引入临界平面角度和其上最大正应变,提出SWT修正模型,其预测结果均位于2倍分散带内.     

纤维增强复合材料多轴疲劳的实验研究

采用缠绕成型的玻璃纤维增强聚合物基复合材料管型试样,对复合材料在拉扭双轴载荷作用下的多轴疲劳行为进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,复合材料多轴疲劳失效是基体中疲劳损伤累积的结果,最终的失效裂纹通常平行于纤维方向;根据实验中得出的应力应变曲线、疲劳寿命曲线,重点讨论了不同缠绕角复合材料的多轴疲劳寿命随双轴载荷比例、平均应力等因素的变化规律,为今后的多轴疲劳理论研究提供了依据。     

一种基于临界平面法的多轴疲劳寿命预测模型

在多轴交变应力作用下,由于非比例循环附加强化效应导致疲劳寿命降低。针对这一问题,以薄壁圆管疲劳试件为研究对象,在分析临界平面上剪应变和正应变随相位角变化特征的基础上,引入了一个新的有效循环变量———临界平面上的等效应力,提出了一种新的多轴疲劳预测模型。新的损伤参量不含经验常数,便于工程实际的运用。通过和铝合金7075-T651多轴疲劳实验数据比较,结果表明,所提出的多轴寿命预测模型具有更好的预测精度,适用于比例与非比例加载条件。     

一种新的多轴高周疲劳模型

将疲劳强度以上加载等效为塑性应变,建立了塑性应变与加载应力呈线性关系的表达式,由此得到循环加载的塑性应变能。该塑性应变能使材料微观组织结构发生不可逆变化而引起等效宏观应力。假定该应力符合一种特定的分布函数,导出其最大应力与外加应力叠加达到材料本征断裂应力时的裂纹成核寿命,从而并由微裂纹引起上述两部分应力变化,得到继续加载直至宏观裂纹出现的疲劳寿命。所建立的多轴疲劳寿命公式由3个材料参数表达,并通过单轴疲劳试验数据确定。初步研究表明：该模型对所引用的多轴疲劳试验数据有很好的预测能力。     

Multiaxial fatigue life prediction of composite bolted joint under constant amplitude cycle loading

In this paper, a fatigue model of composite is established to predict multiaxial fatigue life of composite bolted joint under constant amplitude cycle loading. Firstly, finite element model is adopted to investigate stress state of composite bolted joint under constant amplitude cycle loading. Secondly, Tsai–Hill criterion is used to calculate equivalent stress of joint. At last, modified S–N fatigue life curve fitted by unidirectional laminate S–N curve which takes ply angle and stress ratio into consideration is adopted to determine fatigue life of composite. Calculation results of equivalent stress model show excellent agreement with experiments of composite bolted joint.     

Biaxial fatigue for proportional and non‐proportional loading paths

In order to study the use of a local approach to predict crack‐initiation life on notches in mechanical components under multiaxial fatigue conditions, the study of the local cyclic elasto‐plastic behaviour and the selection of an appropriate multiaxial fatigue model are essential steps in fatigue‐life prediction. The evolution of stress–strain fields from the initial state to the stabilized state depends on the material type, loading amplitude and loading paths. A series of biaxial tension–compression tests with static or cyclic torsion were carried out on a biaxial servo‐hydraulic testing machine. Specimens were made of an alloy steel 42CrMo4 quenched and tempered. The shear stress relaxations of the cyclic tension–compression with a steady torsion angle were observed for various loading levels. Finite element analyses were used to simulate the cyclic behaviour and good agreement was found. Based on the local stabilized cyclic elastic–plastic stress–strain responses, the strain‐based multiaxial fatigue damage parameters were applied and correlated with the experimentally obtained lives. As a comparison, a stress‐invariant‐based approach with the minimum circumscribed ellipse (MCE) approach for evaluating the effective shear stress amplitude was also applied for fatigue life prediction. The comparison showed that both the equivalent strain range and the stress‐invariant parameter with non‐proportional factors correlated well with the experimental results obtained in this study.     

A bi-parametric Wöhler curve for high cycle multiaxial fatigue assessment

This paper presents a method for estimating high-cycle fatigue strength under multiaxial loading conditions. The physical interpretation of the fatigue damage is based on the theory of cyclic deformation in single crystals. Such a theory is also used to single out those stress components which can be considered significant for crack nucleation and growth in the so-called Stage I regime. Fatigue life estimates are carried out by means of a modified Wöhler curve which can be applied to both smooth and blunt notched components, subjected to either in-phase or out-of-phase loads. The modified Wöhler curve plots the fatigue strength in terms of the maximum macroscopic shear stress amplitudes, the reference plane − where such amplitudes have to be evaluated − being thought of as coincident with the fatigue microcrack initiation plane. The position of the fatigue strength curve also depends on the stress component normal to such a plane and the phase angle as well. About 450 experimental data taken from the literature are used to check the accuracy of the method under multiaxial fatigue conditions.     

Criteria of multiaxial random fatigue based on stress,strain and energy parameters of damage in the critical plane

In this paper generalized criteria of multiaxial random fatigue based on stress, strain and strain energy density parameters in the critical plane have been discussed. The proposed criteria reduce multiaxial state of stress to the equivalent uniaxial tension–compression or alternating bending. Relations between the coefficients occurring in the considered criteria have been derived. Thus, it is possible to take into account fatigue properties of materials under simple loading states during determination of the multiaxial fatigue life. Presented models have successfully correlated fatigue lives of cast iron GGG40 and steel 18G2A specimens under constant amplitude in‐phase and out‐of‐phase loadings including different frequencies.     

Multiaxial fatigue life assessment of welded structures

Welded structures, such as welded pressure vessel components subjected to multiaxial cyclic loading, are particularly susceptible to fatigue damage. In this paper, a new path-length-based effective stress range is proposed to assess the fatigue life of weld joints under multiaxial fatigue loading. The path-length measure, a function of both normal and shear components on a critical crack plane, has a solid root in classic fracture mechanics and its application is validated by correlating nominal fatigue data including pure-bending, pure-torsion, in-phase, and out-of-phase loading. Path-Dependent Maximum Range (PDMR), a unique general-purpose fatigue life assessment package for multiaxial variable-amplitude loading, is introduced in this paper. Finally, the application of PDMR to multiaxial fatigue life assessment of complex loading cases is also discussed.