锅炉用有机膦酸除垢剂实验研究

对有机膦酸除垢剂的除垢性能进行实验研究。除垢剂由HEDP、HPMA、ATMP及PAA等有机膦酸中的2~3种复配而成,在50~90℃温度及8 h时间范围内观察其对锅炉垢体的除垢效果。实验结果表明,除垢效果最好的除垢剂组合是HEDP+HPMA+ATMP,其质量配比为3g∶10g∶6g(水的质量为150g),适宜的工作温度为70℃。     

PBTCA、HEDP、ATMP缓蚀性能的理论研究

从常用水处理药剂中选择3种有机膦药剂PBTCA（2-膦酸基丁烷-1,2,4-三羧酸）、HEDP（羟基亚乙基二膦酸）、ATMP（氨基三亚甲基膦酸）与ClO2、ZnSO4复配,通过正交试验确定了最佳配方,并利用从头计算法对该配方进行了量子化学计算,分析了缓蚀性能和分子结构的关系．结果表明：P原子净电荷Qp电荷密度、分子的最低空轨道能ELUMO与缓蚀率有较好的相关性．同时,计算了Fe和ClO2的最高占有轨道能EHOMO和最低空轨道能ELUMO以及二者的差值△E,说明缓蚀剂供出电子与Fe作用的趋势要大于接受电子与Fe作用的趋势,而且PBTCA、HEDP和ATMP耐二氧化氯氧化的能力与缓蚀剂最低空轨道能与二氧化氯最高占有轨道能的差值（LUMOinhib-HOMOClO2值）有较好的相关性,试验数据也表明了缓蚀机理的正确性．     

氧化430不锈钢膦酸自组装液的溶剂含水量对自组装膜耐点蚀性能的影响

为了弄清膦酸自组装液的溶剂含水量对自组装膜性能的影响,分别以无水乙醇及其与不同含量去离子水的混合液为溶剂配制了十四烷基膦酸自组装液,通过浸泡法在氧化430不锈钢表面制备自组装膜.利用接触角测试、极化曲线、电化学交流阻抗及扫描电镜(SEM)研究了不同溶剂条件下十四烷基膦酸自组装膜的耐点蚀性能.结果表明:随自组装时间延长,膦酸自组装膜覆盖度增大,接触角增加,自组装6h时得到的自组装膜最致密,接触角最大;溶剂中水有利于形成更致密的自组装膜,随着溶剂含水量增加,膜的耐点蚀能力增强.     

铝材表面的自组装成膜新工艺

铝材表面易氧化从而影响后续涂层质量.以有机膦化合物、氨三乙酸和聚环氧琥珀酸为主要原料,采用一步法对铝表面自组装成膜,通过正交试验确定了最佳成膜工艺,将此工艺制得的自组装膜的形貌、性能与传统铬酸盐转化膜比较,并探讨了自组装成膜机理.结果表明:最佳成膜工艺为5.0 mL/L有机膦化合物,5.0 g/L氨三乙酸,2.5 mL...     

羟基乙叉二膦酸三聚氰胺盐的合成及膨胀阻燃应用

利用羟基乙叉二膦酸(HEDP)与三聚氰胺(MEL)合成了水溶性很小的羟基乙叉二膦酸三聚氰胺盐(HEDP·MEL)。通过ICP,N-S分析得出HEDP与MEL以摩尔比为1∶1进行反应,红外光谱、X射线衍射结果证明了HEDP·MEL是一种新型的结晶型盐。热重分析及差示扫描量热分析测试,结果表明HEDP·MEL的热稳定性良好,与季戊四醇(PER)复配形成的HEDP·MEL-PER体系燃烧后得到稳定的炭质。将HEDP·MEL-PER阻燃体系用于聚丙烯(PP)的阻燃改性与传统的聚磷酸铵-季戊四醇(APP-PER)体系及相似的羟基乙叉二膦酸铵-季戊四醇(HEDPAPER)体系进行对比发现,阻燃体系在基体中的分散性较好,阻燃试样力学性能较好,水洗后阻燃性能几乎不变。     

羟基乙叉二膦酸酸洗缓蚀剂的筛选

通过旋转挂片试验和失重计算 ,对羟基乙叉二膦酸 (HEDP)的快速溶锈溶垢能力进行了探讨 ,对比评价了几组常用的酸洗缓蚀剂 ,对HEDP与优选缓蚀剂的复配除锈效果进行了研究。结果表明 ,HEDP和低浓度的氢氟酸 (0 .1%、0 .2 % )具有良好的协同效果 ,它们可组成复合酸洗液 ,IS 12 9咪唑啉可作为该酸洗液理想的缓蚀剂     

模拟微区法研究2024铝合金表面膦酸的自组装及缓蚀行为

在2024合金微区成分分析的基础上,通过粉末冶金法制备模拟AlCuMg偏析相以及模拟基体合金,通过动电位扫描、开路电位监测、电偶电流测试,并结合扫描电子显微镜观察,研究十四烷基膦酸在2024合金以及模拟微区合金表面的自组装行为和缓蚀性能。实验结果表明膦酸在模拟基体和富铜相表面均能吸附成膜,2024合金表面吸附膜的微区分布与偏析相和基体之间的电偶效应有关。偏析相区域获得自组装膜保护是抑制铝合金局部腐蚀的关键。     

电子能谱研究电抛光过程 (Ⅱ) 铜表面上粘液膜的组成

本文用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对用1—羟基乙叉—1.1—二膦酸(HEDP)电抛光液时,当HEDP的浓度、电抛光液的pH值、和电抛光液中“接受体”(H_3PO_4、HEDP和H_3PO_4 HEDP)种类等条件变化下,所得电抛光铜表面作磷的检测。结果表明,除低浓度HEDP电抛光液外,铜表面都不存在磷,这表明电抛光过程中形成的粘液膜是可溶性的,它很容易被清洗除去。在H_3PO_4 HEDP电抛光液中获得的粘液膜在高温下具有良好的成膜特性和导电性能,适于电子能谱的测定。结合Ar~ 溅射剥蚀技术,测定了不同深度(即相当于不同溅射时间)膜层的组成,并由组成恒定区确定了粘液膜的组成。由此推断它是一种多核聚合配合物,其结构单元接近于[Cu_4(PO_4)(HEDP)]。     

有机膦酸掺杂聚乙烯醇电解质膜的制备与性能EI北大核心CSCD

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为基体,戊二醛(GA)为交联剂,通过溶液浇注法,将3种有机膦酸(OPA)2-羟基膦酸基乙酸(HPAA)、2-膦酸丁烷-1,2,4-三羧酸(PBTCA)、氨基三亚甲基膦酸(ATMP)掺杂到聚乙烯醇中,制备新型的磷酸化质子交换膜。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TGA)、交流阻抗谱等对磷酸化质子交换膜的结构和性能进行了研究。结果表明,OPA的加入使PVA结构由晶态向非晶态转变,且有效地提高了PVA复合膜的质子电导率,并随着OPA含量的增加,其质子电导率也随之增加,当OPA的质量分数为6.7%时,室温下,其电导率最高可达5.79×10-3S/cm,膜的力学性能有一定的下降。     

有机膦酸掺杂聚乙烯醇电解质膜的制备与性能

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为基体,戊二醛(GA)为交联剂,通过溶液浇注法,将3种有机膦酸(OPA)2-羟基膦酸基乙酸(HPAA)、2-膦酸丁烷-1,2,4-三羧酸(PBTCA)、氨基三亚甲基膦酸(ATMP)掺杂到聚乙烯醇中,制备新型的磷酸化质子交换膜。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TGA)、交流阻抗谱等对磷酸化质子交换膜的结构和性能进行了研究。结果表明,OPA的加入使PVA结构由晶态向非晶态转变,且有效地提高了PVA复合膜的质子电导率,并随着OPA含量的增加,其质子电导率也随之增加,当OPA的质量分数为6.7%时,室温下,其电导率最高可达5.79×10-3S/cm,膜的力学性能有一定的下降。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from