生物质多孔相变材料的制备及调温调湿性能研究

以废弃核桃壳为原料,采用磨细、化学-物理耦合活化、微波加热法,制备出生物质多孔材料。采用压汞法、扫描电镜分别测试了生物质多孔材料的孔径分布和孔隙特征。试验表明:制备生物质多孔材料的最佳工艺条件为:微波功率640W,活化时间6min,磷酸质量分数85%。采用真空浸入法,将有机相变材料渗入生物质多孔材料中,试验得出:生物质多孔材料与相变材料质量比为4∶6时,其吸附量可达34.7%。将多孔复合基体为调节剂,以不同比例掺入建筑石膏内。采用DSC对其热储存能力进行测试,采用饱和盐溶液方法对其湿性能进行试验。结果表明:改性剂的加入赋予建筑石膏具有较好的储热储湿能力。     

微波热裂解-KOH活化制备杏壳活性炭及其对甲基橙的吸附性能

以陇东地区生物质废弃物杏壳为原料,采用微波热裂解-KOH活化联合法制备活性炭,研究了微波功率和时间,活化过程中KOH溶液的浓度、用量、浸渍时间、加热活化温度和时间对活性炭吸附性能的影响;以甲基橙为染料模拟印染废水,研究了甲基橙初始浓度、振荡吸附时间和活性炭用量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:微波功率800W,热裂解30min,生物炭的收率为56%;KOH溶液的浓度为25%,碱/炭为2.5∶1,活化温度800℃,加热活化1.5h,所制备活性炭的碘吸附值为1332mg/g,比表面积为1223m2/g,总孔体积为0.68cm3/g,活性炭的得率为32.7%;甲基橙浓度为250mg/g,振荡吸附240min,活性炭用量为每100mL甲基橙溶液0.15g时,甲基橙去除率高达99.78%;吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程。     

H3PO4活化紫茎泽兰制备活性炭及其性能研究

以紫茎泽兰为原料,采用H_3PO_4活化的方式在管式电阻炉中加热制备紫茎泽兰基活性炭。主要考察以N2作保护气体时活化温度、保温时间以及H_3PO_4浓度(质量分数)对活性炭吸附性能及得率的影响。获得优化实验条件:活化温度400℃、保温时间60 min、H_3PO_4浓度50%,并测得相应的亚甲基蓝吸附值为210 mg/g、得率为59.70%,其中亚甲基蓝吸附值为国家标准GB/T 13803.2-1999活性炭一级品的1.6倍。优化实验条件下活性炭的BET比表面积、总孔体积、平均孔径分别为1346m2/g、0.83cm3/g、2.45nm,同时用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对活性炭进行分析表征。实验结果表明紫茎泽兰是一种制备活性炭的良好前驱体材料。     

磷酸活化碱木质素制备活性炭

以造纸黑液回收的碱木质素为前驱体,经磷酸活化制备低成本的木质素活性炭,对活性炭进行比表面积、孔结构及形貌的表征;考察活化温度、磷酸与碱木质素浸渍比、活化时间以及N2流量对活性炭产率及孔结构的影响。结果表明:磷酸活化碱木质素制备活性炭的产率都大于60%;在活化温度为550℃,磷酸与木质素浸渍比为1.5,活化时间3 h以及N2体积流量为75 m L/min时,活性炭比表面积达到1 139 m2/g;低成本的碱木质素是制备低成本活性炭的潜在的前驱体材料。     

微波加热烟杆制备微孔活性炭的研究

研究了微波加热烟杆氯化锌活化法制备微孔活性炭的新工艺.采用正交试验研究了氯化锌浓度、浸渍时间、微波功率和活化时间对活性炭得率和吸附性能的影响.最佳工艺条件为ZnCl2浓度25%,浸渍时间36h,微波功率为700W,加热时间为16 min时,所制备的活性炭的碘吸附值为1059.32 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为21 mL/0.1g,得率为32.90 %.该工艺将常规加热方法的预热、干燥、炭化和活化简化为一个过程,所需要加热时间仅为传统方法的1/13,产品活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值为国家一级品标准的2.33倍.同时测定了该活性炭的氮吸附等温线,通过BET法计算了活性炭的比表面积,并通过H-K方程、D-A方程和密度函数理论(DFT)表征了活性炭的孔结构.结果表明:该活性炭为微孔型,BET比表面积为1214m2/g,总孔容为0.7387 mL/g,微孔占总孔容74.03%,中孔占24.54%,大孔占1.43%.     

响应面法优化沙柳基活性炭的制备及其对磺胺类抗生素的吸附研究

以沙柳为原料,采用磷酸活化法制备活性炭。以磺胺二甲嘧啶钠(SMS)的吸附量为响应结果,采用Box-Behnken Design(BBD)响应面法对磷酸浓度、活化温度和活化时间3个因素进行优化,得到活性炭(SPAC)的最佳制备条件是:磷酸质量分数为68.75%,活化温度577℃,活化时间48min。以SPAC为吸附剂,对水体中的SMS进行吸附研究,考察了吸附剂用量、吸附时间和溶液初始浓度对SPAC吸附效果的影响,并对吸附机理进行了探讨。     

生物质活性炭的研究进展

生物质活性炭原料来源广泛、价格低廉,具有发达的孔隙结构和良好的吸附性能,广泛应用于众多领域。主要介绍了生物质活性炭的制备方法,包括物理活化法、化学活化法、化学物理活化法和微波加热活化法等,对比了不同表面化学改性的效果,综述了生物质活性炭的应用领域,并展望了其未来的发展前景。     

山竹壳基生物质活性炭的制备及其吸附性能研究

采用山竹壳为原料制得山竹壳基生物质活性炭。确定了较佳的制备条件:在尿素酸溶液∶碳=1∶1(质量比)的浸渍比下,浸渍时间15h,活化温度750℃,活化时间60min,制得的山竹壳基生物质活性炭比表面积为545.68m2/g。在亚甲基蓝溶液pH=4.5、初始浓度为25mg/L,山竹壳基生物质活性炭用量为0.06g条件下,山竹壳基生物质活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附量达到68.75mg/g。     

微波加热碳酸钾法制备烟杆基高比表面积活性炭

以烟杆炭化料为原料,采用微波加热碳酸钾活化法制备了高比表面积活性炭.研究了微波加热时间和碱炭比对活性炭的得率和吸附性能的影响,得到了优化工艺条件,所得活性炭产品的碘吸附值为1834mg/g,亚甲基兰吸附值为517.5mg/g,得率为16.65%.产品的吸附性能超过了双电层电容器专用活性炭(LY/T 1617-2004)标准的要求,同常规加热相比,活化时间缩短了78.26% .同时测定了该活性炭的氮吸附等温线,通过非定域化密度函数理论表征了活性炭的孔结构.该高比表面积活性炭的比表面积为2557m2/g,总孔体积为1.6470ml/g.     

超级电容器用马尾藻基超级活性炭的制备及其电化学性能

以马尾藻为原料,采用KOH活化法制备用于超级电容器的生物质基超级活性炭。制备的超级活性炭不仅比表面积巨大,孔隙结构丰富,而且以海藻作为前驱体原料明显降低了活性炭的生产成本。采用单因素实验法分析了浸渍比、活化温度和活化时间对马尾藻基活性炭孔隙结构(比表面积、孔容及孔径分布等)的影响,探索了制备马尾藻基超级活性炭的最佳工艺条件,并研究了所制活性炭用于制备超级电容器时的电化学性能。采用N2吸附-解吸附、SEM、XRD,恒电流充放电以及循环伏安法等表征手段考察超级活性炭样品的比表面积,孔结构以及电化学性能。实验结果表明,制备马尾藻基超级活性炭的最佳工艺条件为:浸渍比4∶1,活化时间120min,活化温度800℃。在该实验条件下制得的活性炭比表面积高达2926m2/g,孔容高达1.536cm3/g,且所有活性炭的孔径大小几乎全部分布在4nm以内,孔径分布均匀。制备的超级电容器以6mol/L的KOH为电解液时,其比电容高达358.5F/g,表现出良好的电化学性能。     

磷酸法活化煤焦油渣制备活性炭研究

研究了以陕西煤焦油渣作为原料,用磷酸作为活化剂,在400～1000℃的条件下经一步炭活化法制备活性炭。研究了炭活化温度、时间、料剂比对煤焦油渣制备活性炭吸附性能及孔结构的影响。实验结果表明炭活化温度、炭活化时间主要影响活性炭产品的得率,高温和长时间会导致更多的碳损失;活性炭的吸附性能及孔结构主要受炭活化温度和料剂比影响。最佳活化工艺条件为850℃、3h、1∶3。通过其活性炭表面孔径分布及表面官能团含量变化表征,用磷酸浸泡煤焦油渣制备活性炭有利于大、中孔结构的产生,其最佳活化条件下孔径分布约在20～100nm。     

Analysis of Various Experimental Methods and Preparation of Mesoporous Activated Carbon Powders from Sawdust Using Phosphoric Acid

A critical analysis of various reported experimental methods utilized for preparation of activated carbon using phosphoric acid was attempted to identify the right choice of experimental method. The various experimental methods were grouped into three major categories; of these, a two-stage activation process with the precursor exposed to preset furnace temperature in a self-generated atmosphere was identified to be a suitable method. Accordingly, activated carbon powders were prepared utilizing a two-stage activation process, covering the effect of activation time at 500°C with an impregnation ratio of 1.5. The samples were subjected to adsorption using methylene blue dye, and the adsorption capacity was found to increase with increase in activation time. An adsorption capacity greater than 400 mg/g of activated carbon shows highly developed pores, with pore size higher than 1.5 nm signifying its economical application to commercial liquid-phase adsorption processes. The adsorption isotherms were found to match well with the Langmuir isotherm model with correlation coefficient (r²) greater than 0.95 as compared to the Freundlich isotherm model with r² less than 0.8.     

Analysis of Various Experimental Methods and Preparation of Mesoporous Activated Carbon Powders from Sawdust Using Phosphoric Acid

A critical analysis of various reported experimental methods utilized for preparation of activated carbon using phosphoric acid was attempted to identify the right choice of experimental method. The various experimental methods were grouped into three major categories; of these, a two-stage activation process with the precursor exposed to preset furnace temperature in a self-generated atmosphere was identified to be a suitable method. Accordingly, activated carbon powders were prepared utilizing a two-stage activation process, covering the effect of activation time at 500°C with an impregnation ratio of 1.5. The samples were subjected to adsorption using methylene blue dye, and the adsorption capacity was found to increase with increase in activation time. An adsorption capacity greater than 400 mg/g of activated carbon shows highly developed pores, with pore size higher than 1.5 nm signifying its economical application to commercial liquid-phase adsorption processes. The adsorption isotherms were found to match well with the Langmuir isotherm model with correlation coefficient (r ²) greater than 0.95 as compared to the Freundlich isotherm model with r ² less than 0.8.     

MPCVD法在碳纤维上制备碳纳米管

利用微波等离子体化学气相沉积（MPCVD）法在碳纤维上制备了碳纳米管,并在此基础上系统地研究了微波功率、反应时间、催化剂前驱体的吸附时间以及吸附浓度对碳纳米管生长的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对样品的表面形貌进行表征.结果表明,微波功率、反应时间对碳纳米管的形貌有很大影响,此外,随着吸附时间的增加,碳纳米管的生长速度快且产量高;吸附浓度很大时,碳纤维表面上产生了大量的无定形碳和石墨,严重影响了碳纳米管的生长质量.     

Batch adsorption of phenol onto physiochemical-activated coconut shell

The present work explored the use of Tunisian olive-waste cakes, a by-product of the manufacture process of olive oil in mills, as a potential feedstock for the preparation of activated carbon. Chemical activation of this precursor, using phosphoric acid as dehydrating agent, was adopted. To optimize the preparation method, the effect of the main process parameters (such as acid concentration, impregnation ratio, temperature of pyrolysis step) on the performances of the obtained activated carbons (expressed in terms of iodine and methylene blue numbers and specific surface area) was studied. The optimal activated carbon was fully characterized considering its adsorption properties as well as its chemical structure and morphology. To enhance the adsorption capacity of this carbon for heavy metals, a modification of the chemical characteristics of the sorbent surface was performed, using KMnO(4) as oxidant. The efficiency of this treatment was evaluated considering the adsorption of Cu(2+) ions as a model for metallic species. Column adsorption tests showed the high capacity of the activated carbon to reduce KMnO(4) into insoluble manganese (IV) oxide (MnO(2)) which impregnated the sorbent surface. The results indicated also that copper uptake capacity was enhanced by a factor of up to 3 for the permanganate-treated activated carbon.     

Superior prospect of chemically activated electrospun carbon fibers for hydrogen storage

In this study, the capacity of hydrogen storage was evaluated by using electrospun activated carbon fibers prepared by electrospinning and chemical activation based on the comparison with other carbon materials such as active carbon, single walled carbon nanotube, and graphite. For an improved hydrogen storage system, the optimized conditions of carbon materials were investigated with studying their specific surface area, pore volume, size, and shape. The hydrogen adsorption capacity of chemically activated electrospun carbon fiber itself is better than that of other porous carbon materials. This is attributed to the optimized pore structure of electrospun activated carbon fibers that might provide better sites for hydrogen adsorption than other carbon materials.     

基于海藻制备超级电容器用三维多孔石墨烯

以海藻作为固相碳源,利用海藻对金属离子具有吸附性能的特点,在未进行生物质材料改性的条件下,实现海藻生物质材料对催化剂金属离子的均匀吸附.本文结合原位高温金属催化和化学活化的方法制备三维多孔石墨烯,并研究了其作为超级电容器电极材料的电化学性能.通过扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、氮气吸附等手段对三维多孔石墨烯的形貌与结构进行表征分析.研究结果表明,制备的三维多孔石墨烯具有片层状三维网络结构,且片层较薄,并具有较高的石墨化程度,其比表面积达到1 700 m~2/g,孔径分布主要在2~10 nm.以该三维多孔石墨烯材料作为超级电容器电极材料,进行电化学性能表征,发现在较低的电压扫速下得到的比电容量为90 F/g,同时,该材料还具有较高的能量密度和功率密度.以海藻为固相碳源制备得到的三维多孔石墨烯材料在超级电容器领域具有一定的应用前景.     

宽频磁性碳基复合吸波材料的制备及性能研究

目的 以可再生的生物质作为碳源，通过添加氯化钠作为活化剂，制备一种具有优良性能的吸波材料。方法 用一步热解法制备磁性碳基复合吸波材料，用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、氮吸附比表面与孔径分布仪（BET）、超导量子干涉仪（SQUID）等对其物相、形貌、磁性能等进行表征，用矢量网络分析仪（VNA）测试其电磁参数。结果 不同组分的复合材料均具有宽频的微波吸收性能，表现出对生物质用量一定范围内的不敏感特性。生物质用量分别为0.8、1.0、1.5和2.0 g时，制备的不同磁性生物质碳复合材料在填充量（质量分数）为30%时，有效吸收带宽分别达到5.7、6.2、5.8和5.9 GHz。结论 吸波性能对生物质用量一定范围内的不敏感特性，可以避免生物质由于产地、季节等的不同对吸波性能造成影响，同时也有利于制备工艺的实际操作，提高了吸波性能实验结果的稳定性。     

Removal of a dye from simulated wastewater by adsorption using treated parthenium biomass

In the present study adsorption of rhodamine-B from aqueous solution on formaldehyde treated parthenium biomass (WC) and phosphoric acid treated parthenium carbon (PWC) was studied. Aqueous solutions of various concentrations (50-500 mg/l) were shaken with certain amount of adsorbent to determine the adsorption capacity of rhodamine-B on WC and PWC. The effectiveness of formaldehyde treated parthenium biomass (WC) and phosphoric acid treated parthenium carbon (PWC) in adsorbing rhodamine-B from aqueous solution has been studied as a function of agitation time, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration and pH. The adsorption capacities of the studied adsorbents were in the order PWC>WC. Initial pH had negligible effect on the adsorption capacity. Maximum dye was sequestered from the solution within 60min after the start of every experiment. After that, the concentration of rhodamine-B in the liquid-phase remained constant. The adsorption of rhodamine-B onto PWC and WC followed second-order kinetic model. Adsorption data were modeled using both Langmuir and Freundlich classical adsorption isotherms. The adsorption capacity Q(0) was 59.17 mg/g at initial pH 7.0 for the particle size 0.3-1.0mm for phosphoric acid treated parthenium carbon (PWC). The FT-IR spectra of the adsorbents were recorded to explore number and position of functional groups available for the binding of dye cation onto studied adsorbents. SEMs of the adsorbents were recorded to explore the morphology of the studied adsorbents.