热暴露对TiAl合金室温拉伸性能影响的研究进展

室温拉伸塑性是TiAl合金这类低损伤容限材料工程化应用必须考虑的重要指标之一。高温热暴露后TiAl合金的室温塑性显著降低,这不利于TiAl合金部件的应用可靠性。概述了高温热暴露对TiAl合金室温拉伸性能特别是室温拉伸塑性的影响,重点归纳了高温热暴露造成的表面性质变化对该合金室温塑性不利影响的可能机制,并提出了抑制热暴露所致室温塑性降低的可能途径。分析表明,热暴露导致TiAl合金室温拉伸塑性降低,是表面氧化致脆、表面残余应力以及环境潮气等因素综合作用的结果,其中表面氧化致脆是直接原因。改善基体的抗氧化性或者形成可抑制表面裂纹向基体扩展的有利组织,是保持TiAl合金高温使用后室温拉塑性水平的有效途径。     

显微组织应变率对全片层TiAl合金室温塑性的影响

采用了特殊的热处理工艺,分别获得了不同晶粒度和不同片层厚度的显微组织的全片层TiAl合金,并在不同的应变速率下,对这些合金进行了室温单向拉伸实验.结果表明:在一定的应变速率下,晶粒度的降低和片层厚度的增加都会导致全片层TiAl合金室温塑性的增加.在确定的显微组织下,应变率的降低,会导致全片层TiAl合金室温塑性的增加.而当应变率较低、晶粒较大、片层较厚时,试样中容易萌生微裂纹.微裂纹多数在软取向的晶粒中出现.具有小晶粒、厚片层显微组织的全片层TiAl合金在较低的应变速率下将会具有较好的塑性.     

TiAl合金增压器涡轮研究进展

采用轻质TiAl合金代替较重的镍基高温合金制作内燃机增压器涡轮,是改善内燃机加速响应性、实现轻量化的有效技术途径之一.围绕TiAl合金增压器涡轮的工程化应用,分析了TiAl合金增压器涡轮的合金及组织设计、涡轮制备技术、涡轮连接技术、母合金制备技术、应用考核试验等方面的国内外研究现状和研究进展.认为我国铸造技术和连接技术...     

TiAl基合金强韧化原理及新技术的研究

采用现代测试技术,较详尽地研究了TiAl基合金工程材料的强韧化原理、新工艺和新技术。 在合金化方面,探讨了Sb、Pb、Sn和Nd的添加对TiAl基合金显微组织和室温力学性能的影响。其中,Sb具有显著改善 TiAl基合金室温力学性能和高温抗氧化能力的作用。TiAl+Sb合金室温变形时,α_2/γ层片状晶粒的γ板条内形成大量变形孪晶。TiAl+Sb合金的抗氧化性甚至优于Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金。 在晶粒细化剂的研究中,发现BN可使TiAl基合金铸态晶粒显著细化,其效果优于XD~(TM)技术中的TiB_2。 在TiAl基合金的表面化学热处理的开创性的探讨中,发现渗碳处理可有效地强化TiAl基合金表层,从而明显地提高合金的室温力学性能。多层、复杂结构的渗碳层具有良好的组织热稳定性和抗氧化性,因而使TiAl基合金抗高温长时间氧化能力得到显著改善。 较全面地探讨了TiAl基合金常规热加工和热处理的金属学原理,讨论了常规热处理对热变形TiAl基合金试样的局限性。在此研究基础上,提出了双温热处理新工艺。研究了双温热处理对TiAl基合金热变形试样的显微组织和室温拉伸性能的影响。探讨了双温热处理的金属学原理。     

铸造涡轮叶片晶粒度的控制

近年来,工厂普遍采用了各种高温合金的铸造涡轮叶片,由于涡轮片的工作条件苛刻,要求叶片材料具有良好的综合性能。一般来说,铸造高温合金的原始晶粒度比较粗大,其塑性和疲劳性能较变形高温合金低,为了保证铸造涡轮叶片的工作可靠性,通常,技术条件规定了对晶粒度的要求。目前,在生产中一般通过熔注参数(如浇     

热处理工艺对包套挤压镍微合金化TiAl合金组织与性能的影响

以包套挤压镍微合金化TiAl合金为研究对象,研究了热处理工艺对合金组织和室温、800℃拉伸性能的影响.结果表明,70%变形量包套挤压合金经(α γ)双相区1250℃热处理获得了再结晶完全的双态组织,其中不含有残留的层片结构;挤压合金经(α2 γ)双相区退火处理后,合金室温拉伸屈服强度为535MPa,抗拉强度为650MPa,延伸率为3%;800℃拉伸屈服强度为365MPa,抗拉强度为400MPa,延伸率为156%,这种组织有利于进一步加工成形,使超塑成形成为可能.     

TiAl基合金冷坩埚定向凝固研究现状与发展趋势

冷坩埚定向凝固技术基于材料电磁加工原理,将合金连续熔化、电磁约束成形和连续凝固过程统一,避免模壳法定向凝固造成的合金熔体污染,是TiAl等高活性合金高纯净定向凝固的重要方法之一。报告了TiAl基合金冷坩埚定向凝固技术的研究结果,建立了电磁场、温度场与电磁冷坩埚系统主要参数之间的规律性关系。通过改变冷坩埚的横截面形状,初步制备出具有定向凝固组织的TiAl基合金圆、方和扁锭,研究结果表明该方法不但适合于Ti-Al二元合金,而且施与多元多相TiAl基合金也是可行的。通过对成分和组织的控制,所研究的TiAl基合金定向凝固试样的室温拉伸塑性最高达到1.5%左右。最后指出将该方法应用于耐高温的轻质高Nb含量的γ-TiAlNb合金的定向凝固是未来的发展趋势。     

高Nb-TiAl基合金锻压饼材的拉伸性能

用自制的拉伸夹具测度子两种高Nb-TiAl基合金的室温和高温拉伸性能，并对实验结果进行了分析讨论，结果表明，双态组织片层组织有更高的强度，这符合一般TiAl合金的强度规律，且两种合金的室，高温强度均比普通TiAl合金的强度高。     

凝固模式对定向凝固TiAl-Nb合金组织和力学性能影响

目的 研究凝固模式对TiAl-Nb合金定向凝固组织和力学性能的影响。方法 利用Bridgman定向凝固方法制备了单一β、亚包晶、过包晶以及单一α相4种凝固模式的TiAl-Nb合金,对显微组织进行观察,并进行室、高温拉伸性能测试及断口形貌分析。结果 单一β凝固模式柱状晶明显倾斜,其他凝固模式合金的柱状晶挺直且宽度较均匀,除单一α凝固合金中片层方向近似与定向凝固方向平行外,其他模式凝固合金中大部分片层方向与定向凝固方向呈近45°夹角;拉伸性能结果显示,亚包晶合金室温和高温抗拉强度最高,分别为429和483 MPa,单一α相合金室温和高温抗拉强度最小,分别为281和204 MPa。结论 亚包晶合金其室温和高温拉伸性能均高于其他凝固模式的合金性能,但定向凝固试样制备过程中产生Y2O3颗粒夹杂,导致拉伸试验过程容易形成应力集中,致使定向凝固TiAl-Nb合金较早发生断裂。     

Ti60合金近β锻造后微观断口形貌研究

采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了Ti60合金近β锻造后的显微组织和室温拉伸试样、热稳定试样的断口形貌并确定断裂方式。结果表明:Ti60合金采用近β锻造,获得三态组织;室温拉伸试样断口裂纹源起源于试样中心,断面凹凸不平,既有韧窝形貌又有解理断裂特征,为混合型断口;热稳定试样断口裂纹源位于试样边缘,断口表面平整,为典型的解理断裂特征;试样经热暴露后,强度变化不大,塑性明显降低。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiAl-based Alloy

Two phases gamma titanium aluminide alloy,Ti-46.5Al-2.5V-1Cr.was investigated to characterizemicrostructures and to define the microstructure/mechanical property relationship.Many kinds ofmicrostructure of gamma and α_2 phases were obtained by heat treatments in the α+γ,α_2+γ and αfields.The effects of microstructure on tensile properties,fracture toughness and J-R resistancecurve at room temperature,were systematically studied.The experimental results showed that themicrostructure had a strong effect on mechanical properties,The duplex microstructure produced byheat treatment at 1250℃×4 h with controlled cooling resulted in the highest ductility of 4.8% tensileelongation,low fracture toughness and crack growth resistance.The fully lamellar microstructureproduced by heat treatment in the α field having large grain sizes resulted in the highest fracturetoughness but the lowest ductility.     

Effects of Microstructure on the Tensile, Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Behaviour of Gamma Titanium Aluminides

The effects of microstructure on the deformation and fracture behaviour of two-phase TiAl alloys were investjgated under monotonic and cyclical loading conditions, over a range of temperatu res.The tensile behaviour is analyzed for deformation temperatures between RT and 950℃, Fracture resistance behaviour and toughening mechanisms at RT and 800℃ are analyzed. and the inverse relationship botween ductility and toughness is explained using the crack initiation toughness. The preliminary results of load-controlled fatigue behaviour at 800℃ are interpreted using the tensile behaviour because deformation structure and fracture modes are similar under these two loading conditions     

Effects of short- and long-term thermal exposures on the stability of a Ni–Co–Cr–Si alloy

Long-term thermal stability is often needed for high temperature alloys used in a variety of industrial applications for extended operating lifetimes. In this paper, the effects of thermal exposures or aging on the mechanical properties and microstructure of a Ni–Co–Cr–Si alloy (HAYNES® HR-160® alloy) were studied. It includes both short- and long-term elevated temperature exposures ranging from 649 °C to 1093 °C (1200–2000 F) for duration of 6 min (0.1 h) to 6 years (50,000 h). The residual room temperature (RT) tensile and Charpy-V impact toughness properties were evaluated and correlated to microstructural changes as well as to fracture surfaces of the tensile tested samples. It was found that the RT ductility and impact toughness of the HR-160 alloy decreased continuously with time. A significant percentage of reduction in the ductility occurred in the initial 1000 h of exposure and the subsequent exposure led only to a minimal loss of ductility and impact toughness values. The concomitant microstructural changes were studied using optical metallography, SEM/EDS and X-ray diffraction of extracted residues. The results presented in this paper demonstrated that the HR-160 alloy exhibits good thermal stability characterized by >16% RT elongation after 50,000 h exposures at 649 °C, 760 °C, and 871 °C.     

Crack growth in lamellar titanium aluminide

In-situ compact tension tests on binary lamellar titanium aluminide (TiAl) possessing the colony ``polycrystalline' microstructure illustrate a range of damage phenomena and toughening mechanisms including crack nucleation across colony boundaries, plastic deformation of bridging ligaments, and multiple cracking within colonies. Here, the effects of relative lamellae misorientation and offsets between neighboring colonies on crack growth are investigated computationally through an idealized microstructure of multiple colonies. Within each colony, the brittle Ti₃Al lamellae are represented as parallel planes of comparatively low toughness embedded in a matrix of ductile TiAl lamellae that are collectively modeled as an elastic-viscoplastic solid with higher fracture toughness. Plane strain calculations of crack growth are carried out on a compact tension geometry. The calculations are in good qualitative agreement with the in-situ observations, capturing many features of crack growth such as multiple microcrack nucleation and plastic deformation of residual ligaments. Experiments and numerical analyses show that changes in lamellar orientation and alignment across a colony boundary can contribute significantly to the fracture resistance. The numerical results demonstrate that the fracture resistance of these alloys is determined by an intricate interplay between matrix ductility, Ti₃Al and TiAl fracture toughnesses, and colony boundary toughness. This suggests the possibility of computationally-guided material optimization through microstructural control of these material properties.     

Comparative assessment of fatigue and fracture behaviour of cast and forged railway wheels

A comparative evaluation of fatigue and fracture behaviour of commercially produced cast and forged rail wheels has been made using specimens extracted from various locations of the wheel quadrant. A systematic investigation in the web and rim regions of the wheel quadrant with various notch orientations showed that the forged material exhibited a better intrinsic resistance to fatigue crack growth than the cast material. Since linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) based fracture toughness could not be validated for both the cast and forged wheel material, elastic plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM) based characteristic fracture toughness was used. Results showed that fracture resistance of the forged material is superior to that of the cast material. Cast wheel specimens exhibited unstable crack extension in comparison to substantial stable tearing in forged specimens. Microstructural and fractographic analyses showed that the cast wheel material contained large amounts of inclusions. The poor fracture resistance of cast wheel material is therefore attributed to the inferior material quality.     

汽车增压器涡轮用铸造高温合金热裂研究进展

采用高温合金浇注汽车增压器涡轮时,叶片极易产生热裂,热裂的存在严重影响了铸造高温合金在增压涡轮上的使用。介绍了几种目前国内广泛使用的汽车增压器涡轮用铸造高温合金,对铸件热裂的形成机理进行了综述,重点探讨了铝、钛、碳、锆和铪等元素对铸造高温合金热裂倾向性的影响。综述了合金凝固方式和铸型性质、浇注条件、铸件结构、浇注系统等铸造工艺参数对热裂的影响,并提出了防止热裂产生的措施。     

Comparative study of fatigue and fracture in friction stir and electron beam welds of 24 mm thick titanium alloy Ti‐6Al‐4 V

In this study, friction stir welding of Ti‐6Al‐4 V was demonstrated in 24 mm thickness material. The microstructure and mechanical properties, fatigue, fracture toughness and crack growth of these thick section friction stir welds were evaluated and compared with electron beam welds produced in the same thickness material. It was found that the friction stir welds possessed a relatively coarse lamellar alpha transformed beta microstructure because of slow cooling from above the transus temperature of the material. The electron beam welds had a fine acicular alpha structure as a result of rapid solidification. The friction stir welds possessed better ductility, fatigue life, fracture toughness and crack growth resistance than the base meal or electron beam welds. Thus, even though friction stir welding is a relatively new process, the performance benefits it offers for the fabrication of heavy gage primary structure make it a more attractive option than the more well‐established electron beam welding method.     

两相区热处理对ZG14Ni3CrMoV铸钢低温韧性的影响

对比了淬火+回火(QT),淬火+两相区淬火+回火(QLT)两种热处理工艺对ZG14Ni3CrMoV铸钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,QLT工艺在保证铸钢板厚四分之一处强度满足指标要求、塑性良好的情况下,大幅度提高了ZG14Ni3CrMoV铸钢的低温韧性,-80℃冲击吸收功提高到171J,NDT温度降低至-95℃;晶粒细化和双相组织是两相区二次淬火提高低温韧性的主要原因。     

Effect of multi-directional forging and ageing on fracture toughness of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys

Strength, ductility and fracture toughness are the most important mechanical properties of engineering materials. In this work, an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy was subjected to multi-directional forging (MF) and ageing treatment. Microstructural evolution was studied by optical and electron microscopy and strength, ductility and fracture toughness were researched. After MF, the dislocation density was increased and the microstructure was refined. The strength and fracture toughness were increased, while the ductility was decreased sharply. Without compromising the strength, the ductility was improved significantly after ageing. The fracture toughness was increased further. The coarse and discontinuously distributed grain boundary precipitates were found to be responsible for higher fracture toughness of the fine-grained structure Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of an investment cast gamma titanium aluminide

Abstract

Investment castings have been produced in γ-TiAl of composition Ti–48Al–2Nb–2Mn (at.-%) using induction skull melting. The microstructures of the bars were studied in the as cast condition and after hipping and heat treatment. Heat treatment at 1200°C led to a near γ structure whereas treatment at 1350°C resulted in a nearly lamellar structure. However, a duplex structure was retained after treatment at 1300°C. Tensile, fracture toughness, and fatigue crack growth resistance tests have been carried out on specimens machined from different sized bars. The tensile properties increased with decreasing bar diameter but, conversely, both the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance improved as the bar diameter increased. It has been found that the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance in nearly lamellar structures were better than those in near γ structures, whereas duplex structures had intermediate properties. However, the tensile properties of duplex structures were better than both near γ and nearly α₂ /γ lamellar structures, with optimum values at 35 ± 5% α₂ /γ lamellae of ～400 MPa 0·2% proof strength, 470 MPa tensile strength, and 0·9% elongation.