浅谈纳米银粒子的制备及其在抗菌涂料中的应用

纳米银粒子抗菌涂料以其优越的抗菌性能和巨大的应用价值受到了科研人员的广泛关注。介绍了纳米银粒子的抗菌机理,阐述了纳米银粒子的制备方法及其表征方式,比较了几类抗菌剂在涂料领域的应用状况,指出了纳米银粒子抗菌涂料的优越性。展望了纳米银粒子抗菌涂料在密闭及半密闭空间内广阔的应用发展前景。     

纳米银的制备及应用研究进展

纳米银具有独特的热、光、电、磁、催化和敏感等特性,具有广阔的应用前景,是金属纳米材料研究的热点.阐述了制备纳米银的方法,包括化学还原法、光化学还原法、模板法、溶胶-凝胶法、微乳液法、激光烧蚀法等,列举了纳米银在化学反应、光学领域、抗菌领域和作为抗静电材料的主要应用,简述了纳米银制备过程中存在的不足,展望了纳米银合成研究的发展趋势.     

纳米银的制备及其应用

综述了制备纳米银粒子的方法,主要包括物理法、液相化学还原法、电化学还原法、光化学还原法等,论述了纳米银在催化反应、抗菌领域及导电等领域的应用,并展望了纳米银粉制备技术的研究发展方向.     

纳米银制备及其在抗菌包装和印刷中的应用

介绍了纳米银常用的制备方法,包括化学还原法、光还原法、绿色合成法等.简述了纳米银在抗菌包装、印刷等领域的应用.展望了纳米银的发展趋势,指出无毒无害的绿色合成法将会成为研究的热点,纳米银的应用领域也会越来越广泛.     

载纳米银-13X分子筛/聚醚砜杂化抗菌膜的制备与性能表征

通过离子交换法制备了载有银离子的13X分子筛,经热处理固化和化学还原将银离子还原为纳米银粒子,从而制备出了载有纳米银粒子的13X分子筛抗菌剂;以聚醚砜(PES)为基质聚合物,载纳米银-13X分子筛为抗菌添加组分,通过相转化法制备了载纳米银-13X分子筛/聚醚砜抗菌膜.通过场发射电镜扫描仪(FESEM)对制得的抗菌膜进行了表面和断面形态表征.结果表明:载纳米银-13X分子筛均匀分布在膜的内部;通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDX)和透射电镜(TEM)表征了载纳米银-13X分子筛抗菌剂.结果显示:13X分子筛内有较高含量的银,并且银以单质0价态滞留于分子筛孔道内.以大肠杆菌和金黄葡萄球菌为考察对象,采用抑菌圈法和震荡烧瓶法测试载纳米银-13X分子筛/聚醚砜杂化膜的抗菌性能,对比PES原膜发现制得的抗菌膜在E.coli.和S.aureus.培养基上有明显的抑菌圈,平均抗菌率为97％,抗菌性能优异.     

磁控溅射法制备纳米银纤维的研究进展

纳米银纤维是在尼龙等柔性织物表面沉积纳米银颗粒而得到的复合材料,它不仅保持了原有的纺织品属性,还具有银的特殊功能。银具有很好的导电、导热性能,同时还具有非常有效的广谱抗菌性,因此银纤维具有很好的防辐射性和抗菌性,引起人们广泛的研究兴趣。综述了磁控溅射法制备纳米银纤维的研究近况和成果,介绍了其防辐射和抗菌性能的机理,提出了存在的问题及可能的改进方法。     

银系无机抗菌材料研究进展

系统论述了国内外银系无机抗菌材料的研究和应用现状,重点介绍了纳米银颗粒和载银型两类无机抗菌材料,包括它们的种类、制备方法、抗菌机理及其在各种制品中的应用等。纳米银无机抗菌材料制备方法主要有物理法、化学法和生物法,载银型无机抗菌材料根据载体不同分为沸石、蒙脱石、可溶性玻璃、羟基磷灰石和磷酸盐等类型。银系无机抗菌材料在医疗用品、陶瓷、塑料、涂料等制品上已得到大量应用,但其潜在毒性和生物安全性还有待进一步关注。最后提出了银系无机抗菌材料还需深入研究的问题和今后的发展前景。     

纳米银-氧化石墨烯复合材料抗菌性能研究进展

纳米银-氧化石墨烯是一种新型抗菌复合材料,具有比表面积大、无耐药性、广谱抗菌和对哺乳动物细胞毒性低的特点,在生物医用材料和抗菌材料上有着潜在应用。主要介绍了纳米银-氧化石墨烯复合材料的制备方法,总结了纳米银-氧化石墨烯复合材料的杀菌机理,提出了提高其杀菌性能的方法,对于石墨烯及其衍生物复合材料的研究具有借鉴意义。     

纳米银/聚合物复合材料的原位法制备技术综述

纳米银/聚合物复合材料结合了纳米银优异的物理化学性能和聚合物的易加工和成膜性的特点,被广泛应用于抗菌、催化和光电等领域。原位法具有工艺简单、成本低、可形成单分散的纳米粒子等优点,被广泛用于制备纳米银/聚合物复合材料。主要综述了纳米银/聚合物复合材料的原位制备方法,主要包括原位生成法、原位聚合法、双原位合成法,并提出了纳米银/聚合物复合材料的发展方向。     

纳米银粉内墙抗菌涂料的制备及抗菌性研究

使用纳米银粉、润湿剂、分散剂和消泡剂等原料,制备得到含有纳米银粉材料的内墙涂料.检测可知,涂料性能优良.经灭菌率测试,含有0.02%(wt)纳米银粉的涂料能够有效地起到抗菌效果,在1h内的灭菌率达到91.9%;再继续增加纳米银粉含量对提高抗菌效果意义不大.     

银系抗菌剂对包装原纸性能的影响

目的 研究银系抗菌剂对包装原纸抗菌性能、白度和力学性能的影响。方法 选用乙酸银、纳米银、磺胺嘧啶银等3种不同的银系抗菌剂,采用表面涂布的方法制备出抗菌纸;选用大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌检测其抗菌性能;比较抗菌纸和空白试样的力学性能。结果 3种抗菌纸对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有一定的抗菌效果,抑菌圈直径为0.35~5.46 mm,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌效果最为明显;当抗菌液的质量分数为0~0.5%时,随着浓度的增加,乙酸银抗菌纸的抗菌性能随之增加;当抗菌液的质量分数为0~10%时,随着浓度的增加,纳米银抗菌纸的抗菌性能也逐渐增加;当抗菌液的质量分数为0.6%时,磺胺嘧啶银抗菌纸抗菌性能达到最佳;抗菌剂对包装原纸白度有一定影响,但对力学性能的影响不明显。结论 3种抗菌纸对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌效果比对大肠杆菌的优良,抗菌纸的抗菌性能与抗菌剂种类和浓度有关;抗菌处理对包装原纸的力学性能和表面结构影响不大,但乙酸银和纳米银抗菌剂会导致纸张白度的下降。     

食品抗菌包装材料的研究进展

介绍了食品抗菌包装体系及其抗菌机理,食品包装用抗菌剂及其实现方式,以及抗菌纸、抗菌塑料、抗菌陶瓷、抗菌不锈钢产品等食品抗菌包装材料的研究进展及其在食品包装中的应用。     

The effect of filler particle size on the antibacterial properties of compounded polymer/silver fibers

Antibacterial activity has become a significant property of textiles used in applications such as medicine, clothing, and household products. In this study, we compounded polypropylene with either micro- or nano-sized silver powders. These polypropylene/silver compounds were prepared by direct melt-compounding using a conventional twin-screw mixer. We analyzed the characteristics of the compounds using wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (WAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The DSC and WAXS results indicated that the crystallinity of the polypropylene component decreased slightly when compared with that of the pure polymer. The SEM micrographs indicated that the silver particles had good dispersibility in the matrix. We measured the mechanical properties of these materials using a universal tensile tester and evaluated the antibacterial activities of these compounds by performing quantitative antibacterial tests using the AATCC-100 test method. From these evaluations of antibacterial activity, we conclude that the compounds incorporating the silver nanoparticles exhibited superior antibacterial activity relative to the samples containing micron-sized particles.     

纳米银粒子在微乳液中的制备及其抗菌性能

在以二丁酸二异辛酯磺酸钠为表面活性剂、异辛烷为油相形成的W／O型微乳体系中,以AgNO3为银源、抗坏血酸为还原剂,讨论了AgNO3浓度、抗坏血酸浓度以及水核半径（W）对制备纳米银粒子的影响。利用紫外一可见光谱分析（UV-Vis）、透射电镜（TEM）和纳米粒度仪对制得的纳米银进行表征。结果表明,在AgNO3浓度为0．2mol／L,抗坏血酸浓度为0．2mol／L,W值为10的条件下,得到大小为10nm左右,单分散性好的均匀球状纳米银溶胶。抗菌性能测试表明,当纳米银粒子质量浓度为10μg／mL时,对大肠杆菌的杀菌率达98％以上。     

Synthesis of Starch-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Activity

In this study, silver nanoparticles were prepared using silver nitrate as the metal precursor, starch as protecting agent, and sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) as a reducing agent by the chemical reduction method. The formation of the silver nanoparticles was monitored using ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and particle size analyzer and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Synthesis of nanoparticles were carried out by varying different parameters, such as reaction temperature, concentration of reducing agent, concentration of silver ion in feed solution, type and concentration of the stabilizing agent, and stirrer speed expressed in terms of particle size and size distribution. Dispersion destabilization of colloidal nanoparticles was detected by Turbiscan. It was observed that size of the starch stabilized silver nanoparticles were lower than 10 nm. The microbial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles was examined by modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Silver nanoparticles were tested for their antibacterial activity against Gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. High bacterial activity was observed at very low concentrations of silver (below 1.39 μg/ml). The antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles has been assayed against Candida albicans.     

Controllable synthesis and biomedical applications of silver nanomaterials

Silver nanomaterials have lots of peculiar and exciting physical and chemical properties that are different from massive silver, so the synthesis and applications of silver nanomaterials have attracted a great deal of attention in the last decade. Currently, all kinds of silver nanomaterials having different shapes and sizes have been synthesized by many ingenious methods, and silver nanomaterials have exhibited extensive application prospects in many fields especially in biomedical aspect. In this article, the controllable synthesis of silver nanomaterials including nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, nanoprisms, nanoplates, nanodisks, nanospheres, and nanopolyhedrons, etc. are reviewed. Silver nanomaterials are most utilized in the form of nanoparticles, so the main biomedical applications of silver nanoparticles, such as antibacterial and antiviral applications, antitumor applications, biosensors and biological labels, optical imaging and imaging intensifier, are discussed. Although antibacterial applications are still the most important aspects of silver nanomaterials at present, antitumor, optical sensors and imaging applications of silver nanomaterials have also shown good potential perspectives. More biomedical applications of silver nanomaterials still need to be exploited for the future, and the biological safety of silver nanomaterials also should be paid enough attention before their practical applications.     

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by chemical and biological methods and their antimicrobial properties

Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles offers an attractive alternate to chemical synthesis methods. Various hazard free, eco-friendly methods of synthesis of silver nanoparticles are in operation. In chemical reduction methods, the reducing agent is a chemical solution, whereas in biological ones, the collection of enzymes, especially nitrate reductase, plays this role. The highest antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesised by chemical and biological methods was found in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The paper aims to discuss some fundamental issues about non-biological methods and benefits about biological methods for silver nanoparticles synthesis and their antibacterial studies.     

Extracellular biosynthesis,characterisation and in-vitro antibacterial potential of silver nanoparticles using Agaricus bisporus

Microbial silver nanoparticles have been known to have bactericidal effects but the antimicrobial mechanism has not been clearly revealed. The use of microorganisms in the synthesis of nanoparticles emerges as an ecofriendly and exciting approach. Here we report on the extracellular synthesis method for the preparation of silver nanoparticles in water using the extract of Agaricus bisporus, a naturally occurring edible mushroom, as reducing and protecting agents. The silver nanoparticles were characterised by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The synthesised silver nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against the multi-drug resistant Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial pathogens.     

Electron Transfer Directed Antibacterial Properties of Graphene Oxide on Metals

Nanomaterials such as silver nanoparticles and graphene‐based composites are known to exhibit biocidal activities. However, interactions with surrounding medium or supporting substrates can significantly influence this activity. Here, it is shown that superior antimicrobial properties of natural shellac‐derived graphene oxide (GO) coatings is obtained on metallic films, such as Zn, Ni, Sn, and steel. It is also found that such activities are directly correlated to the electrical conductivity of the GO‐metal systems; the higher the conductivity the better is the antibacterial activity. GO‐metal substrate interactions serve as an efficient electron sink for the bacterial respiratory pathway, where electrons modify oxygen containing functional groups on GO surfaces to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). A concerted effect of nonoxidative electron transfer mechanism and consequent ROS mediated oxidative stress to the bacteria result in an enhanced antimicrobial action of naturally derived GO‐metal films. The lack of germicidal effect in exposed cells for GO supported on electrically nonconductive substrates such as glass corroborates the above hypothesis. The results can lead to new GO coated antibacterial metal surfaces important for environmental and biomedical applications.     

The Antibacterial Applications of Graphene and Its Derivatives

Graphene materials have unique structures and outstanding thermal, optical, mechanical and electronic properties. In the last decade, these materials have attracted substantial interest in the field of nanomaterials, with applications ranging from biosensors to biomedicine. Among these applications, great advances have been made in the field of antibacterial agents. Here, recent advancements in the use of graphene and its derivatives as antibacterial agents are reviewed. Graphene is used in three forms: the pristine form; mixed with other antibacterial agents, such as Ag and chitosan; or with a base material, such as poly (N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA). The main mechanisms proposed to explain the antibacterial behaviors of graphene and its derivatives are the membrane stress hypothesis, the oxidative stress hypothesis, the entrapment hypothesis, the electron transfer hypothesis and the photothermal hypothesis. This review describes contributions to improving these promising materials for antibacterial applications.