有待开发的高原作物--青稞

青稞,又称裸大麦(HordeumValgereVar.Muda),亦称米大麦、裸麦、元麦、糖麦等,是大麦的一个变种,一年生或越年生草本植物。青稞的生育期较短,比小麦早熟,且能适应迟种早收。青稞成熟后种子与耔壳分离,容易脱落成裸粒,种皮有灰白色、灰色、紫色、紫黑色等,因种植地区和品种的不同而异。中国的青藏高原是野生大麦和青稞栽培的起源地,也是优质青稞的丰产地。青稞的最高单产世界记录出现在青藏高原,1978年,青海西宁刘家寨乡西北园种植的8号青稞1.5亩,亩产673kg;1982年,西藏日喀则农科所的1.15亩喜玛拉雅6号青稞,创亩产805kg的高科所的1.15亩喜…     

高原谷物青稞对小鼠降糖、耐缺氧、抗疲劳功能活性的影响

青稞作为我国青藏地区的特色谷物,其活性物质更丰富,具有良好的开发前景。本研究以青稞制成的炒制粉为材料,选择3种青稞粉分别进行炒制加工。本研究旨在通过动物实验,探究不同种类青稞粉对小鼠在抗疲劳、降血糖和抗缺氧等方面的影响。在负重游泳实验中,黑青稞炒制粉组的负重游泳时间是对照组的1.9倍,蓝青稞炒制粉组的负重游泳时间为对照组的1.28倍,灌胃青稞炒制粉的小鼠抗疲劳效果均有显著提高(P<0.05),且不同种类青稞均能抑制小鼠体内尿素氮(BUN)和磷酸肌酸激酶(CK)的含量。小鼠常压耐缺氧实验结果显示,不同种类青稞粉及青稞炒制粉对小鼠心脏和脑组织不会产生毒性作用,在黄青稞粉、蓝青稞粉、黄青稞炒制粉及蓝青稞炒制粉组中,小鼠脑组织中HIF-1水平与对照组相比较高,更有利于小鼠耐缺氧能力的提高。在糖尿病模型小鼠降血糖实验中,青稞粉不会产生毒性作用,且蓝青稞炒制粉可以改善TC、MDA、GHb等生化指标。本研究为分析比较不同品种青稞的功效评价提供了科学依据,也为针对高原地区糖尿病人群及潜在患病人群的功能性食品开发提供了新思路。     

胡椒的功能因子、保健功能及其资源开发研究进展

胡椒是一种具有较高的食用和药用价值的植物资源,含有多种对人体有益的活性成分,具有抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗氧化等保健作用,有较好的临床应用价值和研发潜力。文章介绍了胡椒的化学成分,保健作用及开发利用状况,旨在促进胡椒的开发利用。     

余甘子的保健功能及其作为食品资源的潜力

余甘子(Phyllanthusemblica)是一种具有较高的食用和药用价值的植物果实。其风味独特,营养丰富,含有多种对人体有益的活性物质,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤等保健作用,是一种极具潜力的食品资源,被联合国卫生组织指定为在全世界推广种植的三种保健植物之一。     

谷物营养与全谷物食品的研究开发

深入分析了谷物营养摄入的重要性和我国全谷物食品发展的现状,提出馒头等传统主食品是我国全谷物食品的产品研发和市场推广的最佳载体,并对我国推进全谷物食品的发展提出了若干建议。     

微量元素铬作为功能食品因子的研究进展

铬是人和动物体内必需的微量元素且对人体具有重要的营养作用。本文对微量元素铬作为功能食品因子 ,其生理生化特性、食物中铬的含量、影响铬摄入的因素以及铬作为一种营养素其毒性、推荐摄入量等问题及其研究进展进行了论述     

我国糙米全谷物食品的开发应用

介绍了全谷物食品的概念和糙米全谷物食品的营养价值,阐述了我国糙米全谷物食品的开发现状,并展望其发展前景,以期引起我国各界对糙米全谷物食品发展的更多关注。     

功能食品研究与开发现状和对策思考

食品除了具有一次,二次功能外,还有三次功能,即生理调节功能,功能食品代表了世界食品发展的新潮流,有21世纪食品之称。本文详细论述了功能食品的概念,研究与开发现状和发展趋势,并对功能性食品的未来发展提出了一些看法。     

Preparation and analysis of dietary fibre constituents in whole grain from hulled and hull-less barley

Sixteen different barley samples (7 of which were hull-less; H-L) were milled and subjected to pre-extraction with ethanol and hexane. Water soluble materials (WSM-TP-AI), containing mostly β-glucans, were purified from the hot water extracts by the use of heat-stable amylase. Crude arabinoxylans were extracted by an alkali solution (WUM-B-S) and purified by the use of β-glucanase and amyloglucosidase, giving AX. Finally insoluble fibre residues were obtained (WUM-B-R). GC and NMR analyses revealed no marked quantitative and qualitative differences of β-glucans or the water-soluble arabinoxylans in WSM-TP-AI between the H-L and the hulled (H) varieties. Significant differences among the two barley types were found in the Ara/Xyl ratio of the starting materials as well as the alkali soluble material (WUM-B-S) and the alkali insoluble residue (WUM-B-R). For alkali soluble AX the H samples had the lowest arabinose content. A single-tube preparative isolation procedure for starch-free barley fibre was used. Combined with NMR and GC this is a tool to produce defined fibre fractions for biological testing.     

Starch granule-associated proteins of hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China

BACKGROUND: The starch granule‐associated proteins (SGAPs) are the minor components of the starch granules and a majority of them are believed to be starch biosynthetic enzymes. The Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau in China, one of the centres of origin of cultivated barley, is abundant in hull‐less barley resources which exhibit high polymorphism in SGAPs. RESULTS: The SGAPs of hull‐less barley from Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau were analysed by one‐dimensional (1‐D) SDS‐PAGE, 2‐D PAGE and ESI‐Q‐TOF MS/MS. In the 1‐D SDS‐PAGE gel, four proteins including a 80 kDa starch synthase, actin, actin 4 and ATP synthase β‐subunit were identified as novel SGAPs. A total of six different bands were identified as starch granule‐bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) and the segregation of the novel GBSSI bands in F₁ and F₂ seeds derived from yf127 × yf70 was in accordance with Mendel's law. In the 2‐D PAGE gel, 92 spots were identified as 42 protein species which could be classified into 15 functional groups. Thirteen protein species were identified as SGAPs for the first time and multiple spots were identified as GBSSI. CONCLUSION: This study revealed novel SGAPs in hull‐less barley from the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau in China and these will be significant in further studies of starch biosynthesis in barley. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

野生菌株特征功能基因过表达在食品领域中的研究进展

微生物菌种影响着发酵工业的发展,菌种的质量优劣从根本上决定了发酵食品质量的好坏。近年来,科学家已经从自然环境筛选到很多具有特征功能的野生菌株,并以基因工程方法过表达其功能基因,加强功能特性,以期获得工业化生产的工程菌。该综述阐述了基因过表达技术在食品领域的研究进展,重点概述了该技术在增加物质产量和增强微生物适应环境能力等方面的突出作用,讨论了工程菌的安全性及转基因食品检测技术,展望该技术在改造野生菌株能力方面的美好发展前景,旨在为今后基因工程菌的构建研究提供思路,为深入探究工程菌与发酵食品改善之间的关系奠定基础。     

代谢组学在个性化功能性食品研究中的应用

现代营养学最大的挑战之一就是为全球人类提供健康的饮食,它必须顾及到因复杂的基因、营养和环境相互作用而引起的个体间高度差异性。虽然目前健康饮食方面出现了大量的功能性食品,但是一刀切的方法在营养学上是不合适的,有必要使用新的个性化功能食品。且哺乳动物的生物复杂性要求人们必须将系统生物学的方法纳入营养学研究。本文对代谢组学在筛选食品中的新功能成分、协助饮食干预研究、了解膳食与机体代谢之间相互作用和营养流行病学调查方面的应用进行综述,以期为个性化功能性食品开发提供新的思路和方法,为预防疾病和保障人类健康做出更大的贡献。      

我国莲藕保健食品研究进展

综述了莲藕保健食品的功效、特点、配方或工艺和关键生产技术等，指出了莲藕保健食品中的问题，提出了建议。     

Physicochemical properties of hull-less barley fibre-rich fractions varying in particle size and their potential as functional ingredients in two-layer flat bread

The performance of barley fibre-rich fractions (FRF), as high dietary fibre ingredients, in two-layer flat bread was investigated. In addition, the effects of particle size reduction by pin milling on functional properties of FRF were studied. FRF enriched in non-starch polysaccharides (β-glucans and arabinoxylans) were obtained by roller milling of hull-less barley. Pin milling (PM) of FRF significantly reduced their particle size, slightly increased the solubility of β-glucans and arabinoxylans, and increased the viscosity of water slurries containing FRF. The addition of 20% of barley FRF to wheat flour significantly increased dough water absorption and weakened the dough properties, as indicated by farinograph mixing curves, but the FRF-enriched doughs exhibited good handling characteristics at the dividing and sheeting stages. The appearance, diameter, layer separation, crumb, and aroma of the FRF-enriched flat breads were comparable to that of the control. The PM of FRF did not significantly affect the dough handling or the quality characteristics of flat breads. The addition of 20% of barley FRF to wheat flour flat bread provided substantial health benefits by significantly increasing the total and soluble dietary fibre contents and by decreasing starch digestibility.     

牛初乳的营养保健功能及其生物活性成分的开发利用

天然的牛初乳含有丰富的营养及生物活性成分,有很强的营养保健功能。介绍了天然牛初乳的营养成分和生物活性物质,列举了牛初乳的一些加工特性及目前国内外牛初乳产品的开发现状,阐述了在开发功能性牛初乳制品中存在的问题,展望了牛初乳功能性保健制品的未来发展前景。     

剥皮率对藏青27青稞粉营养成分、抗氧化能力及面条品质的影响

目的：探究剥皮率对藏青27青稞粉营养活性物质含量、抗氧化能力及面条品质的影响。方法：通过控制剥皮时间获得不同剥皮率下的藏青27青稞粉。采用相关食品安全国家标准与Megzyme试剂盒法检测脂肪、蛋白、矿物质、各膳食纤维及β-葡聚糖等含量。比较不同剥皮率藏青27青稞粉的消化特性、抗氧化活性及面条蒸煮特性和质构特性。结果：① 4%剥皮率对由藏青27磨制的青稞粉营养价值保留与提升的效果较好,适合做酥性食物。② 总糖和β-葡聚糖在外皮层含量较少。③ 非必需氨基酸主要集中在胚和胚乳中。④ 不可溶性膳食纤维对淀粉水解和血糖控制起主要作用。⑤ 总黄酮主要集中在藏青27的外皮层,对总抗氧化能力和DPPH自由基清除起主要作用。⑥ 总酚对ABTS自由基和O^-₂自由基的清除效果较好。⑦ 8%剥皮率磨制的藏青27青稞粉适合做压制面条。结论：剥皮率对藏青27青稞粉营养活性物质影响较大,当剥皮率为4%时,制得的青稞粉营养价值较高,适合做酥性食品;当剥皮率为8%时,制得的青稞面条口感较好。