DC corona discharge of a metal filament particle withinparallel-plate electrodes

For the prevention of a particle-initiated breakdown within gas-insulated switchgear, fundamental characteristics of particle motion were investigated. It was found that the particle motion depends not only on Coulombic force, but on the corona discharge from the tip of a particle. Thus, the corona current from a fixed particle on the lower electrode was measured, for either positive or negative corona case. The measured current showed different characteristics of current depending on the polarity. The corona onset voltage of negative corona is somewhat lower than positive, but the breakdown voltage of negative corona is much higher. Although the current characteristics follow the square law, the applicable region of this law for positive corona is very small. Positive corona depends on the tip configuration contrary to negative corona     

多针电极结构双极电晕放电伏安特性

为提高电晕放电的能量密度和放电稳定性,提出了针阵列电极结构的双极电晕放电方式并研究了多针电极结构双极电晕放电的伏安特性。实验得出放电电流I随针尖半径a和电极间距d的增大而减小,随相邻针尖间距s的增大而增大,但当s≥40 mm时,相邻针尖的相互作用已很小,I几乎不变;d对火花击穿电压的影响较大,a对其的影响较小。由于电极结构的对称性,高压电极的极性对放电无明显的影响,正负电晕放电的伏安曲线和火花击穿电压均较为接近。将多针电极双极电晕放电电流I等效成电极间距为d/2的多针对板正、负电晕放电电流I1和I2相加,分析了I>I1+I2的原因,并推知其电离区内电子密度也有相应规律。     

Particle-in-cell simulation of bipolar dc corona

Most of the existing methods for calculating dc ionized fields of monopolar and bipolar corona have ignored the ionization regions and excluded the transient phenomena of corona discharges. In this paper, bipolar dc corona was studied with a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation, which allowed us to model time-dependent, nonlinear, microscopic phenomena involved in the corona discharge. The technique followed simulation particles that represented electrons, positive ions, and negative ions, and self-consistently calculated the associated electric field that determined the simulation particle motion. Finite element and charge simulation methods were used to solve Poisson's equation while a finite difference scheme was applied to move simulation particles. Multi-scale techniques (nonuniform triangle mesh and variable time step) were employed to reduce numerical noise and increase simulation efficiency. The particle-in-cell simulation was applied to a cylindrical bipolar corona cage problem. Simulation results included one primitive streamer, multi-electrode induced currents, conductor temperature effects, memory effects, the approach to a stationary state, and transient corona saturation     

纳秒脉冲表面放电等离子体影响因素的实验研究

在大气环境条件下,以环氧为介质阻挡材料,基于单极性ns脉冲电源进行了表面介质阻挡放电实验,研究了电压幅值、电极宽度、电极间距和重复频率对放电等离子体的影响。结果表明ns脉冲表面介质阻挡放电是丝状放电,放电发生在电压脉冲的上升沿阶段;放电电流主要包括两部分脉冲,与放电丝分布的均匀性有着一定的内在关系,外加电压对放电的均匀性以及产生等离子体的长度起作用;电极宽度和间距对放电电流和产生等离子体的发光强度影响不大,电极宽度和间距越小,放电丝分布越均匀,电极宽度存在一个最优值,使得激励器的放电稳定且产生等离子体相对均匀;脉冲重复频率仅对等离子体强度起作用,对放电特性的影响较复杂,不同电极参数下这些影响与放电丝的分布状态有关。     

螺旋针-环结构等离子体射流放电过程分析

为降低气体的击穿和维持电压,设计一种螺旋针-环电极结构的等离子体射流装置,研究不同电压下的放电电压、电流波形。研究表明,氦气等离子体射流放电可以分为电晕放电、介质阻挡放电和射流放电三个阶段,并且可以通过放电电压、电流波形的特征进行区分。分析可知,射流管管径较大时,采用螺旋针状内电极结构可以减小电极间的平均气体间隙距离,从而降低气体的击穿和维持电压,使放电更加容易进行;电压反向过程中残留电荷使得合成电场得到加强,气体将"提前"发生放电;由于电极结构的不对称,气体在正半周期更容易发生放电,放电产生的电流脉冲数目更多,电流值更大;随着外加电压增大至14k V,放电最终过渡到丝状放电状态。     

DC corona discharge from a wire particle floated with a microgap in parallel plate electrodes

Conductive particles existing in a high-voltage system could deteriorate the system performance owing to an electric discharge via the particles. In case when the particles exist in a dc high-voltage electrode system, the location of the particle would inevitably affect the discharge aspect. A corona-onset and breakdown voltage from a metallic wire particle were measured in detail. The wire particle has a length ranging from 6 to 12 mm, and a diameter of 0.25 mm. It was fixed between a parallel plate electrode with a spacing of 20 or 30 mm. When the particle was close to the negative electrode, a corona discharge occurred stably, and the corona-onset voltage was increased as the gap length between the negative electrode, and the positive end of the particle increased up to 0.8 mm. In contrast, when the particle was close to the positive electrode, the breakdown always occurred without preceding the corona discharge. At the middle region between the electrodes, the corona onset occurred at almost constant voltage.     

直流电晕笼中的合成场强和离子电流的计算

为了更好地解决高压直流输电线路中电磁环境问题,需要研究高压直流线路的电晕特性,而电晕笼是研究导线电晕特性的重要实验设备。因此,采用有限元法和通量管法分别求解了电晕笼内单极导线结构的电场和空间电荷密度,提出了电晕笼中导线表面空间电荷密度初值计算公式。计算中考虑了导线周围电离层的影响,并根据最小临界电离电场计算出一个电势作为新的边界条件。通过对比电晕笼内部的电晕电流、电场和离子电流密度分布的计算和测量数据,验证了算法的有效性。     

Factors affecting corona on twin-point gaps under dc and ac HV

The factors affecting corona formation on twin-point/plane gaps are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. In the theoretical analysis, an electrostatic field computation program based on the charge simulation method was used to get the electric field profile on the plate for different gap lengths and interspacings between the two points. Also, the effect of voltage level, air pressure and gap length on the number of axial streamers occurring across the critical field line was introduced for a constant time duration. The variation of the integral of the ionization coefficient with the axial length from the point was studied. Finally, a study of the effect of air pressure and gap length on both the corona inception voltage and critical length was presented. Corona formation in single and twin-point/plane gaps also was investigated experimentally under both high direct and alternating voltages. There are many factors affecting such corona formation. The investigated factors were the interspacing between the two points, gap length between the point and the plane, ambient temperature, relative humidity, polarity or frequency of the applied voltage, and electrode material. In order to study and explain such phenomena, a photographic investigation together with a simultaneous measurement of both the applied voltage and the corona current were introduced. Curve fitting of the dc corona current vs. gap length and voltage for both single and twin-point/plane gaps gave the conventional relationship, but in case of twin point the power of the gap length varies between 1.2 and 1.3     

低气压氮气中放电形式转化的研究

目前广泛采用介质阻挡放电来获得大面积的均匀放电,但在常压下尤其是在空气中这种放电通常为细丝状放电。为研究在氮气中由均匀放电向柱状放电或丝状放电转化的过渡过程随外加电压变化的规律,实验研究了3.5-20kPa的氮气中,介质阻挡材料分别为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和石英的介质阻挡放电现象和电流波形随外加电压的变化情况,研究比较了介质材料对放电现象和特性的影响。研究发现,放电可在低于初始放电电压的情况下维持,并由丝状放电形式向柱状放电形式转化,放电电流和放电面积随之增大。实验结果表明,在低电场下放电会变得更加均匀,可能存在某种由丝状放电向柱状放电过渡的放电形式。但研究未能验证驻极体表面电荷去吸附对放电的影响。     

AC particle-triggered corona discharge in low pressure SF/sub 6/ gas

This paper deals with AC particle-triggered corona discharge as a follow-up to our previous research with DC voltage to clarify the particle-triggered corona discharge process in SF₆ gas. Corona current pulses, charges associated with a corona current pulse, and corona light pulses were observed with an aluminum ellipsoidal particle suspended in a parallel plane electrode system under a SF₆ gas pressure range of 30 kPalesPles50 kPa by changing the particle position. Corona mode, phase (Phi)-charge (q) characteristics as well as corona discharge processes were discussed and the following results were obtained. AC corona mode depended on the instantaneous applied voltage, voltage gradient as well as the particle position and then, the Phi-q characteristics were also affected by those parameters. Charges flow into the floating particle due to coronas on the both tips of particle and excite field fluctuations around the opposite side of particle in addition to the applied AC field. The field fluctuation in SF₆ gas by the corona charges was about 4% of the applied field and much lower than that in air gap which was about 70%. That is, the corona development was suppressed effectively by high electron affinity of SF₆ gas even in the case of floating particle. The less effective interference between coronas on the both side of particle in SF₆ gas results in an obscure local minimum in the breakdown voltage characteristics as the particle is in the vicinity of electrode as contrasted with a drastic fall in the breakdown voltage by the particle in air     

基于经验模式分解的电晕放电辐射信号阈值降噪处理方法

随着输电电压等级的提高,电晕放电已成为影响高压、特高压输电线路安全稳定运行的重要因素。鉴于此,提出了基于经验模式分解（empirical mode decomposition,EMD）的电晕放电辐射信号阈值降噪处理方法,首先利用EMD算法对采集到的电晕放电辐射信号做分解处理,得到不同的基本模态分量,然后利用阈值函数和给定阈值对各分量做降噪处理,并对处理后的分量重构,得到降噪后的信号。研究结果表明：与小波降噪和EMD时空降噪相比,基于EMD的阈值降噪方法不存在基函数选取和分解层数选取等问题,其降噪过程是完全由信号特征决定的自适应降噪,同时该方法保留了小波降噪中对各分量进行阈值处理来降噪的优点,并且在对信号的降噪过程中去除了可能存在于信号中的趋势项干扰,因而该方法更有利于对电晕放电辐射信号的降噪处理。     

Induction of Waves on a Horizontal Water Film by an Impinging Corona Wind

The electric wind produced by corona discharge of a high-voltage electrode in air is employed for destabilizing a horizontal water film. In wire-to-plane geometry, the phenomenon is characterised by current versus voltage curves and visual observations of the onset of free-surface oscillations. The effect of the following parameters is examined for both positive and negative coronas: distance between the wire and the film (S), film thickness (h), wire diameter (phi) and composition, applied voltage (HV), and relative humidity (RH). The free-surface destabilisation is retarded by increasing d and phi and is insensitive to h in the tested range. The onset of corona discharge is predicted by Peek's law and compared with the experimentally observed threshold. In negative corona discharge, the current values are higher and the film is destabilised at lower HV than in positive polarity. Humidity tends to decrease the corona current at a given HV. Correlations are proposed for the current-voltage curves, in terms of the mean electric field in the inter-electrode gap and of RH, satisfactorily agreeing with the experimental data. Both positive and negative corona currents turn out to be stable for days of operation. The power loss by corona discharge is in any case lower than 12 W. Wave induction on the liquid-gas interface can effectively enhance heat and mass exchange between the two phases.     

管状电极介质阻挡放电和介质阻挡电晕放电的研究

实验研究和比较了管-管电极DBD和线-管电极 DBCD的放电特性,并从放电机理角度分析了它们放电特性不同的原因。电压-电流波形图、电压-电荷李萨育图形测量和发光图像拍摄的结果表明:线-管电极DBCD相对均匀、稳定,不同于管-管电极DBD明显的丝状流注放电的形式; 在相同的外加电压下,线-管电极DBCD比管-管电极DBD 具有更高的能量效率。     

新型双极电晕放电器的放电特性

为了得到放电参数更好的电晕放电器,解决传统电晕放电器在施加单极性高压电源时只在高压电极上放电,而接地极上并不放电的情况,采用了一种新型针—针式结构的双极电晕放电器,在施加单极性高压电源时,放电器内能同时在高压电极和接地电极产生正、负两种不同极性的电晕放电。实验研究直流高压与脉冲高压下新型双极电晕放电器的伏安特性、放电现象和离子风时,在平均场强约3.4kV/cm条件下采用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)测得电场内正、负离子风的核心区风速约2m/s。与针—板式电晕放电器相比,新型双极电晕放电器的工作电压降低,而输出功率和电流密度明显提高。     

Particle-triggered pre-breakdown phenomena in atmospheric air gap under AC voltage

Corona discharge mechanism and breakdown voltage characteristics of air gaps in the presence of metallic particles were investigated including the relationship between the corona discharge mechanism and the phase resolved partial discharge patterns. These results are of interest for detection of foreign particles in gas insulated systems (GIS). The results with different shaped particles show that the corona mechanism depends on the particle shape and applied voltage. Moreover the corona discharges on both sides of the particle interfere with each other by inflow of charge carriers into the particle. The breakdown voltage is a minimum when the particle is in the vicinity of the electrode due to active interference of coronas. The phase-charge characteristics as the phase resolved partial discharge patterns vary with the particle shape. This suggests that the corona discharge mechanisms for all types of particles should be considered in the particle-detection method for GIS based on the phase resolved partial discharge patterns.     

Gaseous electrical discharge characteristics in air and nitrogen at cryogenic temperature

In designing superconducting electrical power apparatus, the knowledge of cryogenic gas and liquid insulation characteristics is essential. The authors have studied the discharge characteristics of relatively long-gap configurations in air and nitrogen at a cryogenic temperature. A sphere-to-sphere electrode with a gap length of 20 to 150 mm is used for measurements in uniform electric field. The breakdown voltage characteristics basically obey Paschen's law at cryogenic temperature for 50 Hz, AC, DC and lightning impulse voltage applications. A rod-to-plane electrode with a gap length of 20 to 330 mm is used for measurements in nonuniform electric field. In air at cryogenic temperature and nitrogen gas at both room and cryogenic temperature, streamer-like corona discharge appears near the tip of the rod electrode before the breakdown, and the breakdown voltage increases linearly with gap length. In air at room temperature thin film-like corona discharge, however, appears near the tip of the rod electrode before breakdown, and the breakdown voltage becomes higher than the other case. In order to examine the variation of corona discharge characteristics, some additional experiments are conducted. As a result, it becomes clear that thin film-like glow corona discharge appears when electronegative gas is contained and sufficient electrons are supplied from the cathode.     

气固两相体直流电晕放电特性实验研究

为了研究两相体放电的基础问题,即放电特点、规律及影响因素,实验研究了聚丙烯、聚乙烯、珍珠岩3种典型固体颗粒的气固两相体电晕放电伏安特性。通过循环落体式两相体放电装置和测量系统观察发现,气固两相体的电晕电流特性与空气中的电晕电流特性有明显的区别。气固两相体的电晕电流波形在正、负极性下均为高频率脉冲波形。且在相同电压下其电晕电流比空气中的要小。固体颗粒的介电常数及在空气中所占的体积比均对电晕电流有很明显的影响。固体颗粒介电常数和体积比越大,电晕电流越小(可<1μA)。电压极性的改变对气固两相体的电晕电流无影响。     

降低放电电场形成大气辉光放电的研究

试验研究了低电场下大气压2mm空气流动间隙的介质阻挡放电特性,结果表明,同时采用空气流动和触发技术能触发低电压(≥0.65Ue)放电,空气流动能维持低电压(≥0.83Ue)均匀放电;在空气流动的作用下,大气压2mm空气间隙的丝状放电可转化为均匀的辉光放电。最后探讨了空气流动形成大气压辉光放电的机理。     

Experimental studies of free conducting wire particle behavior between nonparallel plane electrodes with AC voltages in air

When a spherical conducting particle exists in an electrode system where electrical gradient force acts along the electrode surface, the particle tends to move towards the high field region. The possibility of appearance of this phenomenon is experimentally investigated with wire particles, which can easily produce the corona discharge on their ends resulting the action of a reactive force on the particle by a corona wind. The results show that a hovering particle travels deeper into the high electric field regions regardless of the corona discharge. Moreover, it is found that wire particle with corona discharge hovers near the negative electrode under DC voltage in atmospheric air due to different characteristics of corona discharge by the polarity. But under the AC voltage, the particle hovers near the bottom electrode only and invades in the high field region deeper than under the DC voltage.     

交流电压下绝缘子附近导电微粒运动特性

在施加交流电压条件下,对楔形布置的电极间聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)绝缘子附近自由导电微粒运动进行了实验观察.通过对微粒运动过程进行摄像和记录微粒起始运动电压,讨论球形导电微粒和线形导电微粒的运动特性.对不同外形绝缘子附近导电微粒运动规律进行了分析,认为绝缘子的存在能够降低微粒运动起始电压,并且能够吸引部分球形导电微粒沿电极表面滚动到达绝缘子表面;当绝缘子表面与接地电极夹角为锐角时绝缘子附近的微粒运动起始电压会显著降低.对绝缘子存在情况下的楔形电极间电场进行计算,并对微粒运动规律做出了合理的解释.