TiAl金属间化合物的定向凝固和晶向控制

在航空航天及能源领域有重要应用价值的TiAl基合金，由于其γ α2片层结构的特点，采用定向凝固技术控制片层方向可以更好地发挥其潜能。从相与组织选择及晶体择优生长特性角度，讨论了具有包晶反应的高温γ-TiAl合金的定向凝固与晶向控制，分析了晶向控制中引晶、合金化、调节成分与凝固参量及它们的综合作用所得到的结果与存在的问题，并提出了此领域今后应注意的方面。     

定向凝固TiAl-Nb合金的显微组织控制与力学性能(英文)

合金的片层组织。由于合金定向凝固过程中发生完全包晶转变,在枝晶固液生长界面条件下,即可获得片层方向与生长方向成0°或45°夹角的多孪晶合成晶体(PST)。在适当的生长条件下,当片层方向与生长方向平行的片层团在二次定向凝固过程中发生籽晶作用时,可以控制PST晶体内部的片层方向仅与生长方向平行。合金中低含量B的加入会导致非包晶α相的生长,从而不利于控制片层方向。定向凝固TiAl-Nb合金中存在较大的氧化钇颗粒与条状硼化物颗粒,导致其室温拉伸延伸率仅接近2%。     

定向凝固NiAl合金的超塑性行为

研究了定向凝固NiAl合金NiAl-25Cr、NiAl-15Cr、NiAl-27Fe-3Nb和NiAl-5Mo-0.5Hf的超塑性行为及其变形机制.结果表明: 合金在一定的变形条件下均表现出超塑性行为, 位错的滑移和攀移行为提供了主要的应变量; 超塑性变形过程中的稳态流变源于变形过程中所发生动态回复或再结晶产生的软化与应变硬化的平衡; 动态回复或再结晶过程一方面在晶粒内部削弱了位错滑动的阻力, 另一方面协调了晶界之间的变形, 使合金以超塑性方式变形.     

定向凝固铁磁形状记忆合金Co-Ni-Ga的择优取向及其组织演化

采用液态金属冷却定向凝固方法制备出Co-Ni-Ga取向晶体,并研究了不同晶体生长速度下,晶体的轴向择优取向及其定向凝固组织的变化.结果表明:在温度梯度为250 K/cm、晶体生长速度为0.9 mm/min时,柱晶具有完全的〈110〉取向,存在单变体马氏体并有麦穗状γ'相析出;当生长速度提高至9 mm/min时,合金试样为〈111〉 〈001〉 〈110〉混合取向,凝固组织转变为单一的马氏体板条.EDS表明,定向晶体沿稳定生长区轴向成分比较均匀,无明显宏观偏析存在.采用此方法能够获得比较长的稳定的马氏体单变体区,为制备铁磁形状记忆合金取向多晶材料提供了新思路.     

定向凝固Ti-46Al-8Nb合金的微观组织演变与微观偏析(英文)

在3～70μm/s的生长速度范围内对Ti-46Al-8Nb(摩尔分数,%)合金进行定向凝固实验,研究其微观组织演变和微观偏析形式。在该生长速度范围内,固-液界面表现为规则的枝晶生长,一次枝晶间距随着生长速度的加快而逐渐减小。在定向凝固过程中观察到典型的L+β→α包晶反应,最终得到具有α2/γ层片和B2相的微观组织。在各个晶粒中,层片与β相枝晶初始生长方向呈0°或45°。包晶反应导致严重的成分偏析,在凝固过程中,铝富集在枝晶间,铌富集在枝晶心部。随着α相的形核和生长,铌的偏析程度逐渐增大,从而促进B2相的析出,而富集在枝晶间的铝在包晶反应发生后逐渐变得均匀、一致。     

Lamellar boundary alignment of DS-processed TiAl−W alloys by a solidification procedure

In this study, a β solidification procedure was used to align the lamellae in a Ti-47Al-2W (at.%) alloy parallel to the growth direction. The Bridgman technique and the floating zone process were used for directional solidification. The mechanical properties of the directionally solidified alloy were evaluated in tension at room temperature and at 800°C. At a growth rate of 30 mm/h (with the floating zone approach), the lamellae were well aligned parallel to the growth direction. The aligned lamellae yielded excellent room temperature tensile ductility. The tensile yield strength at 800°C was similar to that at room temperature. The orientation of the γ lamellar laths in the directionally solidified ingots, which were manufactured by means of a floating zone process, was identified with the aid of electron backscattered diffraction analysis. On the basis of this analysis, the preferred growth direction of the bcc-β dendrites that formed at high temperatures close to the melting point was inferred to be [001]_β at a growth rate of 30 mm/h and [111]_β at a growth rate of 90 mm/h.     

TiAl合金定向全片层组织的籽晶法制备

以Ti-43Al-3Si为籽晶,在Ti-47Al合金中成功的制备出了与生长方向平行的定向全片层组织.结合Ti-Al二元相图,分析了亚包晶和过包晶成分合金的凝固路径,确定了籽晶法控制TiAl合金片层方向对母料合金成分的要求.通过对不同生长速率下Ti-47Al合金籽晶法定向凝固组织的观察发现,成功的引晶生长应保证高温α相沿非择优取向<1120>以平界面生长,即采用足够高的温度梯度和足够低的生长速率. Α相胞状树枝晶生长过程中将在枝晶间析出β相,破坏定向全片层组织.     

Directional solidification of Ti-45Al-8Nb-(W,B,Y) alloy

Using a Bridgman vertical vacuum furnace,Ti-45Al-8Nb-(W,B,Y) (at.%) bars,which were prepared from a plasma arc melting (PAM) ingot,were directionally solidified at growth rates of 10,15,and 20 μm/s.Polysynthetic twinned (PST) crystal with an aligned lamellar microstructure was obtained at the growth rate of 15 μm/s because of high Nb addition.The principle of PST crystal growth and the effect of Nb element were discussed.The results of investigations on microstructure and micromechanical properties of the d...     

Microstructure of directionally solidified Cu-Cr composites

Cu-Cr composites were prepared by self-made directional solidification equipment with the high temperature gradient and double-zone heating. The microstructural evolution was investigated during the directional solidification with the different solidification rate for Cu-1.0%Cr, Cu-1.7%Cr and Cu-5.6%Cr alloys, respectively. It is shown that for the hypoeutectic Cu-1.0%Cr alloy, the general microstructures consist of primary α(Cu) phase and the rod-like or needle-like (α β) eutectics, and for the hypereutectic Cu-1. 7%Cr and Cu-5.6%Cr alloys, α(Cu)phase, primary β(Cr) phase and (α β) eutectics coexist. With the increase of the solidification rate, the morphology evolution of every phase is that, 1st cellular(dendrite) of α(Cu) phase thins and cellular(dendrite) spacing shortens gradually, (α β) eutectics set in α(Cu) cellular or dendrite, and primary β(Cr) phase distributes unevenly on α (Cu) matrix, whose morphology undergoes the change from dendrite to particle.     

Relationship between solid/liquid interface and crystal orientation for pure magnesium solidified in fashion of cellular crystal

The relationship between the solid/liquid interface and the crystal orientation for pure magnesium,which grows in fashion of cellular crystal in unidirectional solidification,was investigated.The results show that the energy of the solid/liquid interface is the lowest during cellular crystal growth of pure magnesium;and the solid/liquid interface is covered by the basal face{0001}and by the crystal face made up of three atoms located at the orientation{0001}<0100>and two atoms located at the inner of magnes...     

TiAl基合金定向凝固中领先相的确定及影响因素

TiAl基合金因其优异的高温性能及较低的密度成为近年的研究热点,室温塑性是其走向工程化应用最主要的障碍。通过定向凝固技术控制TiAl基合金片层取向与生长方向平行时,可有效提高其综合力学性能,领先相的选择及生长取向的控制是TiAl基合金片层取向控制的关键因素。本文综述了定向凝固TiAl合金领先相的类型及生长取向的几种确定方法,及其生长取向的影响因素,最后总结了领先相生长取向控制的研究方向,对制备定向凝固TiAl基合金叶片具有重要的指导意义。     

Effects of processing parameters on the surface quality of directionally solidified tita-nium alloy slab with cold crucible

Titanium and TiAl-based alloys are promising structurematerials for aero/space-crafts of next generations due totheir excellent properties, such as high specific strength,high specific rigidity, high oxidization resistance and highcreep resistance at high temperature[1-3]. However, the Tialloys are highly active, especially in molten state they canreact with almost all other materials. This makes thespontaneous nucleation difficult during solidification andresults in coarse structures. These …     

定向凝固多孔Mg-Zn合金的制备及气孔结构

采用Bridgman型定向凝固法制备出藕状多孔Mg-Zn合金.研究了不同锌含量和氢气压力对气孔形貌的影响.通过理论计算对Mg-1Zn(质量分数,％,下同)合金的孔隙率进行了预测.结果表明,锌元素的加入会对孔结构产生重大影响.随着Zn含量从0％增加到2％,平均孔径增加.随着氢气压力从0.1 MPa增加到0.6 MPa,M...     

组织结构对片层TiAl合金氧化行为影响

以Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb(at%)合金为研究对象,通过热处理获得近片层和全片层两种显微组织,并在800℃空气条件下,进行了100 h的抗氧化性实验。利用OM、SEM、TEM、XRD和EDS对试样的微观结构、相组成及微区成分进行了分析。恒温氧化动力学结果表明:在800℃空气条件下,对于近片层和全片层两种Ti Al合金组织,其恒温氧化动力学曲线符合近抛物线规律,且近片层组织合金的抗氧化性能优于全片层组织。基于氧化动力学曲线、组织结构、氧化膜结构、氧化表面形貌分析,表明Ti Al合金的片层组织结构对其氧化行为具有不可忽视的影响。     

Phase and its morphologies of Ti-45 % Al alloy directionally solidified at different growth rates

The microstructures of Ti-45%Al(molar fraction) alloy directionally solidified at different growth rates in alumina tube by electromagnetic heating zone melting were studied. The measured temperature gradient of the system is about 104K/m. The microstructures show that the primary solidified phase is β phase at different growth rates. The growth at low rates from 1.94 × 10-6 m/s to 4. 16 × 10-6 m/s results in a transient solid/liquid interface structure from planar to shallow cellular. This transient rate is larger than the theoretical value of vc = 6.94 × 10-7 m/s.Compared with vt = vc/k = 1.01 × 10-6 m/s, the cellular-dendritic transient rate of experiment is observed in the range of 1.67 × 10-5- 2.50 × 10-5 m/s. The primary arm spacing decreases with increasing growth rate.     

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 本文通过拉伸试验研究了铸造TiAl合金单一取向层片组织在缺口应力集中系数分别为2、3和4时的缺口敏感性。发现,该合金在沿层片界面方向的应力作用下,对应各Kt水平的缺口试样均具有大于光滑试样的抗拉强度,且其缺口敏感系数相当;并根据该合金具有较好的拉伸塑性和缺口拉伸断口上存在裂纹萌生和稳态扩展区域的特征,分析讨论了其形成缺口强化效应的机制。     

熔体热稳定处理对定向凝固Ti-46Al-0.5W-0.5Si合金组织和性能的影响(英文)

通过改变定向凝固前的保温时间,研究热稳定处理对定向凝固Ti-46Al-0.5W-0.5Si(摩尔分数,%)合金组织和性能的影响。在稳定的温度梯度下(G=20K/mm),定向凝固启动前试样分别保温5、15、30、45和60min,然后试样以恒定的速度(v=30μm/s)进行定向凝固实验。测量定向凝固组织的一次枝晶间距(λ1)、二次枝晶间距(λ2)、层片间距(λL)和显微硬度(HV),并分析这些参数与热稳定处理时间(t)的关系。λ1、λ2和λL的值随着t的延长而增大,而HV则随着t的延长而减小。在定向凝固启动前,延长热稳定时间有助于获得良好的定向凝固组织,然而,过长的保温时间则会降低合金的力学性能。因此,需要优化定向凝固前的热稳定处理时间。根据实验结果,在当前实验条件下,定向凝固前热稳定处理时间选择30min,既能够获得良好的定向凝固组织,又能保持合金较高的力学性能。     

Microstructure evolution of directionally solidified Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy

The directionally solidified microstructure of Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy has been investigated at various solidification rates using a high-thermal gradient directional solidification apparatus. The results indicate that the solidification microstructure consists of hard primary intermetallic SnSb phase embedded in a matrix of soft peritectic ,8-Sn phase. The primary SnSb phase exhibits faceted growth with tetragonal or trigonal shapes. At the same time, the primary SnSb phase is refined with an increase in the solidification rate and dispersed more uniformly in the matrix of,8-Sn phase. The volume fraction of the SnSb phase firstly decreases and then increases when the solidification rate increases in directional solidification of Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy.     

定向凝固过共晶Nb-Si基合金的组织优化

采用液态金属冷却定向凝固炉制备Nb-16Si-24Ti-10Cr-2A1．2Hf合金,凝固速率分别为1．2、6、18、36、50mm／min,随后对定向凝固速率为50mm／min的合金进行（1400℃,10h）,（1450℃,10h）和（1500℃,10h）的热处理。研究了定向凝固速率和热处理温度对合金微观组织的影响。结果表明：合金的定向凝固组织主要由沿着试棒轴向生长的初生Nb5Si3相和耦合生长的Nbss／Nb5Si3共晶胞组成,在共晶胞边缘,有少量的Cr2Nb存在。横截面上共晶胞边界明显,随着凝固速率的增加,定向凝固组织明显细化,Nbss／Nb;Si,共晶胞形貌也发生变化。合金经过热处理,Nbss连成基体,部分CrENb相熔解,微观成分偏析减小。经过（1450℃,10h1热处理,实现了对过共晶Nb—Si基合金的组织优化。     

γ-TiAl合金中片层组织取向的控制

γ-TiAl合金是应用前景广泛的轻质高温结构材料,其全片层组织性能具有明显的各向异性.籽晶法定向凝固利用具有特定片层取向的籽晶材料使高温α相沿<110>方向生长,获得与生长方向平行的定向全片层组织;改变凝固路径法则通过在凝固组织中获得全β相生长,使最终片层组织与生长方向呈0o和45o夹角.本文综述了两种方法控制TiAl合金片层取向的原理及其研究进展,讨论了合金成分、凝固参数对片层取向控制过程的影响.针对国内外γ-TiAl合金定向全片层组织制备的现状,提出了需要进一步研究的问题.