TiAl金属间化合物的定向凝固和晶向控制

在航空航天及能源领域有重要应用价值的TiAl基合金，由于其γ α2片层结构的特点，采用定向凝固技术控制片层方向可以更好地发挥其潜能。从相与组织选择及晶体择优生长特性角度，讨论了具有包晶反应的高温γ-TiAl合金的定向凝固与晶向控制，分析了晶向控制中引晶、合金化、调节成分与凝固参量及它们的综合作用所得到的结果与存在的问题，并提出了此领域今后应注意的方面。     

定向凝固TiAl-Nb合金的显微组织控制与力学性能(英文)

合金的片层组织。由于合金定向凝固过程中发生完全包晶转变,在枝晶固液生长界面条件下,即可获得片层方向与生长方向成0°或45°夹角的多孪晶合成晶体(PST)。在适当的生长条件下,当片层方向与生长方向平行的片层团在二次定向凝固过程中发生籽晶作用时,可以控制PST晶体内部的片层方向仅与生长方向平行。合金中低含量B的加入会导致非包晶α相的生长,从而不利于控制片层方向。定向凝固TiAl-Nb合金中存在较大的氧化钇颗粒与条状硼化物颗粒,导致其室温拉伸延伸率仅接近2%。     

定向凝固Ti-46Al-8Nb合金的微观组织演变与微观偏析(英文)

在3～70μm/s的生长速度范围内对Ti-46Al-8Nb(摩尔分数,%)合金进行定向凝固实验,研究其微观组织演变和微观偏析形式。在该生长速度范围内,固-液界面表现为规则的枝晶生长,一次枝晶间距随着生长速度的加快而逐渐减小。在定向凝固过程中观察到典型的L+β→α包晶反应,最终得到具有α2/γ层片和B2相的微观组织。在各个晶粒中,层片与β相枝晶初始生长方向呈0°或45°。包晶反应导致严重的成分偏析,在凝固过程中,铝富集在枝晶间,铌富集在枝晶心部。随着α相的形核和生长,铌的偏析程度逐渐增大,从而促进B2相的析出,而富集在枝晶间的铝在包晶反应发生后逐渐变得均匀、一致。     

Lamellar boundary alignment of DS-processed TiAl−W alloys by a solidification procedure

In this study, a β solidification procedure was used to align the lamellae in a Ti-47Al-2W (at.%) alloy parallel to the growth direction. The Bridgman technique and the floating zone process were used for directional solidification. The mechanical properties of the directionally solidified alloy were evaluated in tension at room temperature and at 800°C. At a growth rate of 30 mm/h (with the floating zone approach), the lamellae were well aligned parallel to the growth direction. The aligned lamellae yielded excellent room temperature tensile ductility. The tensile yield strength at 800°C was similar to that at room temperature. The orientation of the γ lamellar laths in the directionally solidified ingots, which were manufactured by means of a floating zone process, was identified with the aid of electron backscattered diffraction analysis. On the basis of this analysis, the preferred growth direction of the bcc-β dendrites that formed at high temperatures close to the melting point was inferred to be [001]_β at a growth rate of 30 mm/h and [111]_β at a growth rate of 90 mm/h.     

Directional solidification of Ti-45Al-8Nb-(W,B,Y) alloy

Using a Bridgman vertical vacuum furnace,Ti-45Al-8Nb-(W,B,Y) (at.%) bars,which were prepared from a plasma arc melting (PAM) ingot,were directionally solidified at growth rates of 10,15,and 20 μm/s.Polysynthetic twinned (PST) crystal with an aligned lamellar microstructure was obtained at the growth rate of 15 μm/s because of high Nb addition.The principle of PST crystal growth and the effect of Nb element were discussed.The results of investigations on microstructure and micromechanical properties of the d...     

Microstructure of directionally solidified Cu-Cr composites

Cu-Cr composites were prepared by self-made directional solidification equipment with the high temperature gradient and double-zone heating. The microstructural evolution was investigated during the directional solidification with the different solidification rate for Cu-1.0%Cr, Cu-1.7%Cr and Cu-5.6%Cr alloys, respectively. It is shown that for the hypoeutectic Cu-1.0%Cr alloy, the general microstructures consist of primary α(Cu) phase and the rod-like or needle-like (α β) eutectics, and for the hypereutectic Cu-1. 7%Cr and Cu-5.6%Cr alloys, α(Cu)phase, primary β(Cr) phase and (α β) eutectics coexist. With the increase of the solidification rate, the morphology evolution of every phase is that, 1st cellular(dendrite) of α(Cu) phase thins and cellular(dendrite) spacing shortens gradually, (α β) eutectics set in α(Cu) cellular or dendrite, and primary β(Cr) phase distributes unevenly on α (Cu) matrix, whose morphology undergoes the change from dendrite to particle.     

Relationship between solid/liquid interface and crystal orientation for pure magnesium solidified in fashion of cellular crystal

The relationship between the solid/liquid interface and the crystal orientation for pure magnesium,which grows in fashion of cellular crystal in unidirectional solidification,was investigated.The results show that the energy of the solid/liquid interface is the lowest during cellular crystal growth of pure magnesium;and the solid/liquid interface is covered by the basal face{0001}and by the crystal face made up of three atoms located at the orientation{0001}<0100>and two atoms located at the inner of magnes...     

Effects of processing parameters on the surface quality of directionally solidified tita-nium alloy slab with cold crucible

Titanium and TiAl-based alloys are promising structurematerials for aero/space-crafts of next generations due totheir excellent properties, such as high specific strength,high specific rigidity, high oxidization resistance and highcreep resistance at high temperature[1-3]. However, the Tialloys are highly active, especially in molten state they canreact with almost all other materials. This makes thespontaneous nucleation difficult during solidification andresults in coarse structures. These …     

熔体热稳定处理对定向凝固Ti-46Al-0.5W-0.5Si合金组织和性能的影响(英文)

通过改变定向凝固前的保温时间,研究热稳定处理对定向凝固Ti-46Al-0.5W-0.5Si(摩尔分数,%)合金组织和性能的影响。在稳定的温度梯度下(G=20K/mm),定向凝固启动前试样分别保温5、15、30、45和60min,然后试样以恒定的速度(v=30μm/s)进行定向凝固实验。测量定向凝固组织的一次枝晶间距(λ1)、二次枝晶间距(λ2)、层片间距(λL)和显微硬度(HV),并分析这些参数与热稳定处理时间(t)的关系。λ1、λ2和λL的值随着t的延长而增大,而HV则随着t的延长而减小。在定向凝固启动前,延长热稳定时间有助于获得良好的定向凝固组织,然而,过长的保温时间则会降低合金的力学性能。因此,需要优化定向凝固前的热稳定处理时间。根据实验结果,在当前实验条件下,定向凝固前热稳定处理时间选择30min,既能够获得良好的定向凝固组织,又能保持合金较高的力学性能。     

Phase and its morphologies of Ti-45 % Al alloy directionally solidified at different growth rates

The microstructures of Ti-45%Al(molar fraction) alloy directionally solidified at different growth rates in alumina tube by electromagnetic heating zone melting were studied. The measured temperature gradient of the system is about 104K/m. The microstructures show that the primary solidified phase is β phase at different growth rates. The growth at low rates from 1.94 × 10-6 m/s to 4. 16 × 10-6 m/s results in a transient solid/liquid interface structure from planar to shallow cellular. This transient rate is larger than the theoretical value of vc = 6.94 × 10-7 m/s.Compared with vt = vc/k = 1.01 × 10-6 m/s, the cellular-dendritic transient rate of experiment is observed in the range of 1.67 × 10-5- 2.50 × 10-5 m/s. The primary arm spacing decreases with increasing growth rate.     

Microstructure evolution of directionally solidified Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy

The directionally solidified microstructure of Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy has been investigated at various solidification rates using a high-thermal gradient directional solidification apparatus. The results indicate that the solidification microstructure consists of hard primary intermetallic SnSb phase embedded in a matrix of soft peritectic ,8-Sn phase. The primary SnSb phase exhibits faceted growth with tetragonal or trigonal shapes. At the same time, the primary SnSb phase is refined with an increase in the solidification rate and dispersed more uniformly in the matrix of,8-Sn phase. The volume fraction of the SnSb phase firstly decreases and then increases when the solidification rate increases in directional solidification of Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy.     

定向凝固过共晶Nb-Si基合金的组织优化

采用液态金属冷却定向凝固炉制备Nb-16Si-24Ti-10Cr-2A1．2Hf合金,凝固速率分别为1．2、6、18、36、50mm／min,随后对定向凝固速率为50mm／min的合金进行（1400℃,10h）,（1450℃,10h）和（1500℃,10h）的热处理。研究了定向凝固速率和热处理温度对合金微观组织的影响。结果表明：合金的定向凝固组织主要由沿着试棒轴向生长的初生Nb5Si3相和耦合生长的Nbss／Nb5Si3共晶胞组成,在共晶胞边缘,有少量的Cr2Nb存在。横截面上共晶胞边界明显,随着凝固速率的增加,定向凝固组织明显细化,Nbss／Nb;Si,共晶胞形貌也发生变化。合金经过热处理,Nbss连成基体,部分CrENb相熔解,微观成分偏析减小。经过（1450℃,10h1热处理,实现了对过共晶Nb—Si基合金的组织优化。     

γ-TiAl合金中片层组织取向的控制

γ-TiAl合金是应用前景广泛的轻质高温结构材料,其全片层组织性能具有明显的各向异性.籽晶法定向凝固利用具有特定片层取向的籽晶材料使高温α相沿<110>方向生长,获得与生长方向平行的定向全片层组织;改变凝固路径法则通过在凝固组织中获得全β相生长,使最终片层组织与生长方向呈0o和45o夹角.本文综述了两种方法控制TiAl合金片层取向的原理及其研究进展,讨论了合金成分、凝固参数对片层取向控制过程的影响.针对国内外γ-TiAl合金定向全片层组织制备的现状,提出了需要进一步研究的问题.     

定向凝固NiAl-Fe-Nb金属间化合物的显微组织和类超塑性行为

研究了定向凝固Ni 2 0Al 2 7Fe 3Nb金属间化合物的显微组织和高温拉伸条件下的变形行为。结果表明 ,该合金的显微组织由枝晶 β NiAl相和枝晶间γ/γ′相组成。在 95 0～ 110 0℃之间以 5 .2× 10 -4～ 1.0 4× 10 -2s-1的初始应变速率拉伸变形时 ,该合金表现出类似超塑性的变形行为 ,应变速率敏感指数m在 0 .2 1～ 0 .4 5之间。在 10 5 0℃以 5 .2× 10 -3 s-1的初始应变速率拉伸时 ,获得最大延伸率 2 6 0 % ,m =0 .2 9。通过显微组织观察 ,对这种具有类似超塑性变形行为的机理进行了初步的讨论     

Model for calculation of microstructural development in rapidly directionally solidified immiscible alloys

A model has been developed for the calculation of the microstructural evolution in a rapidly directionally solidified immiscible alloy.Numerical solutions have been performed for Al-Pb immiscible alloys.The results demonstrate that at a higher solidfication velocity a constituteional supercooling region appears in front of the solid/liquid interface and the liquid-liquid decomposition takes place in this region.A higher solidification velocity leads to a higher nucleation rate and ,therefore,a higher number density of the minority phase droplets.A s a result,the average radius of droplets in the melt at the solid/liquid interface decreases with the solidification velcity.     

TiAl基合金冷坩埚定向凝固研究现状与发展趋势

冷坩埚定向凝固技术基于材料电磁加工原理,将合金连续熔化、电磁约束成形和连续凝固过程统一,避免模壳法定向凝固造成的合金熔体污染,是TiAl等高活性合金高纯净定向凝固的重要方法之一。报告了TiAl基合金冷坩埚定向凝固技术的研究结果,建立了电磁场、温度场与电磁冷坩埚系统主要参数之间的规律性关系。通过改变冷坩埚的横截面形状,初步制备出具有定向凝固组织的TiAl基合金圆、方和扁锭,研究结果表明该方法不但适合于Ti—Al二元合金,而且施与多元多相TiAl基合金也是可行的。通过对成分和组织的控制,所研究的TiAl基合金定向凝固试样的室温拉伸塑性最高达到1．5％左右。最后指出将该方法应用于耐高温的轻质高Nh含量的γ-TiAlNb合金的定向凝固是未来的发展趋势。     

行波磁场对定向凝固Sn-Cd合金界面形貌的影响

对直径为4 mm的Sn?0.65%Cd合金在行波磁场中进行定向凝固,结果发现其界面形貌是丰富多样的。在向上的行波磁场上,随着磁场强度的增大(B≤10.3 mT),平界面和胞状界面交替转变。当加载向下的弱强度的行波磁场(B=3.2 mT)时,界面形貌由浅胞状向深胞状转变。当磁场强度进一步增大时,界面两侧呈现微弱的不一致,但是在强的磁场下界面形貌大致趋向于平界面(B≤10.3 mT)。这种界面的不稳定性可能归因于行波磁场驱动的流动。另外,在向上的行波磁场中界面形状几乎是水平的,但是在向下的行波磁场中界面形状是倾斜的。     

生长速度与试样直径对定向凝固Ti-46Al-8Nb合金显微组织和硬度的影响

对Ti-46Al-8Nb（摩尔分数,%）合金进行布里奇曼型定向凝固实验,考察生长速度和试样直径对合金显微组织、相变路径和硬度的影响。结果表明,随着生长速度的增加和试样直径的减小,凝固过程由完全β相凝固转变为具有包晶反应的凝固过程,其最终显微组织为α2/γ层片及有α2/γ层片和B2相组成的多相组织。以上结果是由扩散和对流的减弱造成的溶质富集而引起的。包晶反应的发生往往导致严重的溶质偏析,其中溶质Al和Nb的偏析使得层片组织较为粗大。因此,在较高生长速度下发生包晶反应时,合金硬度值急剧下降,硬度曲线随着生长速度的增加呈不连续变化。严重溶质偏析导致的粗大层片组织也使得该成分合金的硬度低于其他Ti Al基合金的硬度。     

定向凝固Sn-36%Ni包晶合金凝固组织特征长度的表征

通过对Sn?36%Ni包晶合金在恒定温度梯度(G=20 K/mm)下进行的一定速度范围内(v=2~200μm/s)的定向凝固实验,研究凝固组织特征尺度随生长速度v的变化;测量包括一次与高次枝晶间距及枝晶尖端半径在内的凝固组织特征尺度。通过实验结果与理论模型的对比,发现凝固组织特征尺度随生长速度的变化关系为：对于一次枝晶间距有λ1=335.882v?0.21,且与 Kurz?Fisher 模型吻合;对于二次枝晶间距有λ2=44.957v?0.277,且与 Bouchard?Kirkaldy模型吻合;对于三次枝晶间距有λ3=40.512v?0.274;对于枝晶尖端半径有R=22.7v?0.36。实验结果表明,λ1/λ2随着生长速度的增加而增加,λ1/λ3的变化明显较λ1/λ2的小,表明三次枝晶具有与一次枝晶类似的生长特征;而λ1/R的比值随着生长速度的增加而由2增加到2.3,变化很小。