蔗渣强制流态化预干燥喷射燃烧技术的研究与应用

为了进一步提高锅炉热效率,满足糖厂节能减排的需要,开发蔗渣强制流态化预干燥喷射燃烧技术,该技术设计具有扰流结构的干燥器,在蔗渣进入炉膛之前,利用预热空气形成高速气流对蔗渣进行强制流态化干燥,并使蔗渣充分分散地喷入炉膛。课题首先进行实验室实验,并在此基础上在糖厂进行生产应用实验,实验结果表明:入炉蔗渣温度提高了9℃,含水分降低3.59%,热值提高了857kJ/kg,蔗渣打包率提高1%C。     

改KZZ4-13快装炉为前置式双层炉排蔗渣炉

我厂一台 KZZ 4—13快装锅炉,1978年改为旋风式燃烧锅炉。燃料为含水分46～50%的蔗渣。1982/83年榨季我厂使用蔗渣流态干燥后,这种炉型不适应于燃用干燥后水分为32～36%的蔗渣,运行中出现炉膛结焦,锅炉的效率低,出力只有3.5吨/时,生产中出现汽供不应求的被动局面。为了适应甘蔗压榨量从500吨/日提高到550吨/日的     

蔗渣煤粉炉结焦机理及预防对策的探讨

蔗渣煤粉炉是甘蔗糖厂的特定炉型，除少数定型产品外，大部分都是各厂在原煤粉炉或链条炉的基础上改造而成。在运行上基本上采用以燃煤为辅、烧蔗渣为主的燃烧方式，正常运行时是全烧蔗渣。尽管如此，炉内结焦问题却普遍存在，它使锅炉蒸发量降低，排烟温度升高，大量浪费燃料，结焦严重时将被迫停炉，这就直接影响到锅炉的经济安全运行。怎样防止结焦或尽可能地将其危害程度降到最低限度，本文将对其结焦过程、原因及对应措施谈一些肤浅的看法。l甘蔗活的特性及结焦机理（1）蔗渣的特性。蔗渣是一种含水分较高而热值较低的燃料，着火温度约…     

蔗渣流态干燥设备的防塞措施

蔗渣流态干燥设备作为新技术对锅炉燃烧蔗渣进行干燥,提高蔗渣热值,提高锅炉燃烧效率,增加锅炉出力,无疑都起到很大的作用。但是,如果设计和使用得不当,蔗渣流态设备会严重堵塞,不仅起不到应有的作用,反而给生产带来不必要的影响,造成停机事故。为此,现就我厂在1991/92年榨季设计和使用蔗渣流态干燥设备所采取的防止干燥设备堵塞方面的措施,谈如下一些看     

我国甘蔗糖厂节能问题的若干思路

[1]印度巴西等国提高锅炉压力节省燃料,汽压由2.5MPa提高到8.2MPa,可多产电力67%.广西锅炉汽压2.5-3.9MPa,有必要从火力发电厂规模的规定电网供应和糖厂属汽电联产的特殊性,全面、宏观地考虑定出决策.[2]蔗渣干燥可节省燃料20%,烟道气干燥缺点多,国外近以过热汽干燥蔗渣,并研究移植甜菜糖厂过热汽干燥废丝设备.[3]降温结晶可省煮糖罐及离心分蜜,国外用于生产精糖.国内机制糖厂降温结晶生产红糖粉,有扩大到大中型糖厂成熟条件.可提高产糖率2%(绝对值),节省用电1/3.但产品为红糖粉,国外近年流行带蜜糖,认为是绿色食品.我国曾有良好红糖市场,应有广阔发展前景.     

美国西南部轧花厂籽棉干燥调查

籽棉干燥是轧花厂非常重要且花费较高的一部分。含水率高于7%的籽棉不适于清理和轧花。在2007年到2010年轧花季节,本研究现场调查了位于美国西南部的23个轧花厂的73台干燥设备。调查的干燥系统包括:标准塔式、短塔式、热隔板式、大容量塔式、带式干燥、大转筒式、立式、热风清理式、管道式、横流式、热箱式、高速滑移式、喷射式、喷动式和对撞流式。48%的干燥设备采用了推荐的双重温度控制,26%的干燥设备采用了主温度控制,剩余26%的干燥设备仅采用了最大温度控制。带式和大传筒式干燥机的空气比流量(0.34 m~3/kg~0.72 m~3/kg籽棉)最低,并且用最低的能量输送空气(1.7 kJ/kg皮棉或更少);对撞式、喷动式和大容量塔式干燥机的空气比流量最高(1.9 m~3/kg~2.8 m~3/kg)。高速滑移式、大容量塔式和标准塔式干燥机输送用空气含有最高的能量(7.7 kJ/kg或更多)。带式、横流式和热空气清理式干燥机的压力损失最低(0.5 kPa或更少),然而高速滑移式、管道式和标准塔式干燥机的压力损失最高(1.8 kPa或更高)。燃料使用与气流(r=0.58)和温度上升(r=0.59)呈正相关。带有喷动式、对撞式、带式、大传筒式、喷射式和热风清理式的干燥机的干燥系统燃料使用较好,并且其值较低(13.7 kJ/kg皮棉或更少),然而带有横流式和大容量塔式干燥机的干燥系统燃料使用值较高(30.0 kJ/kg)。     

蔗渣锅炉链条炉排设计

蔗渣是制糖的附属产物,具有较高的热值,做为锅炉燃料越来越多应用到制糖企业。部分地区的蔗渣不可燃物杂质(沙石、泥土等)较多,蔗渣燃烧产生的炉渣较多,使用固定炉排,人工清理炉渣劳动强度大。采用活动炉排,炉排的平面尺寸大,为炉排的选型设计带来困难。本文主要解决链带式炉排、横梁式炉排在大吨位锅炉的设计,设计方案在实际应用中取得很好效果。     

对SHS20—25/400型蔗渣锅炉的改造

广东建国糖厂1979年新装广州锅炉厂SHS20—25/400型锅炉和 B1—24/3汽轮发电机组各一台,当时压榨能力为600吨/日,而全厂用汽量达不到20吨/时。参阅兄弟厂新装此种锅炉的运行情况,一般是效率低,燃料消耗高,蔗渣不够烧,还需补充大量的煤和木柴。这样,工人操作劳动强度大;且当燃料蔗渣水分接近50%时发生燃烧困难,     

改造链条锅炉燃烧蔗渣的技术探讨

一、问题的提出过去糖厂动力配套的一般是燃煤的工业锅炉或电站锅炉,很少考虑有掺烧蔗渣的。但炉体结构型式是随燃料种类和特性不同而异。要把燃煤锅炉改燃蔗渣,首先要对炉体结构进行改造。我厂扩建后生产能力为4500吨蔗/日,动力配套有六台锅炉,总蒸发量168吨/时。六台都是水管式链条锅炉,其中有20吨/时水管式链条锅炉四台(上海锅炉     

垃圾焚烧炉沼气入炉系统应用

光大环保能源(江阴)有限公司(以下简称我司)污水处理系统每天可产生约16000m~3沼气,且经化验沼气中甲烷含量:69.35%、二氧化碳:29.76%、硫化氢:10881mg/m~3、高位发热量:25.76MJ/m~3、低位发热量:23.20MJ/m~3,则年产生量约16000/24*8000=5333333m~3。折合标煤约25760kJ/m~3*5333333m~3/29310kJ/kg=4687365kg。为利用垃圾发酵产生的沼气余热,进行沼气入炉系统技术改造。     

生物质燃料（蔗渣）锅炉燃烧系统广义预测控制技术应用研究

本文根据我国甘蔗糖厂蔗渣锅炉的具体情况,研究建立蔗渣炉燃烧过程的蒸汽压力、炉膛负压、烟气氧含量、进料量、蔗渣水分、送风量、引风量等主要参数的数学模型,采用广义预测控制策略,实现蔗渣锅炉燃烧过程自动控制及优化燃烧过程,从而提高蔗渣锅炉的燃烧效率,具有投资少、风险小、效果明显的优点,可达到节能减排增效的目的。     

蔗渣生物质颗粒发展前景分析

介绍了以蔗渣为原料制备生物质颗粒的相关内容,从原料优势、生产工序、产品利润及生产问题解决几个方面进行了讨论,分析总结了蔗渣生物质颗粒从生产到应用的一系列问题,并针对热值和结焦问题提出解决措施,为蔗渣的应用提供了思路.将蔗渣制备成生物质颗粒,不仅能够有效解决蔗渣过剩问题,缓解环境压力,增加糖业的经济效益,同时也可以实现资...     

近红外光谱法快速测定甘蔗渣水分和糖分含量

探讨了近红外光谱法快速测定甘蔗渣水分和糖分含量的可行性。基于实验室自制的20个水分和糖分不同含量的甘蔗渣样品,用近红外光谱仪积分球旋转方式在12500～4000cm^-1范围内采集相应样品的光谱,利用化学计量学软件建立样品水分和糖分含量与光谱数据之间的相关性模型。结果表明,对原始光谱进行多元散射校正的预处理后,选择9295．8～6098．2cm^-1和5450．2-4597．8cm^-1波数区间,用偏最小二乘法（PLS）和完全交互验证方式建立的校正模型的相关系数R^2分别为0．9886和0．9793,交互验证均方差RMSECV分别为2．18和0．463。该方法操作简单、准确性好,适用于生产过程中对甘蔗渣水分和糖分含量的快速测定。     

Wastes as co-fuels: the policy framework for solid recovered fuel (SRF) in Europe, with UK implications

European Union (EU) member states are adopting the mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) of municipal solid waste (MSW) to comply with EU Landfill Directive (LD) targets on landfill diversion. We review the policy framework for MSW-derived solid recovered fuel (SRF), composed of paper, plastic, and textiles, in the energy-intensive industries. A comparatively high calorific value (15-18 MJ/ kg) fuel, SRF has the potential to partially replace fossil fuel in energy-intensive industries, alongside MSW in dedicated combustion facilities. Attempts by the European standards organization (CEN) to classify fuel properties consider net calorific value (CV) and chlorine and mercury content. However, the particle size, moisture content, and fuel composition also require attention and future studies must address these parameters. We critically review the implications of using SRF as a co-fuel in thermal processes. A thermodynamic analysis provides insight into the technical and environmental feasibility of co-combusting SRF in coal-fired power plants and cement kilns. Results indicate the use of SRF as co-fuel can reduce global warming and acidification potential significantly. This policy analysis is of value to waste managers, policy specialists, regulators, and the waste management research community.     

Stagnant Effective Thermal Conductivity of Agro-Industrial Residues for Solid-State Fermentation

The stagnant effective thermal conductivities (K₀) of sugar cane bagasse (SCB), wheat bran (WB), orange pulp and peel (OPP) and their combination (weight proportion 1:2:2 SCB/OPP/WB) were obtained using the line heat source method. These solid materials were applied to pectinase production via solid-state fermentation. The moisture content ranged from 4 to 80% (w.b.). A conduction mechanism through the porous media was observed, along with conduction through a liquid film and contact thermal resistance between the samples and the probe. K₀ was low for intermediate moisture contents and approached the molecular conductivity of water for high moisture contents.     

生物质锅炉自动化控制技术的应用与分析

生物质能是地球上最普遍的一种可再生能源,开发利用潜力巨大,具有CO2零排放特性,是潜在的可再生能源资源,生物质能转化为电能,传统上大多采用直接燃烧的方法,即采用蒸汽循环方式生物质燃料和其他化学燃料相比,最重要的不同点是：燃料特性的多变性,高水分和低氮、低硫含量在燃烧过程中,必须考虑燃料中的水分：高水分的生物质燃料在燃烧之前需要消耗能量来使其干燥,所以水分高会时降低燃烧效率,使锅炉的效率随着水分含量而变化、当燃料水分含量超过40％时,将会使锅炉效率大大降低,生物质锅炉使蒸汽可在啤酒行业中推广应用.     

湿式静电除尘技术引进糖厂蔗渣锅炉除尘系统效果显著

随着《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》(GB13271-2014)和《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB13223-2011)的实施,大部分制糖企业须对蔗渣锅炉的除尘系统进行改造以使烟尘排放浓度达到新标准要求。本文结合蔗渣烟尘特点,引进具有相对投资成本少、劳动强度低、维护费用低、除尘效率高、无高温爆燃风险等优点的湿式静电除尘技术,介绍了其工作原理、结构及分类、关键技术及特点,并选用结构紧凑、安装体积小、耗水耗电少、占地面积少的立式蜂窝管湿式静电除尘器,安装于原有的水膜除尘器之后,用于蔗渣锅炉的二级精细高效除尘,结果显示:锅炉烟囱口(在线监测及取样分析)的烟尘平均排放浓度降至20 mg/m~3以下,符合新标准要求(烟尘浓度≤30 mg/m~3),榨季颗粒物排放削减率在60%以上,除尘效果显著。     

利用锅炉烟气佘热——提升（造纸）污泥的资源化处理技术

利用烟气余热处理污泥技术将污泥成功地造粒成松散状颗粒。使热烟气与湿污泥的换热面积增加了几十倍,同时还大大减少了污泥球粒在干化过程中的温度梯度和湿度梯度,传热效率有了突破性的提高,使湿污泥迅速吸热干化。干化后的成品污泥颗粒保持了其原有热值的90％以上,可作为辅助燃料,又能使污泥的干化效率达到理想的程度。     

Municipal solid waste fueled power generation in China: a case study of waste-to-energy in Changchun City

With rapid economic growth and massive urbanization in China, many cities face the problem of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal. With the lack of space for new landfills, waste-to-energy incineration is playing an increasingly important role in waste management. Incineration of MSW from Chinese cities presents some unique challenges because of its low calorific value (3000-6700 kJ/kg) and high water content (approximately 50%). This study reports a novel waste-to-energy incineration technology based on co-firing of MSW with coal in a grate-circulating fluidized bed (CFB) incinerator, which was implemented in the Changchun MSW power plant. In 2006, two 260 ton/day incinerators incinerated 137,325 tons, or approximately one/sixth of the MSW generated in Changchun, saving more than 0.2 million m3 landfill space. A total of 46.2 million kWh electricity was generated (38,473 tons lignite was also burned as supplementary fuel), with an overall fuel-to-electricity efficiency of 14.6%. Emission of air pollutants including particulate matters, acidic gases, heavy metals, and dioxins was low and met the emission standards for incinerators. As compared to imported incineration systems, this new technology has much lower capital and operating costs and is expected to play a role in meeting China's demands for MSW disposal and alternative energy.     

Effect of moisture, charge size, and chlorine concentration on PCDD/F emissions from simulated open burning of forest biomass

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) was combusted at different charge sizes, fuel moisture, and chlorine content to determine the effect on emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) as well as copollutants CO, PM, and total hydrocarbons. The experiments were performed in an enclosed chamber under conditions simulating open, prescribed burns of forest biomass. Burn progress was monitored through on line measurement of combustion gases and temperature while PCDD/F concentrations were determined by ambient sampling methods. PCDD/F toxic equivalency (TEQ) and total (tetra- to octa-CDD/F) emission factors were independent of charge size (1-10 kg) and moisture content (7-50%). However, the lower chlorinated, mono- to tri-CDD/F compounds were increased by poor combustion conditions: combustion efficiency lower than 0.919 was generally found when the moisture content was higher than 30%. The increase of fuel matrix chlorine from 0.04% to 0.8% using a brine bath resulted in about a 100-fold increase of PCDD/F to about 90 ng TEQ/kg of carbon burned, C(b). These emission factors were linearly dependent on Cl concentration in the biomass. PCDD 2,3,7,8-Cl-substituted congeners and homologue patterns were also influenced by the addition of chlorine resulting in emissions with a higher abundance of the most toxic congeners (TeCDD and PeCDD). When both chlorine and moisture content were increased in the fuel, a simultaneous effect of the two parameters was observed. The increased TEQ values expected from higher Cl concentrations were mitigated by the presence of water, giving MCE = 0.868, promoting formation of mono- to tri-PCDD/F, and lowering the TEQ value. Open burn simulations were used to study PCDD/F formation in different combustion conditions providing a mathematical correlation between PCDD/F emissions and chlorine and moisture content in the fuel.