2007年美国的特大火灾

2007年美国消防部门共出动扑救1 557 500起火灾,这些火灾造成的直接财产损失为146亿美元.其中71起直接财产损失超过500万美元的特大火灾虽然起数只占全年的5×10-3%,却造成了35亿美元的直接财产损失(占全年的24.1%)和19名居民死亡以及67名居民、168名消防队员受伤.     

2006年美国特大火灾分析

2006年美国消防部门共出动扑救1642500起火灾,这些火灾造成的直接财产损失为113亿美元。其中45起特大火灾（直接财产损失超过500万美元）虽然只占全年火灾起数的0．003％,却造成了5．51亿美元直接财产损失（占全年火灾直接财产损失的4．9％）、11名居民和6名消防队员死亡,13名居民和35名消防队员受伤。与2005年（1997年以来特大火灾最少的年份）相比,2006年特大火灾的起数增加6起（15．4％）,直接财产损失增加2．01亿美元（57．4％）。     

The extinction of fires in aircraft jet engines — Part I,small-scale simulation of fires

Three modes of combustion are possible in an aircraft engine fire, and these have been simulated separately in a small wind tunnel.     

The use of light scattering and ion chamber responses for the detection of fires in diesel contaminated atmospheres

Experiments were conducted to determine the optical scattering properties of diesel particulate matter (DPM) and various combustion aerosols from both flaming and smoldering combustion sources at discrete angles of 15° and 30° in the forward direction and at a light source wavelength of 635 nm using a simple light scattering module. In addition to the scattering data, simultaneous measurements were made of the total aerosol mass concentration; light extinction at an average wavelength of 546 nm; and the response of a common bipolar ion chamber typical of residential smoke detectors modified to allow the aerosols to flow through the chamber. The results of these experiments indicate, for DPM and combustion aerosols, the intensities per unit mass concentration depend not only upon whether the aerosol is DPM or combustion aerosol but also upon the type of combustion aerosol. The results also indicate that the ion chamber responses are greatest for DPM, followed by the response to flaming combustion aerosols (FCA) and lowest for smoldering combustion aerosols (SCA). For light scattering, the greatest intensities are found for SCA, followed by the intensities from FCA, and lowest for DPM. This report describes the experiments, their results, and the use of these results to develop design criteria for early warning fire sensors capable of the rapid and reliable detection of fires in atmospheres that may or may not be contaminated by the products produced from diesel engines.     

The extinction of fires in aircraft jet engines — part III,extinction of fires at low airflows

Minimum concentrations of methyl bromide, bromotrifluoromethane, bromochlorodifluoromethane, and nitrogen that will ensure the extinguishment of the most stable liquid surface diffusion flame burning behind a flame holder have been determined.     

The extinction of fires in aircraft jet engines — Part IV,extinction of fires by sprays of bromochlorodifluoromethane

The extinction of a liquid surface diffusion flame of kerosine burning in air has been studied using sprays of bromochlorodifluoromethane produced by swirl-type nozzles.     

Minimum water requirements for suppression of room fires

In many areas, it is essential that no water be wasted in fighting fire. How much water is needed to extinguish typical room fires? This is the question the authors sought to answer in the experiments reported here.     

The extinction of fires in aircraft jet engines — part II,full-scale fire tests

Tests indicate that the degree of vaporization of methyl bromide influences its efficiency as an extinguishing agent.     

轻型钢结构建筑火灾痕迹特性分析

以单跨门式刚架结构为例，从轻钢结构建筑的材料性能、结构特点入手，依据火灾发生、发展规律，阐述了轻钢结构建筑火灾特有的弯曲变形痕迹、倒塌牵拉方向性痕迹、轻质围护材料火灾表面痕迹、微观金相火灾痕迹形成机理和勘查中的证明作用。     

A very simple method for assessing tall building safety in major fires

The collapse of tall buildings in a densely populated urban setting is a scenario too terrible to contemplate. Buildings are routinely designed to resist this limit state under the extreme loading conditions of high winds and earthquakes etc. However the potential of multiple floor fires to cause such a disaster remains unrecognised in the profession as no current building codes require the consideration of this type of extreme loading. Previous work by the author and his students has demonstrated that the collapse of tall buildings in multiple floor fires is a distinct possibility as the mechanisms that can cause this are easily reproduced using a non-linear finite element analysis programme. This work has been extended by the author and his students to develop a simple analytical method for systematically assessing the collapse of exterior columns of tall buildings for any given fire scenarios. This paper considerably simplifies the method developed previously to the extent that the limit state of collapse under multiple floor fires can be checked even without the need to consider any particular “design” fire and with calculations that can be performed in minutes. This is based on the assumption that in major fires that affect multiple floors, it is quite likely that a number of floors will reach a state of deflection and reduced stiffness that the main load carrying mechanism will be that of catenary action leading to destabilising pull-in forces to be exerted on exterior columns. The paper will outline all the steps that must be carried out to check if the remaining structure (columns, floors, connections etc.) will remain stable under the action of the pull-in forces. It will also provide theoretical justification and discussion for all the steps and assumptions made in the assessment. Furthermore the method will be applied to a number of examples, including that of the WTC towers to check if those buildings were safe under major fires involving multiple floors.     

2007年美国重大多人死亡火灾分析

美国消防协会(NFPA)将死亡5人以上(含)的居住建筑火灾、死亡3人以上(含)的其他建筑火灾和非建筑火灾确定为重大多人死亡火灾.2007年,美国共发生重大多人死亡火灾37起(17起居住建筑火灾、8起非居住建筑火灾、12起非建筑火灾),造成包括11名消防队员和41名6岁以下儿童在内的190人死亡.     

国内外重大森林火灾研究进展

摘 要：随着全球气候变暖,人为干扰活动增多,全球森林主要分布区发生重大森林火灾的可能性不断增加。本文介绍了国内外关于重大森林火灾的概念,对比了重大森林火灾的研究内容和主要研究方法。结果表明：现有重大森林火灾研究的规模和尺度都较小,主要集中于研究夏季森林大火的发生发展,较少研究较高海拔山地森林重大火灾发生的机制;未来研究应集成遥感与地理信息系统等大尺度方法,长期动态研究大、中规模重大森林火灾发生区域的植被、天气特征,深入研究景观层次的重大森林火灾火行为、火损失和火的长期影响,为重大森林火灾防控提供依据。     

The use of ground cover materials to suppress fuel fires at airports

Crushed rock has demonstrated a capability for retarding flame spread in hydrocarbon fuel fires. What are the effects of rock size, depth of fuel surface below ground cover surface, and fuel flash point in flame suppression?     

The extinguishment of fires using low flow water hose streams — part I

Low flow water hose reel systems have been proposed for shipboard use. Where water delivery rates are limited, judgment must be used to determine minimum acceptable hose pressure and flow. Laboratory experiments were conducted to quantify differences in fire extinguishing capability for varying pressure and flow. Having established a baseline design, full scale fire fighting tests were conducted that integrated human response and protective equipment variables.     

The extinguishment of fires using low flow water hose streams—part II

Fire extinguishment tests were conducted in a simulated shipboard space. Portable extinguishers, a low flow water hose reel system, and 3.8 cm diameter water hand lines were used to extinguish the fires. Various protective ensembles were used by the fire fighters, ranging from minimum protection to full protection. Personnel with both a limited and high degree of fire fighting experience were used. Response time was influenced by visibility and the fire fighters' knowledge of the compartment. The low flow water hose reel system was found to be an effective and efficient quick response fire fighting tool. Efficiency, in terms of total water used, was better with the hose reel system compared to the larger, higher flow water hand lines.     

城市火灾防救对策

分析了当前城市火灾预防和扑救面临的几个主要情况,提出了做好此项工作应注重的几个相应对策。     

汽车火灾事故调查

在分析汽车火灾原因的基础下,对其火灾原因调查方法作了介绍。