EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE AND EXIT FLOW FIELD OF LOW PRESSURE AXIAL FLOW FAN WITH CIRCUMFERENTIAL SKEWED BLADES

In this article, the low pressure axial flow fan with circumferential skewed rotor blade, including the radial blade, the forward-skewed blade and the backward-skewed blade, was studied with experimental methods. The aerodynamic performance of the rotors was measured. At the design condition at outlet of the rotors, detailed flow measurements were performed with a five-hole probe and a Hot-Wire Anemometer (HWA). The results show that compared to the radial rotor, the forward-skewed rotor demonstrates a wider Stable Operating Range (SOR), is able to reduce the total pressure loss in the hub region and make main loading of blade accumulating in the mid-span region. There is a wider wake in the upper mid-span region of the forward-skewed rotor. Compared to the radial rotor, in the backward-skewed rotor there is higher total pressure loss near the hub and shroud regions and lower loss in the mid-span region. In addition, the velocity deficit in the wake is lower at mid-span of the backward-skewed rotor than the forward-skewed rotor.     

叶片数对高比转速离心泵固液两相非定常流的影响

为了探索叶片数在固液两相流条件下对高比转速离心泵非定常特性的影响情况,利用ANSYS CFX软件,采用Mixture多相流模型,对4种不同叶片数离心泵的固液两相湍流进行了非定常数值模拟,分析了叶片数对固液两相流离心泵瞬时扬程、压力、压力脉动及径向力的影响。研究结果表明：① 随着叶片数量的增多,固液两相流离心泵的瞬时扬程增大,波动频率变快,蜗壳内及隔舌处的压力值越来越大,波动频率变快,脉动幅值反而越来越小,叶轮上的径向力会减小,隔舌处的径向力会增大;② 不同叶片数的固液两相流离心泵蜗壳内及隔舌处的压力脉动主频均出现在其叶频处;③ 叶片数为5时,是蜗壳的内压力值和压力脉动幅值增减速度快慢的分界点,也是叶轮上及隔舌处径向力大小增减速度快慢的分界点。     

Numerical Investigation of Performance of an Axial-Flow Pump With Inducer

The interaction of flow through the inducer and impeller of an axial-flow pump equipped with an inducer has significant effect on its performance. This article presents a recent numerical investigation on this topic. The studied pump has an inducer with 3 blades mounted on a conical hub and a 6-blade impeller. The blade angle of the impeller is adjustable to generate different relative circumferential angles between the inducer blade trailing edge and the impeller blade leading edge. A computational fluid dynamics code was used to investigate the flow characteristics and performance of the axial-flow pump. For turbulence closure, the RNG k-ε model was applied with an unstructured grid system. The rotor-stator interaction was treated with a Multiple Reference Frame (MRF) strategy. Computations were performed in different cases: 7 different relative circumferential angles ( Δθ ) between the inducer blade trailing edge and the impeller blade leading edge, and 3 different axial gaps (G) between the inducer and the impeller. The variation of the hydraulic loss in the rotator was obtained by changing Δθ . The numerical results show that the pressure generated is minimum in the case of ( G = 3%D), which indicates that the interference between inducer and impeller is strong if the axial gap is small. The pump performances were predicted and compared to the experimental measurements. Recommendations for future modifications and improvements to the pump design were also given.     

轴流泵叶片安放角增大过渡过程特性

建立配置虹吸式出水流道的立式轴流泵几何模型, 提出轴流泵在运行中调节叶片安放角过程的三维非定常数值模拟方法, 采用动网格及网格重构技术实现叶片自转与其随叶轮公转的复合运动。选定 3 种调节规律进行数值模拟, 获得相关工作参数变化规律和内部流场变化情况。结果表明: 采用 3 种不同时间增大叶片安放角 2°, 机组流量增加 4.4% ~ 4.9% , 叶轮水力矩增加 5.1% ~ 5.9% , 叶轮进出口平面的测点静压波动范围较大; 在叶片安放角增大的过程中, 叶轮区域流态恶化、有涡核分布, 叶片吸力面出现分布不均匀的低压区域; 调节时间为 1 s 时, 叶轮进 出口平面测点静压及叶轮水力矩的波动范围要大于其他两种规律, 叶轮区域的涡核分布也要多于其他两种规律, 故在较短时间增大叶片安放角会增加叶轮区域的不稳定性。     

离心泵输送粘油时叶轮内部流动模型

利用二维激光测速测量了离心泵输送粘油时最优和小流量工况下大出口角小包角叶轮内部流动。试验表明，在叶片吸力面存在已经分离的尾流，压力面不存在射流，叶轮内部流动与射流／尾流模型不符，尾流宽度与工况有关。     

蜗壳式混流泵压力脉动特性研究

基于雷诺时均方程和RNG k-ε湍流模型,应用SIMPLE算法,对混流泵内部流场进行非定常数值模拟,分析不同工况监测点上压力脉动的时域特性和频域特性。取定常计算的外特性与实验值对比,对比结果为不同工况的扬程偏差均小于5%,证明该数值模型能准确地描述泵内流场特征。结果表明:叶片进口处水流冲击产生的回流和漩涡是引起叶轮内压力脉动的主要动力源,叶轮与蜗壳间的动静相干作用是产生蜗壳内压力脉动的主要动力,并且在向下游传播过程中,压力脉动逐渐减弱,叶频占主导地位,在小流量工况运行时,主频有向叶轮转频迁移的趋势,大流量工况下最大压力脉动发生在转轮中间位置;叶轮内的压力脉动要远远高于蜗壳,这是引起机组振动和噪声的主要来源。     

Experimental study of flow field in interference area between impeller and guide vane of axial flow pump

Axial flow pump is a kind of typical pumps with rotor-stator interaction, thus the measurement of the flow field between impeller and guide vane would facilitate the study of the internal rotor-stator interaction mechanism. Through a structural modification of a traditional axial flow pump, the requirements of particle image velocimetry（PIV） measurement are met. Under the condition of opt.0.8Q, the axial vortex is identified between impeller hub and guide vane hub, which is developed into the main flow and to affect the movement when the relative positions of impeller and guide vane at different flow rates are the same. Besides, the development and the dissipation of the tip leakage and the passage vortex in impeller passages are mainly responsible for the difference of the flow field close to the outer rim. As the flow rate decreases, the distribution of the meridional velocities at the impeller outlet becomes more non-uniform and the radial velocity component keeps increasing. The PIV measurement results under the condition of opt.1.0Q indicate that the flow separation and the trailing vortex at the trailing edge of a blade are likely to result in a velocity sudden change in this area, which would dramatically destroy the continuity of the flow field. Moreover, the radial direction of the flow between impeller and guide vane on the measurement plane does not always point from hub to rim. For a certain position, the direction is just from rim to hub, as is affected by the location of the intersection line of the shooting section and the impeller blade on the impeller as well as the angle between the intersection line and the rotating shaft.     

离心泵叶轮内部清水流动实验研究

利用二维激光测速计测量了小出口角离心泵输送清水时最优和小流量工况叶轮内部流动.实验表明，在叶片吸力面没有很宽的尾流，压力面也不存在射流，叶轮内部流动与射流/尾流模型不符合.     

Numerical prediction of 3-D periodic flow unsteadiness in a centrifugal pump under part-load condition

Numerical simulation and 3-D periodic flow unsteadiness analysis for a centrifugal pump with volute are carried out in whole flow passage, including the impeller with twisted blades, the volute and the side chamber channels under a part-load condition. The pressure fluctuation intensity coefficient （PFIC） based on the standard deviation method, the time-averaged velocity unsteadiness intensity coefficient （VUIC） and the time-averaged turbulence intensity coefficient （TIC） are defined by averaging the results at each grid node for an entire impeller revolution period. Therefore, the strength distributions of the periodic flow unsteadiness based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes （URANS） equations can be analyzed directly and in detail. It is shown that under the 0.6Qd~. condition, the pressure fluctuation intensity is larger near the blade pressure side than near the suction side, and a high fluctuation intensity can be observed at the beginning section of the spiral of the volute. The flow velocity unsteadiness intensity is larger near the blade suction side than near the pressure side. A strong turbulence intensity can be found near the blade suction side, the impeller shroud side as well as in the side chamber. The leakage flow has a significant effect on the inflow of the impeller, and can increase both the flow velocity unsteadiness intensity and the turbulence intensity near the wall. The accumulative flow unstea- diness results of an impeller revolution can be an important aspect to be considered in the centrifugal pump optimum design for obtaining a more stable inner flow of the pump and reducing the flow-induced vibration and noise in certain components.     

叶片包角对高比转速离心泵水力性能的影响研究

高比转速离心泵流道宽大,包角的大小将直接影响其水力性能。基于N-S方程和RNG k-ε湍流模型,对5种不同的叶片包角模型在多种工况下分别进行了数值模拟计算分析,以对不同包角下的外特性变化趋势、叶轮内部的三维流线以及湍动能变化规律进行研究。研究结果表明:(1)随着叶片包角的增大,离心泵的最高效率点表现为先增加后减小,扬程随着流量的增大而下降,当包角增大到一定限值时,下降的幅度最为明显;(2)离心泵叶轮流线在相同的流量下,随着叶片包角的增大,流线愈发平顺光滑且越趋于叶片线型时,叶轮的总压随包角的增大而逐渐减小;(3)在设计工况下,低速区主要集中在叶轮进口的叶片工作面处,随着叶片包角的增大,湍动能逐渐减小;(4)当叶片包角在110°附近时,该泵的水力性能即达到最优。研究结果可为今后对高比转速离心泵的研究提供一定的参考。     

离心叶轮的叶片数效应研究

叶轮叶片数是离心叶轮的一个重要结构参数,对叶轮外特性与内流场特征都有着直接的影响。利用计算流体动力学软件,生成了叶片数分别为5和6的2个叶轮,然后在相同工况下,计算了这2个叶轮的内外力学性能;通过对2个叶轮的流量-扬程、流量-效率曲线及叶轮内压力、相对速度进行比较,分析了不同叶片数对叶轮性能产生的影响及其成因。比较分析结果有助于设计人员深入了解不同叶片数叶轮的不同流动机理,并可为他们在设计实践中正确选用叶片数提供参考。     

采用径向回流平衡孔的低比速离心泵压力脉动特性

采用Relizable k~ε模型对具有径向回流平衡孔以及传统轴向回流平衡孔和无平衡孔结构的低比速离心泵进行全流场非定常数值模拟,并进行时域分析和频域分析。研究结果表明:平衡孔采用径向回流方式、传统轴向回流方式以及无平衡孔结构这3种方案时,离心泵的叶轮进口、蜗壳出口以及蜗壳隔舌处的流体均随时间呈周期性波动,脉动频率以叶片通过频率为主;具有径向回流平衡孔的低比速离心泵与其他2种结构形式的低比速离心泵相比,能够有效地改善蜗壳隔舌处的压力脉动情况。     

双吸泵小流量工况下的空化特性研究

为研究双吸泵在小流量工况下叶轮内部空化特性,同时进一步说明小流量工况相比于设计工况时的空化特性差异,结合均质两相流模型和SST k-ω湍流模型,对双吸泵小流量工况和设计工况下的全流道空化流场进行数值模拟,以分析不同流量工况下空化分布与发展情况,以及空化对各叶片载荷造成的影响。研究结果表明:适当减小双吸泵进口流量,有助于改善双吸泵的空化性能;在小流量工况下空化首先发生于叶片吸力面头部靠后盖板附近,而且此处的空泡体积分数最大,这一空化特征同设计工况有所差异;随着NPSH的降低,叶轮内空化不断加强,但是小流量工况下的空化强度始终不及设计工况;不同空化状态会导致叶片吸力面压力的变化,从而表现为叶片表面载荷分布的变化。     

基于熵产理论的竖井贯流泵流动损失特性

为了研究竖井贯流泵流动损失特性,基于URANS方法,采用FBM-CC湍流模型对竖井贯流泵内部流场进行了非定常计算,并利用熵产理论对不同流量工况下竖井贯流泵各部件的流动损失特性进行了定量分析。结果表明:FBM-CC湍流模型能够有效预测竖井贯流泵水力性能,与试验结果较为吻合;竖井贯流泵流动损失从大到小依次为叶轮段、出水流道、导叶体、进水流道;叶轮段能量损失的主要来源是湍流耗散,其熵产比率最高可达92%;涡流和流动分离导致出现局部高熵产区域;临界失速工况叶轮轮毂处存在大量涡流,轮缘处流动相对较稳定;深度失速工况受叶顶间隙泄漏流影响,叶轮进口轮缘处出现流动分离,随着流量进一步减小进水流道流态受到影响,叶片前缘出现分离涡。     

核主泵关键过流部件非定常流动特性分析

为改善核主泵的水力性能,减少核电事故,促进核主泵的国产化,对混流式核主泵的水力单元进行了定常与非定常数值计算,以探究其关键过流部件的流动特性。对流量在0.2~1.0 Q0工况条件下核主泵的外特性进行了分析,重点对其极小流量工况、最优工况以及设计工况下叶轮与压水室的内流特性进行了分析研究。结果表明,叶轮叶片的进口靠近后盖板的位置容易出现涡流,在叶轮的出口部位,压力脉动最为剧烈,而且叶轮的压力波动幅度明显要高于压水室的;压水室类球形蜗壳内的流体流动呈螺旋状,在其近壁面,特别是类隔舌的位置,较易形成不稳定的流动;叶轮与压水室压力脉动的主频与叶频相近,核主泵水力单元的最优工况出现在0.8 Q0,其效率为82.22%;同时研究结果还表明,如果流量过小,则易造成大量的绕流漩涡,而且压力脉动的程度也将随之显著增加。     

Experimental investigation of velocity fluctuations in a radial diffuser pump

The strong interaction in a radial pump due to the relative movement between the impeller and the diffuser may excite not only strong pressure fluctuations but also velocity fluctuations. In this paper, the laser Doppler velocimetry(LDV) technique is successfully applied to measure the periodic flow field in a radial diffuser pump with low-specific speed, in order to investigate the velocity fluctuations caused by the impeller-diffuser interactions both in the impeller and diffuser regions. The velocity fluctuations in the impeller region are quantitatively examined at different radial positions, and the flow structure at the radial gap between two flow components is analyzed at different relative positions. In addition, the downstream effect on the diffuser flow is quantitatively and qualitatively assessed and compared with the turbulence effect.     

水平轴潮流能水轮机叶片变桨角度研究

利用Flow-3D软件建立了单桩型水平轴潮流能发电机的三维数值模型。采用该模型对不同叶片变桨角度时的水动力过程进行了模拟计算,并根据计算结果从叶轮转速、叶轮动能、叶轮受力、水位和流速变化的角度进行了分析和讨论。数值模拟结果表明：当叶片变桨角度增大时,来流方向的叶轮受力和叶轮动能也都随之增大;变桨角度对于与来流垂直的y和z方向的叶轮受力影响较小;叶片变桨角度越大、水轮机下游附近流速降低的越快,流速就越小,而在水轮机下游较远处,叶片变桨角度越大,尾流场恢复得越快,其流速也越大。     

Application of modified κ-ω model to predicting cavitating flow in centrifugal pump

Considering the compressibility of the cavity in the cavitating flow, this paper presents a modified κ-ω model for predicting the cavitating flow in a centrifugal pump, in which the modified κ-ω model and Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model were combined with ANSYS CFX. To evaluate the modified and standard κ-ω models, numerical simulations were performed with these two models, respectively, and the calculation results were compared with the experimental data. Numerical simulations were executed with three different values of the flow coefficient, and the simulation results of the modified κ-ω model showed agreement with most of the experimental data. The cavitating flow in the centrifugal pump obtained by the modified κ-ω model at the design flow coefficient of 0.102, was analyzed. When the cavitation number decreases, the cavity initially generates on the suction side of the blade near the leading edge and then expands to the outlet of the impeller, and the decrease of the total pressure coefficient mainly occurs upstream of the impeller passage, while the downstream remains almost unaffected by the development of cavitation.     

Unsteady flow structures in centrifugal pump under two types of stall conditions

The stall is an unsteady flow phenomenon that always causes instabilities and low efficiency for pumps. This paper focuses on the unsteady flow structures and evolutions under two types of stall conditions in centrifugal pump impellers. Two centrifugal pump impellers, one with 6 and another with 5 blades, are considered and a developed large-eddy simulation method is adopted. The results show that the alternative stall occurs in the impeller with 6 blades, while, the rotating stall is observed in that with 5 blades. The flow structure and the pressure fluctuation characteristics are further analyzed. For the alternative stall, the stall cells are fixed relative to the impeller, but a large vortex in the stalled passage is always swaying. The outlet vortex is generated from it, and then develops and sheds periodically. For the rotating stall, the stall cells first occur in the suction side of the blade. With the growth of the stall cells, the block area gradually increases until the inlet region is almost blocked, then moves to the pressure side with a continuous decay. When the rotating stall occurs, the amplitude of the pressure fluctuation is much larger than that under the alternative stall condition. The propagation of the stall cells has a significant effect on the pressure fluctuations in the impeller.     

叶轮与导叶匹配关系对立式离心泵水力特性影响的实验研究

大型含导叶立式离心泵广泛应用于高扬程远距离调水,旋转叶轮与静止导叶动静干涉引起的无叶区内高幅值压力脉动是影响其稳定运行的关键因素.为研究叶轮与导叶匹配关系对水泵水力特性的影响,对3台模型泵开展能量特性与压力脉动同台对比实验,分别监测了进水流道、无叶区和压水室的压力脉动信号,并进行时域和频域分析.结果表明:泵运行流量越靠...