Simulation on kink-band formation during axial compression of a unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced plastic constructed by X-ray computed tomography images

X-ray computed tomography was used to obtain cross-sectional images of a unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced plastic, where fiber locations in each cross-sectional image were identified. The three-dimensional model with fiber waviness was developed by connecting the fiber locations along the fiber direction. Numerical simulation for the initiation and formation of a kink-band during axial compression was performed using the three-dimensional finite element model. The load was increased almost linearly until it reached the compressive strength, after which both load and displacement were decreased, showing snap-back behavior. The matrix yielded locally with the increased axial compression, and fibers started to fall due to insufficient support by the yielded matrix. A kink-band was formed with an increase in the yielded area, and thus, the initiation of a kink-band was defined as the local yielding of the matrix. It was also shown that the kink-band was formed at the longitudinal location at which the average of initial local fiber misalignment angles in the cross-section was relatively large.     

In situ observation of kink-band formation in a unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic by X-ray computed tomography imaging

A compression test of a unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) rectangular coupon was performed in an X-ray computed tomography (CT) system. Internal compressive failure of the CFRP was observed under loading. Two-dimensional fiber microbuckling developed non-uniformly in the specimen, and enlarged locally at one side. Fiber failure then initiated at the side edge and propagated through the whole cross section. A two-dimensional kink-band developed as a result of two-dimensional fiber microbuckling. The out-of-plane and in-plane band widths and band angles were almost the same. The coupon specimen twisted slightly owing to the two-dimensional kink-band, which resulted, macroscopically, in a transverse and through-thickness shear failure mode. The scenario of kink-band failure in a unidirectional CFRP coupon was revealed by X-ray CT imaging.     

The Ni-plated carbon fiber as a tracer for observation of the fiber orientation in the carbon fiber reinforced plastic with X-ray CT

Microfocus X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is effective to evaluate the 3-dimensional (3D) structure (position and orientation) of the fillers in the composites. However, the observation of the carbon fiber (CF) in resin by XCT is not easy due to the small difference between X-ray attenuation coefficient of CF and that of resin. We conducted XCT scanning of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) containing Ni-plated CF. The fiber orientation can be clearly observed in CT images due to a large X-ray attenuation coefficient of Ni-plating. Ni-plated CF essentially showed the same fiber orientation as that of normal CF. We also carried out the 3D characterization of the fiber orientation in an injection-molded dumbbell specimen with weld line. The fibers around the weld line are oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the specimen.     

基于微观尺度X射线断层扫描技术的短切碳纤维SMC复合材料失效分析

短切碳纤维片状模塑料(SMC)复合材料内部复杂的纤维三维分布及其造成的多样微裂纹演化过程加剧了其失效分析的难度。针对短切碳纤维SMC复合材料的失效行为进行研究, 提出采用微观尺度X射线断层扫描技术实时表征材料内部的微观结构, 捕捉碳纤维和微裂纹的几何信息, 结合先进的图像采集和图像处理技术, 进而准确重构出短切碳纤维SMC复合材料在受力过程中的三维结构变化以及微裂纹的完整演变过程, 定量测量微裂纹的几何尺寸, 实现损伤的精准诊断, 并利用Tsai-Wu失效判据和界面开裂后的基体应力场理论等失效方法探究短切碳纤维SMC复合材料的失效机制。该方法的提出对于研究短切碳纤维SMC复合材料的失效过程以及分析相应的失效行为提供了重要依据。     

基于失效机制的单向纤维增强树脂复合材料退化模型基于失效机制的单向纤维增强树脂复合材料退化模型

基于复合材料力学理论和失效机制,建立了一种新的适用于单向纤维增强树脂基复合材料的突降退化模型,用于描述复合材料基本材料性能在不同模式失效发生后的衰减行为。在模型中不仅考虑了复合材料拉伸和压缩弹性模量的差别,还考虑了损伤后材料拉伸和压缩性能退化的不同,以及裂纹闭合效应和侧向约束对压缩失效后性能的影响。另外,该模型只需要基本材料参数作为输入,便于应用。为了验证所提出的模型,建立了T800碳纤维增强X850环氧树脂基复合材料的退化模型,并对典型复合材料螺栓连接结构的拉伸失效行为进行渐进损伤分析。数值模拟获得的结构破坏载荷、破坏形式及载荷位移曲线与试验结果有较好的一致性,验证了所提出模型的计算精度和有效性。      

Dynamic modulus simulation of the asphalt concrete using the X-ray computed tomography images

The objective of this study is to predict the dynamic modulus of asphalt mixture using both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) Distinct Element Method (DEM) generated from the X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) images. The 3D internal microstructure of the asphalt mixtures (i.e., spatial distribution of aggregate, sand mastic and air voids) was obtained using the X-ray CT. The X-ray CT images provided exact locations of aggregate, sand mastic and air voids to develop 2D and 3D models. An experimental program was developed with a uniaxial compression test to measure the dynamic modulus of sand mastic and asphalt mixtures at different temperatures and loading frequencies. In the DEM simulation, the mastic dynamic modulus and aggregate elastic modulus were used as input parameters to predict the asphalt mixture dynamic modulus. Three replicates of a 3D DEM and six replicates of a 2D DEM were used in the simulation. The strain response of the asphalt concrete under a compressive load was monitored, and the dynamic modulus was computed. The moduli of the 3D DEM and 2D DEM were then compared with both the experimental measurements results. It was revealed that the 3D discrete element models successfully predicted the asphalt mixture dynamic modulus over a range of temperatures and loading frequencies. It was found that 2D discrete element models under predicted the asphalt mixture dynamic modulus.     

钢纤维增强超高性能混凝土抗压性能的细观数值模拟

利用LS-DYNA软件在细观层次上建立了三维钢纤维增强超高性能混凝土（Steel fiber reinforced ultra-high performance concrete,SF/UHPC）圆柱体试件有限元模型,对其轴心受压下的力学性能和裂缝发展进行了数值模拟。在验证细观数值模型的有效性和合理性的基础上进行参数分析,着重研究了钢纤维体积率、钢纤维长径比、形状效应和尺寸效应对超高性能钢纤维混凝土抗压强度、韧性和破坏形态的影响。最终,根据模拟结果拟合了超高性能钢纤维混凝土抗压强度计算公式。结果表明：三维超高性能钢纤维混凝土细观模型可以较好地模拟单轴受压应力条件下混凝土的静力性能和损伤破坏机制,所拟合的公式也能较好地预测超高性能钢纤维混凝土的抗压强度。     

In-situ X-ray computed tomography characterisation of 3D fracture evolution and image-based numerical homogenisation of concrete

In-situ micro X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) tests of concrete cubes under progressive compressive loading were carried out to study 3D fracture evolution. Both direct segmentation of the tomography and digital volume correlation (DVC) mapping of the displacement field were used to characterise the fracture evolution. Realistic XCT-image based finite element (FE) models under periodic boundaries were built for asymptotic homogenisation of elastic properties of the concrete cube with Young's moduli of cement and aggregates measured by micro-indentation tests. It is found that the elastic moduli obtained from the DVC analysis and the FE homogenisation are comparable and both within the Reuss-Voigt theoretical bounds, and these advanced techniques (in-situ XCT, DVC, micro-indentation and image-based simulations) offer highly-accurate, complementary functionalities for both qualitative understanding of complex 3D damage and fracture evolution and quantitative evaluation of key material properties of concrete.     

碳纤维增强水泥基复合材料屏蔽性能的研究

现代电子技术的迅速发展不可避免地带来了电磁辐射所造成的环境污染.选择合适的屏蔽材料,利用其反射、吸收、多层反射等功能是消除电磁污染的有效手段.碳纤维除具有高弹性、高模量、低密度、耐腐蚀等优良性能被当作许多复合材料的增强体外,还具有良好的导电性,将其加入到水泥基体中制成碳纤维增强水泥基复合材料(CFRC),不仅使水泥自身力学性能得到改善,而且可作为防止电磁辐射或核辐射的优良屏蔽体.     

热氧老化对碳纤维织物增强聚合物基复合材料弯曲性能的影响

为了探索增强体结构对碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料(CF-PMCs)热氧老化后弯曲性能的影响,对三维四向编织碳纤维/环氧复合材料(简称为三维编织复合材料)和层合平纹碳布/环氧复合材料(简称为层合复合材料)的热氧老化性能进行了研究。利用FTIR、老化失重、弯曲测试和SEM等手段分析了热氧老化前后的试样。结果表明:热氧老化导致基体树脂的氧化断链以及纤维/基体界面结合力的退化是两种复合材料弯曲强度和弯曲模量下降的原因,弯曲强度比弯曲模量更容易受热氧老化的影响。在相同的热氧老化条件下,层合复合材料的热氧老化失重大于三维编织复合材料的,而三维编织复合材料的弯曲强度和弯曲模量保留率均大于层合复合材料的。在140℃下老化1 200h后,层合复合材料的弯曲强度和弯曲模量保留率分别为74.7%和88.3%,而对应的三维编织复合材料的分别为79.4%和91.5%。因此,采用三维编织预制件作为CF-PMCs的增强体是一种有效的提高其热氧稳定性的方法。     

碳纤维增强复合材料雷击损伤实验及电-热耦合仿真

为了研究碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)在雷电流作用下的损伤规律,对CFRP进行了雷电流直接效应实验和电-热耦合效应仿真。首先,利用冲击电流发生装置进行了雷电流的直接效应实验,对比了不同电流峰值情况下CFRP的表面损伤情况,并通过C扫描观察了内部损伤。实验结果表明:CFRP的损伤范围随电流峰值增大而显著增大,且内部损伤的范围远大于表面损伤的范围。之后,对试件进行了电-热耦合有限元分析,并利用叠加的温度场范围近似表示内部损伤的范围,与实验结果的对比说明了此方法的有效性。不同类型及不同作用积分的冲击电流作用下的电-热耦合分析结果表明,作用积分是影响损伤范围的重要因素。     

基于宏观各向异性碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料的切削仿真

为了对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料切削加工过程中的基体破坏及亚表层损伤机制进行研究,借助数值仿真方法建立了基于宏观各向异性的复合材料正交切削有限元模型。采用Hashin-Damage失效准则,通过定义纤维拉伸断裂、压缩屈曲极限应力及基体横向拉伸断裂、剪切断裂极限应力等数值,建立了复合材料切削加工动态物理仿真模型。通过切削力仿真值与实验值的比较,验证了仿真模型的有效性。通过对0°和90°纤维方向复合材料基体开裂和压溃的分析发现,当进入稳定切削后,基体开裂方向与纤维方向平行,而基体的压溃主要发生在刀尖周围。分析了纤维方向对复合材料亚表面损伤深度的影响,随着纤维方向角度的增加,工件亚表面裂纹损伤深度呈增长趋势。     

基于纤维束增强树脂基复合材料测试的单向层合板层间剪切性能的预估方法

纤维束增强树脂基复合材料（FBC）及其单向层合板在标准Iosipescu剪切实验中表现出非常相似的破坏特征,然而测量得到的剪切强度却有明显差异。本文使用两种碳纤维和两种环氧树脂制备了3种FBC和单向层合板,对FBC剪切强度和单向层合板层间剪切强度进行了测量与分析。应用界面单元方法分析了纤维束与基体之间的界面应力场,发现FBC剪切试件中纤维束/基体界面附近的应力状态为拉剪耦合,而单向层合板中界面处于纯剪切应力状态,这一差异导致FBC剪切实验测量的强度低于单向层合板的剪切强度。本文基于Yamada-Sun强度理论建立了FBC剪切强度与单向层合板剪切强度之间的关系模型,应用该模型预测的单向层合板剪切强度与实测强度之间达到良好的一致性,相对偏差为10%左右。根据本文提出的方法,通过制样较简单的FBC试验能够预测和评估相应单向层合板的层间剪切性能。     

Determination of damage micromechanisms and fracture resistance of glass fiber/epoxy cross-ply laminate by means of X-ray computed microtomography

The onset and evolution of the damage in three dimensions was studied by X-ray computed micro-tomography (XCT) in a notched glass fiber/epoxy cross-ply laminate subjected to three-point bending. It was found that damage began by formation of intraply cracks in the 90° plies followed by intraply cracking the 0° plies. Fiber fracture in front of the notch tip occurred at 65% of the maximum load and finally fiber kinking and interply delamination took place under the loading point. Finite element (FE) simulations were carried out to understand crack initiation and the redistribution of stresses upon crack propagation. The crack area corresponding to each damage mechanism was quantified from the XCT images, and this information was used to determine the effective fracture resistance curve of the cross-ply laminate.     

喷铝涂层碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料抗雷击性能实验及仿真

为了研究喷铝涂层对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（Carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP）结构的雷击防护（LSP）性能,开展了实验和数值仿真研究。对未防护CFRP材料开展的雷击过程观测、损伤测试及超声C扫描检测结果表明：雷电流直接效应会对CFRP造成明显的可见损伤,且焦耳热效应会在雷电流注入到材料中后持续作用,引起更大范围的内部损伤;对全喷铝CFRP开展的雷击测试表明,喷铝涂层能够显著减小CFRP表面的雷击损伤面积,且涂层厚度越大,LSP效果越好。基于实验结果,采用随温度变化的材料参数建立了未防护、全喷铝及十字形喷铝3种CFRP结构的电热耦合效应仿真模型,并与实验结果进行对比,验证了仿真方法的有效性。最后,利用所建立的模型分析了雷电流A波作用下喷铝涂层的LSP性能。结果表明,当全喷铝涂层的厚度为0.19 mm时,CFRP的损伤面积占比随结构的增重比达到最优;而对十字形涂层来说,雷电流传导路径所在的分支宽度应不小于20 mm,非传导路径所在的分支则可根据需要尽量减小宽度。     

Computation of permeability of a non-crimp carbon textile reinforcement based on X-ray computed tomography images

The paper demonstrates the possibility of a correct (within the experimental scatter) calculation of a textile reinforcement permeability based on X-ray micro-computed tomography registration of the textile internal architecture, introduces the image segmentation procedures to achieve the necessary precision of reconstruction of the geometry and studies variability of the geometry and local permeability. The homogenized permeability of a non-crimp textile reinforcement is computed using computational fluid dynamics with voxel geometrical models. The models are constructed from X-ray computed tomography images using a statistical image segmentation method based on a Gaussian mixture model. The computed permeability shows a significant variability across different unit cells, in the range of (0.5…3.5) × 10⁻⁴ mm², which is strongly correlated with the solid volume fraction in the unit cell.     

Investigation of the damage evolution of metal inserts embedded in carbon fiber reinforced plastic by means of computed tomography and acoustic emission

Carbon fiber reinforced plastics are promising materials for lightweight structures, for instance in automotive applications due to their outstanding specific mechanical properties. However, the load transfer in structural carbon fiber reinforced plastics parts via a detachable connection poses a challenge for the composite. Conventionally, the parts have to be drilled for this purpose whereby the fiber continuity is interrupted and hence the associated local stress accumulation decreases the load bearing capacity of the composite. This can be prevented by using embedded metal elements, so‐called inserts, for joining parts in structures. The damage behavior under tensile loading of inserts turned out to be extremely complex and is based on different mechanisms. In order to understand the damage evolution under tensile loading detailed knowledge about the deformation of the insert, crack growth in the laminate and debonding between metal insert and carbon fiber reinforced plastics is necessary. This paper aims for an investigation of the in situ failure behavior during tensile loading of composite sheets equipped with two different types of inserts by means of acoustic emission and computed tomography analysis. An inductive strain gauge was additionally installed underneath the laminate when performing the tensile tests monitored by acoustic emission analysis.     

Non-invasive and rapid analysis for observation of internal structure of press-coated tablet using X-ray computed tomography

Background: Since the internal structure of a tablet can be measured without destruction of the sample by X‐ray computed tomography (CT), it could be applied to quality control of tablets during the manufacturing process. Aim: A novel, fast, noninvasive tablet observation method was developed to evaluate the internal structure of commercial press-coated tablets by using X-ray CT. Method: Thirty-two CT image slices of four kinds of commercial press-coated tablets (tablets A, B, C, and D) were measured 300 m interval between edges of the tablet by using an X-ray CT. The thinnest layer thickness of the tablets and distance between centers of gravity (DCG) of tables were calculated. Results: The order of the TLT of the tablets was tablet B > tablet C > tablet D > tablet A. The result indicated that the order of DCG was tablet A > tablet D > tablet C > tablet B. Noninvasive observation of the internal structure of commercial, press-coated tablets by X-ray CT has been demonstrated to be useful in quality control of production. Conclusion: The internal structure of press-coated tablets could be observed without pretreatment, without destruction, and very rapidly by X‐ray CT.     

连续纤维增强树脂复合材料纵向压缩强度预测模型的发展及其影响因素

基于高强、高韧、高模和压拉平衡为特征的第三代先进复合材料的需求,综述了连续纤维增强树脂复合材料纵向压缩强度预测模型的发展历程。基于纤维微屈曲、纤维扭结带、联合预测模型及渐进损伤失效模型,分别讨论了连续纤维增强树脂复合材料压缩失效机制,并在联合预测模型基础上,探究了碳纤维（直径、模量、体积分数、初始偏角）、树脂基体（弹性模量、剪切模量）及纤维/树脂界面三要素对连续纤维增强树脂复合材料纵向压缩强度和压缩失效形式的影响。      

Compression test of a single carbon fiber in a scanning electron microscope and its evaluation via finite element analysis

A longitudinal compression test for a single polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber (T300) was performed using a scanning electron microscope. The compressive stress/strain behavior was initially linear, but subsequently became nonlinear. The longitudinal tangent modulus decreased with increasing compressive strain. A cyclic compression test revealed that the T300 carbon fiber deformed elastically up to ~90% compressive strength. The variability in the compressive strength was evaluated using Weibull analysis. The representative compressive strength of the T300 carbon fiber was nearly the same as the tensile strength. The compressive strength of the T300 carbon fiber was almost same as that of the high-tensile strength T800S carbon fiber. Finite element analysis was performed to investigate the validity of the test method. The results showed that the longitudinal compressive stress on the carbon fiber varied during longitudinal compressive loading. The maximum longitudinal compressive stress in the carbon fiber was slightly higher than the average compressive strength applied at the end. However, the variability in the measured compressive strength was much higher than that in the longitudinal compressive stress on the carbon fiber, which does not affect the former.