The investigation of MCM-48-type and MCM-41-type mesoporous silica as oral solid dispersion carriers for water insoluble cilostazol

Objective: To explore the suitable application of MCM-41 (Mobil Composition of Matter number forty-one)-type and MCM-48-type mesoporous silica in the oral water insoluble drug delivery system.

Methods: Cilostazol (CLT) as a model drug was loaded into synthesized MCM-48 (Mobil Composition of Matter number forty-eight) and commercial MCM-41 by three common methods. The obtained MCM-41, MCM-48 and CLT-loaded samples were characterized by means of nitrogen adsorption, thermogravimetric analysis, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometer.

Results: It was found that solvent evaporation method was preferred according to the drug loading efficiency and the maximum percent cumulative drug dissolution. MCM-48 with 3D cubic pore structure and MCM-41 with 2D long tubular structure are nearly spherical particles in 300–500?nm. Nevertheless, the silica carriers with similar large specific surface areas and concentrating pore size distributions (978.66?m²/g, 3.8?nm for MCM-41 and 1108.04?m²/g, 3.6?nm for MCM-48) exhibited different adsorption behaviors for CLT. The maximum percent cumulative drug release of the two CLT/silica solid dispersion (CLT-MCM-48 and CLT-MCM-41) was 63.41% and 85.78% within 60?min, respectively; while in the subsequent 12?h release experiment, almost 100% cumulative drug release were both obtained. In the pharmacokinetics aspect, the maximum plasma concentrations of CLT-MCM-48 reached 3.63?mg/L by 0.92?h. The AUC_0–∞ values of the CLT-MCM-41 and CLT-MCM-48 were 1.14-fold and 1.73-fold, respectively, compared with the commercial preparation.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that MCM-41-type and MCM-48-type mesoporous silica have great promise as solid dispersion carriers for sustained and immediate release separately.     

介孔分子筛MCM-41的合成方法与晶化条件

介孔材料MCM-41具有规则孔道结构,在多相催化、吸附分离、复合材料、纳米组装等领域有着重要的学术研究与应用价值.其可以通过长链季铵盐、伯胺、双子胺或聚氧乙烯类表面活性剂胶束的模板作用,在多种不同的条件下合成.综述了MCM-41介孔分子筛近年来所取得的进展,介绍和讨论了各种合成工艺方法,归纳和分析了影响其合成的主要因素.     

Functionalization of mesoporous MCM-41 for the delivery of curcumin as an anti-inflammatory therapy

In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) composed of MCM-41 were synthesized and modified with amine groups (i.e., NH₂) to form NH_2/MCM-41, which was loaded with curcumin (CUR) to form CUR@NH₂/MCM-41 to create an efficient carriers in drug delivery systems (DDSs). The three samples (i.e., pure MCM-41, NH₂/MCM-41, and CUR@NH₂/MCM-41) were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transition electron microscopy (TEM), and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The study investigated the effect of the carrier dose, CUR concentration, pH, and contact time on the drug loading efficiency (DLE%) by adsorption. The best DLE% for MCM-41 and NH₂/MCM-41 was found to be 15.78 and 80%, respectively. This data demonstrated that the Langmuir isotherm had a greater correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.9840 for MCM-41 and 0.9666 for NH₂/MCM-41 than the Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model seems to fit well with R² = 0.9741 for MCM-41 and R² = 0.9977 for NH₂/MCM-41. A phosphate buffer solution (PBS) with a pH of 7.4 was utilized to study CUR release behavior. As a result, the full release after 72 h was found to have a maximum of 74.1% and 29.95% for pure MCM-41 and NH₂/MCM-41, respectively. The first-order, Weibull, Hixson-Crowell, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Higuchi kinetic release models were applied to releasing CUR from CUR@MCM-41 and CUR@NH₂/MCM-41. The Weibull kinetic model fit well, with R² = 0.944 and 0.96912 for pure MCM-41 and NH₂/MCM-41, respectively.     

TiO2在MCM-41内表面单层及双层分散的结构表征

首次以有机物钛酸丁酯为前驱体,合成了ＴiO2呈单层分散状态（Ｔi/Si=0．２０）或双层分散状态（Ｔi/Si=0．39)的介孔分子筛ＭＣＭ－４１（Si/Al=35）,并以ＸＲＤ,ＦＴＩＲ,Ｎ２吸附－脱附,固体ＵＶ－vis漫反等表征手段对其结构特征的氧化钛分散状态进行了研究,结果表明：ＴiO2在介孔分子筛ＭＣＭ－４１孔道中分散,ＭＣＭ－４１骨架结构结晶度降低,但是附着二层ＴiO2后,仍能保持长程有序结构;ＴiO2与ＭＣＭ－４１骨架结构结果度降低低,但是附着二层ＴiO2后,仍能保持长程有序结构,ＴiO2与ＭＣＭ－４１孔道表面的ＳiO2比化学键连接,生成Ｓi-O-Ti键;无论是单层还是双层分散的ＴiO2在ＭＣＭ－４１内孔壁均匀分散,且由于ＴiO2粒子的减小使其对紫外光的吸收发生明显的蓝移现象。.     

Amine-impregnated MCM-41 in post-combustion CO2 capture: Synthesis,characterization, isotherm modelling

In this study, a composite mesoporous silica material MCM-41 (Mobil composite matter) is impregnated with monoethanolamine (MEA) as primary linear amine, benzylamine (BZA) as primary cyclic amine and N-(2-aminoethyl) ethanolamine (AEEA) as secondary diamine and the effects of amine loading, amine type, CO₂ partial pressure and adsorption temperatures on the CO₂ adsorption are investigated. The CO₂ adsorption performances of MCM-41 and amine impregnated MCM-41 samples are studied up to 1 bar of CO₂ partial pressure and the temperature range of 25–60 °C. The amine loadings (% impregnation) are optimized for maximum CO₂ uptake. The materials are characterised using N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherm, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric (TGA) and Elemental (CHNS) analysis. The materials have shown good structural and thermal stability. The MCM-41-40%AEEA, MCM-41-40%BZA and MCM-41-50%MEA samples are exhibited the CO₂ adsorption capacity of 2.34 mmol/g (102.98 mg/g), 0.908 mmol/g (39.96 mg/g) and 1.47 mmol/g (64.69 mg/g) respectively. The CO₂ uptake of MCM-41-40%AEEA is 3.5 times higher than that of in MCM-41 (0.68 mmol/g) and it is also the highest reported value as di-amine impregnated MCM-41. The results indicated that the adsorption capacities of the materials (MCM-41 and MCM-41-40%AEEA) are decreased with an increase of adsorption temperature in the range of 25–60 °C. The Freundlich, Langmuir, Sips and Toth isotherm models are used to correlate and predict experimental CO₂ adsorption data. The Sips and Toth isotherm models are found to be better fitted with the experimental data. The isosteric heat of adsorption of MCM-41 and MCM-41-40%AEEA samples are also calculated from Van’t Hoff plot using iSorbHP-win instrumental analysis software in the experimental temperature range.     

TiO_2在MCM-41内表面单层及双层分散的结构表征

首次以有机物钛酸丁酯为前驱体,合成了ＴｉＯ２呈单层分散状态（Ｔｉ／Ｓｉ＝０.２０）或双层分散状态（Ｔｉ／Ｓｉ＝０．３９）的介孔分子筛ＭＣＭ－４１（Ｓｉ／Ａｌ＝３５）,并以 ＸＲＤ,ＦＴＩＲ,Ｎ２吸附－脱附,固体ＵＶ－ｖｉｓ 漫反射等表征手段对其结构特征和氧化钛分散状态进行了研究．结果表明： ＴｉＯ２在介孔分子筛ＭＣＭ－４１孔道中分散, ＭＣＭ－４１骨架结构结晶度降低,但是附着二层ＴｉＯ２后,仍能保持长程有序结构; ＴｉＯ２与ＭＣＭ－４１孔道表面的ＳｉＯ２以化学键连接,生成Ｓｉ－Ｏ—Ｔｉ键;无论是单层还是双层分散的 ＴｉＯ２在 ＭＣＭ－４１内孔壁均匀分散;且由于ＴｉＯ２粒子的减小使其对紫外光的吸收发生明显的蓝移现象．     

杂原子MCM-41分子筛的合成和催化性能

采用水热合成法合成了金属原子(Zn,Ni,Fe,Al,Cu,Ce)掺杂的MCM-41介孔分子筛(简称T-MCM-41),并将其应用于邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基已)酯(DOP)的合成反应,研究了不同原子的掺杂对T-McM-41的结构,比表面积和孔径、酸性及催化性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的T-McM-41仍然具有六方有序排列结构,比表匝f积较高(550-900 m2/g)、孔径大(3 nm左右),杂原子的引入使T-MCM-41产生了酸中心,从而使其对DOP的合成具有很好的催化活性和选择性.用T-MCM-41(T=Zn,Fe,Al,Cu)催化DOP的合成反应,在5 h的反应时间内苯酐的转化率可以达到95.5%以上,DOP的选择性可达到96.5%以上.T-MCM-41催化剂具有很好的稳定性,Al-MCM-41在重复使用5次后仍具有较好的催化活性.     

配合物[Fe(bipy)2]3+修饰的MCM-41的合成与表征

以γ－氨丙基修饰介孔分子筛ＭＣＭ－４１内孔壁,将引入的γ－氨丙基与金属配位离子［Ｆｅ（ｂｉｐｙ）_２］^３＋通过配位键首次合成了金属配位化合物修饰的ＭＣＭ－４１（ＭＣＭ－ａｐ－Ｆｅ（ｂｉｐｙ）_２）．通过ＸＲＤ,７７Ｋ氮气吸附－脱附曲线,固体ＵＶ－ｖｉｓ漫反射光谱和循环伏安曲线表征了复合物ＭＣＭ－ａｐ－Ｆｅ（ｂｉｐｙ）_２。由于［Ｆｅ（ｂｉｐｙ）_２］^３＋的引入,使 ＭＣＭ－ａｐ－Ｆｅ（ｂｉｐｙ）_２的结晶度降低, ＢＥＴ比表面积、孔容和最可几孔径急剧下降．γ－氨丙基与Ｆｅ^３＋的配位而使其ＵＶ－ｖｉｓ漫反射吸收光谱与ＭＣＭ－Ｆｅ（ｂｉｐｙ）_２不同;循环伏安特性曲线表明ＭＣＭ－ａｐ－Ｆｅ（ｂｉｐｙ）_２在电化学上比浸渍法制备的ＭＣＭ－Ｆｅ（ｂｉｐｙ）_２稳定．     

纳米Au团簇在氧化钛修饰的介孔分子筛MCM-41中的组装

以钛酸丁酯为ＴｉＯ_２前驱体,使ＴｉＯ_２均匀分散于纯硅介孔分子筛ＭＣＭ－４１的介孔孔道内表面,利用ＴｉＯ_２光学性质将ＡｕＣｌ－４还原为Ａｕ（０）并组装于氧化钛修饰的ＭＣＭ－４１孔道中．对所合成的Ａｕ负载的氧化钛修饰的ＭＣＭ－４１进行了ＸＲＤ,ＸＰＳ,Ｎ_２吸附－脱附曲线,及固体ＵＶ－Ｖｉｓ漫反射等多种结构表征．由ＸＰＳ谱和固体ＵＶ－Ｖｉｓ漫反射吸收光谱的ｐｌａｓｍｏｎ吸收峰证明Ａｕ团簇呈现０价的金属状态．     

Synthesis and characterization of surface-modified and organic-functionalized MCM-41 type ordered mesoporous materials

A new and efficient method for the preparation of MCM-41 type ordered mesoporous phases using phosphate as promoter under reflux conditions is reported. The various mesoporous materials studied were: silica (Si-MCM-41), alumino-silicate (Al-MCM-41), and titanium-silicate (Ti-MCM-41). Our concept of promoter-assisted synthesis of zeolites and related microporous materials was found to be applicable in the synthesis of ordered mesoporous materials as well. The addition of small catalytic quantity of phosphate ions (PO ₄ ³⁻ ), used as promoters, significantly reduced the synthesis time (by a factor of 3–4) of all these mesoporous materials. The synthesis of new MCM-41 type organic-inorganic composite materials with unique properties is also reported.     

MoO3在介孔分子筛MCM-41上分散和存在状态的研究

在773K加热MoO₃和MCM-41的机械混合物,可以实现 MoO₃分散在介孔分子筛MCM-41表面,用透射电镜和选区电子衍射,配合XRD和液氮温度下氮吸附-脱附曲线和BJH孔径分布,研究了活性组分MoO₃在有序介孔材料MCM-41上的存在状态,以及MoO₃分散到MCM-41表面后MCM-41的结构变化情况.结果表明:当MoO₃的含量小于单层分散阈值,加热后MoO₃的XRD衍射峰彻底消失;用HRTEM观察不到分散在MCM-41表面或孔道中的MoO₃颗粒,而EDS能谱证明在MCM-41的孔道中有呈分散态的MoO₃存在.MoO₃的含量大于单层分散阈值,通过加热不能使MoO₃完全分散在MCM-41表面,而且XRD、HRTEM、氮吸附-脱附等温线和孔径分布都表明由于MoO₃的分散量较大,载体MCM-41的有序介孔结构遭到破坏.     

Laccase immobilized on methylene blue modified mesoporous silica MCM-41/PVA

The mesoporous silica sieve MCM-41 containing methylene blue (MB) provides a suitable immobilization of biomolecule matrix due to its uniform pore structure, high surface areas, good biocompatibility and nice conductivity. Based on this, a facilely fabricated amperometric biosensor by entrapping laccase into the MB modified MCM-41/PVA composite film has been developed. Laccase from Trametes versicolor is assembled on a composite film of MCM-41 containing MB/PVA modified Au electrode and the electrode is characterized with respect to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM), Cyclic voltammetry (CV), response time, detection limit, linear range and activity of laccase. The laccase modified electrode remains good redox behavior in pH 4.95 acetate buffer solution, at room temperature in present of 0.1 mM catechol. The response time (t_90%) of the modified electrode is less than 4 s for catechol. The detection limit is 0.331 µM and the linear detect range is about from 4.0 µM to 87.98 µM for catechol with a correlation coefficient of 0.99913(S/N = 3). The apparent Michaelis–Menten (K_M^app) is estimated using the Lineweaver–Burk equation and the K_M^app value is about 0.256 mM. This work demonstrated that the mesoporous silica MCM-41 containing MB provides a novel support for laccase immobilization and the construction of biosensors with a faster response and better bioactivity.     

Hollow MCM-41 microspheres derived from P(St-MMA)/MCM-41 core/shell composite particles

In soap-free latex media, poly(styrene-methyl methacrylate)/MCM-41 core/shell composite microspheres have been fabricated by adding silicate source in batches. In this process, silicate species and the surfactant micelles were self-assembled into 2-dimensional hexagonal arrangement on the surface of P(St-MMA) microspheres. Hollow MCM-41 microspheres were obtained via removing polymer core by solvent. XRD, TEM, IR and N₂ adsorption-desorption analysis were applied to characterize products. The results showed that average diameter and wall thickness of hollow MCM-41 microspheres is about 240 nm and 20 nm, respectively. Results of N₂ adsorption-desorption indicate that hollow MCM-41 microspheres possess a highly ordered mesoporous structure and a narrow pore distribution with a mean value of 2.34 nm.     

温和条件下介孔分子筛MCM-41的修饰与表征

在温和条件下,以３－氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷为偶联剂,修饰介孔分子筛 ＭＣＭ－４１（Ｓｉ／Ａｌ＝３５）,成功地将有机官能团引入到介孔分子筛孔道中,制备了一种无机一有机复合材料ＭＣＭ－（ＣＨ_２）_３ＮＨ_２,以 ＸＲＤ、ＦＴＩＲ、ＤＴＡ－ＴＧＡ、 Ｎ_２吸附－脱附和 ＨＲＥＭ表征了复合材料;结果表明：有机基团－（ＣＨ_２）_３ＮＨ_２不仅进人孔道、修饰了ＭＣＭ－４１的孔壁,而且使介孔分子筛ＭＣＭ－４１保持了有序的孔道结构．     

金属Pt团簇在氧化钛修饰MCM-41中的组装

采用光沉积的合成方法将纳米金属Ｐｔ组装于氧化钛修饰ＭＣＭ－４１孔道中,并对合成的样品进行了ＸＲＤ、ＸＰＳ、ＵＶ－vis、Ｎ₂吸附－脱附等结构表征．光电子能谱表明组装的Ｐｔ呈金属状态;Ｎ_２吸附－脱附数据表明组装于孔道中的Ｐｔ虽然使ＭＣＭ－４１的ＢＥＴ比表面和孔容下降,但是由于Ｐｔ的组装量较小,使其对孔径分布的影响较小．由于Ｐｔ的引入,使其紫外－可见光漫反射吸收光谱与氧化钛修饰的ＭＣＭ－４１不同．     

MoO3在介孔分子筛MCM-41上分散和存在状态的研究

在773K加热MoO3和MCM－41的机械混合物，可以实现MoO3分散在介孔分子筛MCM－41表面，用透射电镜和选区电子衍射，配合XRD和液氮温度下氮吸附－脱附曲线和BJH孔径分布，研究了活性组分MoO3在有序介 材料MCM－41上的存在状态，以及MoO3分散到MCM－41表面后MCM－41的结构变化情况。结果表明：当MoO3的含量小于单层分散阈值，加热后MoO3的XRD衍射峰彻底消失，用HRTEM观察不到分散在MCM－41表面或孔道中的MoO3颗粒，而EDS能谱证明在MCM－41的孔道中有呈分散态的MoO3存在。MoO3的含量大于单层分散阈值，通过加热不能使MoO3完全分散在MCM－41表面，而且XRD、HRTEM、氮吸附－脱附等温线和孔径分布都表明由于MoO3的分散量较大，载体MCM－41的有序介孔结构遭到破坏。     

两步晶化法制备MCM-48/ZSM-5复合分子筛

利用两步晶化法制备了高水热稳定性的MCM48/ZSM-5介微孔复合分子筛.通过SEM、TEM、XRD、IR和N₂吸附脱附进行表征,结果显示,该材料的结构不同于简单的机械混合,而是具有微孔孔壁和三维立方介孔孔道的复合材料,其孔道尺寸为2.6nm左右.该复合分子筛在沸水中处理6h后,介孔结构仍保留完好.通过考察晶化时间对复合分子筛的影响,证明了介孔和微孔的组装是一个竞争的过程,复合分子筛中介孔与微孔结构的比例随晶化时间的变化而变化,且具有介孔孔道和微孔孔壁的复合分子筛150℃的最优晶化时间为8h.     

镧系金属掺杂MCM-41分子筛的合成与表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备并分析了掺杂铈、钕、铕、铒的MCM-41介孔材料,运用XRD、HRTEM、EDS和BET等方法考察了镧系金属元素掺杂对MCM-41结构的影响.研究结果表明,镧系金属元素掺杂到了MCM-41试样的骨架结构中.由于材料结构中的一部分Si⁴⁺被Ln³⁺所取代,介孔材料的有序孔道d值随着掺杂镧系离子半径的减小而降低,随着镧系元素掺杂量的增加而上升.     

超临界CO2方法制备环氧树脂/纳米介孔MCM-41复合材料

采用超临界方法先将环氧树脂低聚物引入介孔MCM-41的一维孔道内,再与基体溶液共混,制备出环氧树脂／MCM-41纳米复合材料．研究了复合材料的拉伸性能与填充复合颗粒含量的关系．结果表明,超临界的方法确实可将环氧树脂低聚物分子链引入到MCM-41的孔道,并占据孔道的绝大多数空间．环氧基团进入介孔的孔道中并使孔口处的环氧基团与基体环氧产生了较强的界面相互作用,增加了两者的相容性．填充含量较低的复合颗粒就能提高复合材料的拉伸性能．     

硅烷修饰对环氧树脂/纳米介孔MCM-41复合材料性能的影响

用偶联剂将纳米介孔MCM-41粉体修饰后与环氧树脂溶液共混,制备出环氧树脂/MCM-41纳米复合材料.研究了偶联剂的含量和不同溶剂的修饰对纳米介孔MCM-41粉体分散性和复合材料力学性能的影响.结果表明,加入适量的偶联剂和在极性较小的介质中修饰,可制备出单分散的纳米介孔MCM-41颗粒增强的新型网络复合材料.偶联剂中的有机基团-(CH2)3-NH2不仅进入孔道、修饰了MCM-41的孔壁,而且使介孔分子筛保持了有序的孔道结构.环氧树脂高分子链与偶联修饰后的MCM-41颗粒的内、外表面以强烈的化学键结合,使MCM-41颗粒均匀分散在聚合物基体中,提高了材料的力学性能,其拉伸强度比基体树脂提高了69%,杨氏模量提高了90%.