00Cr17高纯铁素体不锈钢热塑性的研究

为了充分认识00Cr17高纯铁素体不锈钢的热塑性,用Gleeble-2000热模拟试验机研究了00Cr17钢的热变形行为.利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对实验钢不同温度下的显微组织进行了观察和分析.结果表明,00Cr17高纯铁素体不锈钢在900～1050℃和高于1350℃下均出现了明显的脆性.在900～1050℃中温区,热塑性恶化主要是由于晶界上析出Cr23C6所致,而在1350℃以上的高温区,热塑性恶化主要是由于部分晶界优先开始熔化所致.     

Effect of boron on the hot ductility of 2.25Cr1Mo steel

The effect of boron on the hot ductility of 2.25Cr1Mo steel is investigated by means of a Gleeble 2000 thermomechanical simulator. There is a trough in the hot ductility–temperature curve, which is located between 1000 and 700 °C. The ductility trough shifts to lower temperatures with increasing boron content and the hot brittle range becomes shallow and narrow. In general, boron may improve the steel hot ductility in that it may retard the formation of pro-eutectoid ferrite and increase grain boundary cohesion. These effects may be related to the segregation of boron to austenite grain boundaries.     

Precipitate design for creep strengthening of 9% Cr tempered martensitic steel for ultra-supercritical power plants

Abstract

It is crucial for the carbon concentration of 9% Cr steel to be reduced to a very low level, so as to promote the formation of MX nitrides rich in vanadium as very fine and thermally stable particles to enable prolonged periods of exposure at elevated temperatures and also to eliminate Cr-rich carbides M₂₃C₆. Sub-boundary hardening, which is inversely proportional to the width of laths and blocks, is shown to be the most important strengthening mechanism for creep and is enhanced by the fine dispersion of precipitates along boundaries. The suppression of particle coarsening during creep and the maintenance of a homogeneous distribution of M₂₃C₆ carbides near prior austenite grain boundaries, which precipitate during tempering and are less fine, are effective for preventing the long-term degradation of creep strength and for improving long-term creep strength. This can be achieved by the addition of boron. The steels considered in this paper exhibit higher creep strength at 650 °C than existing high-strength steels used for thick section boiler components.     

Cu合金化对Cr9Mo1钢耐腐蚀及力学性能的影响

为了研究Cu元素对含Mo高Cr钢耐腐蚀性及力学性能的影响,本文通过添加Cu元素和热轧工艺,制备了含有0.2%(质量分数)Cu元素的两组不同含C量的Cr9Mo1钢.利用拉伸试验机、光学显微镜(OM)及盐雾试验箱等,对比研究了添加Cu元素前后,Cr9Mo1钢力学性能、组织形貌及耐盐雾腐蚀性能的变化.结果表明,添加Cu元素均可显著提高Cr9Mo1钢的耐腐蚀性,但对力学性能及组织形貌无显著影响.低C钢组添加Cu元素后耐腐蚀性显著提高,强度和延伸率仅略有提高;高C钢组添加Cu元素后耐腐蚀性显著提高,强度略有提高,延伸率有所降低.热轧后的低C钢组的基体组织为混晶铁素体,高C钢组的基体为马氏体组织和少量δ铁素体.C含量的多少主要影响钢的力学性能,对耐腐蚀性的影响无显著差异.相较于含C量低的Cr9Mo1钢,含C量高的Cr9Mo1钢强度较高、塑性较差,但耐腐蚀性基本相同.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of as-deposited and heat-treated additive manufactured 9Cr steel

Wire arc additive manufacturing technology has been applied to fabricate 9Cr ferritic/martensitic steel. The steel is widely used in the power industries because of good performances. The effects of different heat treatment conditions on microstructure, hardness, tensile properties, and Charpy impact toughness were investigated. The results show that the microstructure of the as-deposited condition consists of untempered lath martensitic with high strength and low toughness. It was found that heat treatment can change the microstructure characteristics. Moreover, samples after heat treatment have been observed with high elongation and impact toughness but relatively low hardness and tensile strength. The better combination of strength, ductility and microstructure were obtained for the normalising temperature of 1323?K and tempering temperature of 1033?K.     

Cr9Mo铸钢组织和性能的研究

研究了Cr9Mo铸钢组织和性能之间的关系。依据试验结果,指出了热处理工艺变化对其组织、性能的影响,并与Cr5Mo铸钢作比较。     

冷却速率对1Cr18Ni9Ti钢高温脆性区凝固组织的影响

连铸过程中裂纹主要产生在凝固末期的高温脆性温度区间,凝固组织对其影响巨大.结合相图并利用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)、定向凝固实验系统和Gleeble-3800热模拟实验机,在对1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢的熔化和近平衡凝固过程进行分析的基础上,研究了冷却速率对奥氏体不锈钢高温脆性区凝固组织的影响.研究表明,1Cr18Ni9Ti钢的近平衡凝固模式为FA型,随着冷速的加大,铁素体的形态从晶内骨骼状分布转变到晶间不规则块状分布,其含量也有所提高.     

Effect of tempering temperature on Z-phase formation and creep strength in 9Cr–1Mo–V–Nb–N steel

The effect of the tempering temperature on Z-phase formation and creep strength in 9Cr–1Mo–V–Nb–N steel was examined with particular attention to the precipitation sequence of MX, M₂X, and Z-phase during creep exposure. Tempering at a lower temperature provided a high dislocation density and a fine lath structure. Tempering at 953, 1003, and 1038 K provided [M₂₃C₆, M₂X, NbX], [M₂₃C₆, M₂X, NbX, VX], and [M₂₃C₆, NbX, VX] phases, respectively. The creep strength of steel tempered at 953 K was the highest among the steels studied, even in the long term. No large decrease in creep strength was observed in steel tempered at 953 K. The Z-phase was observed after long-term creep in steel tempered at 1003 or 1038 K. In steel tempered at 953 K, a VX rather than a Z-phase formed during creep, and this was accompanied by consumption of M₂X. Retardation of the Z-phase formation can retard the creep strength degradation in steel tempered at 953 K.     

Effect of carbon and microalloy additions on hot-stamped boron steel

Hot stamping was performed with seven novel boron steels, exhibiting various carbon contents and microalloy additions of Mo, V and Ni compared to the standard 22MnB5 boron steel. The lower carbon content of 15MnB5 resulted in total elongation in excess of 11.0%. The higher carbon content of 38MnB5 resulted in ultimate tensile strength in excess of 2000?MPa. The vanadium addition resulted in ultimate tensile strength in excess of 1600?MPa combined with total elongation in excess of 11.0%. The carbon and microalloy additions were concluded to give rise to improved mechanical properties in hot-stamped boron steel for automotive body engineering applications.     

低温与真空条件下1Cr18Ni9Ti钢的疲劳行为

分别在室温大气、室温真空及低温真空几种环境条件下,对1Cr18Ni9Ti钢进行对称载荷拉-压疲劳试验,利用TEM观察疲劳断口附近的显微组织,研究了环境因素对疲劳性能的影响,并对影响的原因进行了分析和讨论.研究表明:1Cr18Ni9Ti钢在低温真空条件下疲劳性能显著提高;疲劳断口附近出现大量板条马氏体;真空与低温显著提高1Cr18Ni9Ti钢疲劳性能的原因与真空对裂纹表面的净化效应,以及低温促进疲劳裂纹前沿形成板条马氏体有关.     

9Cr3W3Co钢高温时效脆化现象与改进方法

采用SEM进行显微组织观察,研究导致9Cr3W3Co钢时效脆化的主要因素。采用Thermo-Calc软件,计算平衡态下不同W含量(2.36%,2.63%,2.96%,3.11%,质量分数)的9Cr3W3Co钢中析出相的含量。利用TEM,SAXS和相分析等实验手段研究时效过程中的组织演变。结果表明:9Cr3W3Co钢的冲击韧度在100h时效后的迅速降低是时效过程中大量析出的富W Laves相所造成的。平衡态的Laves相含量主要由钢中的W含量决定。时效8000h后,W含量最低的钢冲击韧度最好,同时其Laves相的尺寸最小,粗化速率最低。通过降低W含量能够抑制9Cr3W3Co钢的时效脆化。     

0Cr19Ni9 TIG焊接接头的抗蚀性及电弧重熔

研究了低碳奥氏体不锈钢０ｃＲ１９Ｎｉ９手工钨极氩弧焊（ＴＩＧ）焊接接头表面抗蚀性能及电弧重熔对其抗蚀性能的影响。实验结果表明,受焊接热循环的作用,焊接接头热影响区的抗蚀性能,以及焊缝金属的抗蚀性能,较母材有所降低。但经微束等离子弧表面重熔后,由于接头表面重熔层的快速凝固作用,细化了支组织,减小了显微的,抑制了碳铬化合物在晶界的沉淀析出,焊接接头的抗蚀性能得以显著提高。     

表面扩渗稀土（La,Ce）对1Cr18Ni9钢晶间腐蚀性能的影响

采用硝酸－硫酸铁腐蚀试验，扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ），电子探针（ＥＰＭ）等方法研究了气相扩渗稀土（Ｌａ，Ｃｅ）对１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９钢晶间腐蚀性能的影响，结果表明，扩渗后钢表面几乎不存在贫Ｃｒ区，耐晶间腐蚀性能明显改善，超吉经稳定化处理的１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ钢水平。     

Effect of surface nanocrystallization on the tribological properties of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel

Surface nanocrystallization of 1Cr18Ni9Ti austenite stainless steel was conducted by the supersonic fine particles bombarding (SFPB) technique. The friction coefficients and wear losses in air and vacuum were tested to analyse the effect of surface nanocrystallization on the tribological properties of 1Cr18Ni9Ti steel. The results show that the microstructure of the surface layer was refined into nano-grains successfully by SFPB treatment; furthermore, strain-induced martensitic transformation occurred during the treatment. The tribological properties of SFPB treated samples enhanced greatly, The dominant wear mechanism of the original 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel is abrasive wear and adhesive wear, while it transfers to the combined action of fatigue wear, abrasive wear and adhesive wear after surface nanocrystallization by SFPB.     

Comparison of creep strength and intrinsic ductility for serviced and reheat treated T91 steel based on stress relaxation testing

Abstract

High precision stress relaxation tests (SRT) at four temperatures were conducted on T91 (9%Cr) steel after extended boiler service, and also after re-heat treatment. Relative differences in creep strength, measured over five decades in strain rate were dependent on test temperature. Using an established correlation between strain rate sensitivity and elongation at failure, intrinsic ductility values as a function of stress and test temperature were determined. The general trend of a minimum in ductility in terms of stress or strain rate was consistent with long term creep rupture data on T91, and with literature data on alloy steels. However, the precision and repeatability of the SRT analysis contrasted with the appreciable scatter and heat to heat variation in traditional testing. It is argued that the current creep strength evaluation based on the nearly constant state measurement from the SRT test is superior to the measurement of stress dependence of minimum creep rate in traditional creep rupture testing. The complexity of primary creep in laboratory testing, which may not be significant at operating stresses where loading strains may be fully recoverable (anelastic), does not apply to the SRT. Since very low strain rates are achieved in a one day test, the procedures for setting of design allowables and design analysis based on the SRT data should not be significantly different from current practice. This technique offers accelerated alloy development and optimisation for creep strength and also ductility, and hence resistance to notch sensitivity.     

9Cr2Mo钢转向辊调质开裂原因分析

通过化学成分分析、宏观和微观检验对9Cr2Mo钢辊身近端部纵向开裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明：材料化学成分超标、内裂纹的存在、原始组织晶粒粗细差异都对裂纹的形成产生了直接影响。最后根据分析结果制订了改进措施。     

1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢双辊薄带凝固组织区的形成机理

在双辊薄带连铸实验和薄带凝固组织特征分析的基础上,结合对薄带凝固组织区的模拟预测结果,研究了1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢双辊薄带凝固组织区(特别是等轴晶区)的形成机理.结果表明:1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢双辊薄带凝固组织中的等轴晶区不但在凝固类型为半固态时形成,在轧制或理想型时也能形成.其形成机理为,熔池中悬浮游离晶体的沉积、聚集以及在枝晶生长前沿的长大和薄带离开二铸辊最小间隙(铸辊出口)后,薄带/空气界面换热系数骤然降低抑制了柱状枝晶的生长,并促使薄带中部未凝固熔体中游离晶体的择优长大.     

Cr、Ni元素对Fe3 Al/钢扩散焊界面组织结构的影响

采用扫描电镜和透射电镜分析比较了相同工艺条件下获得的Fe3 Al/Q235及Fe3 Al/Cr18-Ni8扩散焊界面的组织结构,研究了Cr、Ni元素对Fe3 Al/钢扩散焊界面组织结构的影响.研究表明:Cr、Ni的扩散有利于促进Fe3 Al与钢中Fe、A1元素的扩散结合,使Fe3 Al/Cr18-Ni8扩散焊界面过渡区的宽度较Fe3 Al/Q235界面过渡区大;并且Fe3 Al/Cr18-Ni8扩散焊界面过渡区新形成的Fe3 Al上弥散分布有含Cr、Ni的第二相,使Fe3A1出现了具有不同间距的位错对,甚至位错缠结现象,有利于提高Fe3 Al/钢扩散焊界面的结合强度.     

Effect of TiC and NbC carbides on creep life of stainless steels

The effect of TiC and NbC carbides on creep life has been investigated for 321HTB and 347HTB steels at 600–750°C for about 20–200,000 h. The creep data for 304HTB steel are used as reference data. The precipitation hardening is larger for the 321HTB than for the 347HTB at short times during creep. Then the reduction of precipitation hardening due to coarsening of TiC and NbC carbides takes place for up to long times, which is less significant in the 321HTB than in the 347HTB. The smaller coarsening rate of the TiC carbides than the NbC carbides during creep is discussed on the base of a rate equation for diffusion-controlled Ostwald ripening.     

Effect of Cr and Ni on diffusion bonding of Fe3Al with steel

Microstructure at the diffusion bonding interface between Fe₃Al and steel including Q235 low carbon steel and Cr18-Ni8 stainless steel was analysed and compared by means of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of Cr and Ni on microstructure at the Fe₃Al/steel diffusion bonding interface was discussed. The experimental results indicate that it is favourable for the diffusion of Cr and Ni at the interface to accelerate combination of Fe₃Al and steel during bonding. Therefore, the width of Fe₃Al/Cr18-Ni8 interface transition zone is more than that of Fe₃Al/Q235. And Fe₃Al dislocation couples with different distances, even dislocation net occurs at the Fe₃Al/Cr18-Ni8 interface because of the dispersive distribution of Cr and Ni in Fe₃Al phase.