液封Pr和Sc对开口矩形液池热-溶质毛细对流的影响

在基于提拉法制备晶体材料的背景下,采用格子玻尔兹曼方法对具有自由表面的双层矩形液池内热-溶质毛细对流进行数值模拟.通过频谱分析确定双层热-溶质毛细对流的流动类型,在自由表面雷诺数Re2、界面雷诺数Re1、下熔体层普朗特数Pr1和施密特数Sc1分别为600、300、1.0和100的条件下,研究了液封层普朗特数和施密特数对熔体层热-溶质毛细对流的影响.通过双层热-溶质毛细对流和单层系统的对比表明,液封对下层毛细对流可以起到很好的抑制作用.在液封Sc2=100、Pr2=0.4~10.0条件下,毛细对流都是双频准周期型.随着Pr2的增加,第一基频和第二基频都减小,系统稳定性增加;在Pr2=1.0、Sc2=20~100条件下,随着Sc2的增大,系统的振荡频率增大,对流将从周期模型再次转变为准周期型,稳定性降低.     

环形池内双层流体浮力-热毛细对流的实验研究

液封提拉法生长晶体过程中,液封流体与熔体形成了不相溶的双层流体。除了自由表面的热毛细力作用外,液-液界面的热毛细力以及浮力共同驱动了双层系统内浮力-热毛细对流的产生。为了了解环形池内双层流体的复杂流动和传热特征,本工作对环形池内0.65cSt硅油与水组成的双层流体浮力-热毛细对流进行了实验观察。实验记录了不同的液层厚度比和深宽比条件下流动失稳的临界温差与流动形态。结果表明,液层总厚度的增大会削弱系统的流动稳定性。流动失稳的流动形态有三种,即第一种热流体波、第二种热流体波和三维稳态流动。实验还观察到了流动分岔现象。     

共晶陶瓷区熔过程中对流和传热的研究

氧化物共晶陶瓷具有优异的超高温力学性能和抗氧化性。为获得具有精细组织的共晶陶瓷,采用有限元法计算模拟了Al2O3/MgAl2O4共晶陶瓷的区域熔炼定向凝固过程。计算结果表明,热重引起的自然对流,呈逆时针环形流,整个凝固过程中流动强度先减小后增大,固液界面呈明显的凹形界面。ACRT强迫对流的特征为逆时针、顺时针对流胞交替呈现,强度比自然对流大1~2个数量级。施加ACRT后,凝固过程中固液界面仍然呈凹形界面,但是凹陷深度显著减小;当坩埚最大转速增大时,对流强度显著增加,固液界面的凹陷深度进一步减小,直至趋近于平界面。     

固液相变蓄能的数学模型和自然对流换热系数的实验研究

引入自然对流换热系数 ,将固液蓄能数学模型简化为仅用能量方程加以描述。并通过实验测得相变过程的实际温度场 ,证明了自然对流固液相变换热的影响不可忽略 ,验证了固液相变界面移动速率随自然对流换热系数的增大而增大的定性关系     

环形液池内耦合热-溶质毛细对流转变过程的二维数值模拟

为了解环形液池内耦合热-溶质毛细对流的转变特征,建立了环形液池内的耦合热-溶质毛细对流的物理数学模型,采用有限容积法进行二维数值模拟,得到了环形液池内耦合热-溶质毛细对流失稳的临界条件,并对耦合热-溶质毛细对流失稳机理进行了分析。结果表明:环形液池内流态从稳态到非稳态的转变为霍普夫分岔;随着深宽比、半径比和普朗特数的增加,流动更容易失稳;当刘易斯数大于1时,临界毛细雷诺数随着刘易斯数的增大而减小,流动失稳是由于溶质Marangoni效应的主导作用和流动的惯性共同作用的结果;而当刘易斯数小于1时,随着刘易斯数的增大,临界毛细雷诺数增大,流动失稳则是由于热Marangoni效应的主导作用和流动的惯性共同作用的结果。     

高Prandtl数双层流体的热毛细对流数值模拟

不相溶混的双层流体系统的传热传质现象广泛地存在于自然界和工程技术领域中,尤其是芯片工业与微电子工业中半导体材料的液封提拉法生长制备工艺中,双层流体的流动稳定性直接影响着晶体材料的生长质量.微重力条件下,由于没有了重力的影响,可以增强双层流体流动的稳定性以获得更为优异的晶体生长环境,然而,两相界面处的热毛细力引起的热毛细对流却对双层流体系统中的传热传质现象影响甚大.目前,可采用实验研究的方法对水平温度梯度作用下的双层流体的热毛细对流进行可视化研究,以观测流动特性及失稳的耗散结构.在空间实验中,由于低Prandtl数流体不可透视的特性,故在实验中鲜少采用其作为观察工质,多采用高Prandtl数流体.关于双层流体的热毛细对流,前人的研究主要集中在矩形腔体内环形池内的低Prandtl数双层流体的流动特性,对环形液池中高Prandtl数双层流体的流动特性及失稳耗散结构的研究还鲜见报道.本工作针对微重力条件下,水平温度梯度作用下的环形液池内B2 O3/蓝宝石熔体、5cSt硅油/HT-70、水/FC-75三组工质对的热毛细对流特性进行了研究,采用数值模拟的方法获得了R-Z截面的流函数、温度分布,以及监测点的速度和温度周期波动,揭示了流动失稳后的振荡流型.研究结果表明,运动粘度会影响流动流型,对于运动粘度较低的5cSt硅油/HT-70、水/FC-75的工质对,流动失稳为热毛细对流失稳,而高运动粘度的B2 O3/蓝宝石熔体则出现了热毛细对流失稳与Marangoni失稳.对比三种工质对的流动失稳临界Marangoni数,发现上下液层Prandtl数比值越大,则临界Marangoni数越大,选择较大的上下液层Prandtl数比值,可增强环形双液层流体流动稳定性.     

凝固时的扩散效应

具有明确边界条件的多组元体系在凝固时, 溶液内的热量和质量输运方程的严格求解非常困难, 因此简化方程是十分必要的. 本文在普适流体力学方程的基础上, 采用表征流体特征的无量纲参数和适当的边界条件, 简化了扩散方程. 证实了简化后的质量扩散模型在凝固现象中的物理有效性. 指出由扩散引起的整体流的实质是微对流, 它环绕着固液界面流动, 并限制在质量边界层内, 即固液界面溶液一侧溶质浓度有显著变化的区域内. 我们的氧化物晶体生长实验结果已经证实了上述结论的正确性. 为了强调质量流的物理概念, 讨论采用了二维双组元模型.     

平行于液/固界面的层流对界面稳定性的影响

研究了快速液相层流对界面稳定性的影响,实验发现快速液相层流对凝固界面有极大的稳定化作用,从而证明了 Delves 和 McFadden 等的理论预测。从理论上分析了这种形式的流动对功能晶体材料的制备所显示的优势。     

强磁场下Cu-50%Ag合金定向凝固过程中的组织及固液界面形貌演变

目的 研究强磁场下Cu-50%(质量分数)Ag合金定向凝固过程中的组织演变、固液界面形貌变化及溶质迁移行为,分析强磁场对金属凝固过程的作用机制,为强磁场下的金属材料制备提供理论借鉴和指导。方法 在不同的凝固速率与磁场条件下进行定向凝固和淬火实验,对合金的定向凝固组织、糊状区与固液界面形貌以及溶质分布行为进行考察。结果 强磁场破坏了凝固组织的定向生长,使凝固组织转变为枝晶与等轴晶共存的形貌;强磁场诱发了熔体对流,减少了糊状区中溶质的含量;强磁场改变了固液界面处的溶质分布和固液界面形貌,破坏了固液界面的稳定性。结论 强磁场通过洛伦兹力和热电磁力的共同作用,诱发了糊状区内液相的纵向环流,改变了固液界面及糊状区中的组织形貌与元素分布。     

表面张力对流对 BaB2O4晶体生长界面边界层的作用

利用高温光学实时观察方法，实时地观察了BaB2O4（BBO）高温熔体的表面张力对流效应以及BBO单晶的旋转生长过程，计算了固液界面附近的浓度、温度以及动量边界层厚度δc，δT和δv，并研究了热毛细对流对边界层厚度的影响．结果发现，浓度边界层厚度远远小于温度以及动量边界层厚度，说明晶体生长过程中，质量扩散在界面输运过程中起着主导性作用，同时发现，边界层厚度随体系无量纲Marangoni数的增大而线性地减小．     

Effect of Melt Superheating Treatment on Directional Solidification Interface Morphology of Multi-component Alloy

The influence of melt superheating treatment on the solid/liquid (S/L) interface morphology of directionally solidified Ni-based superalloy DZ125 is investigated to elucidate the relationship between melt characteristic and S/L interface stability. The results indicate that the interface morphology is not only related to the withdrawal velocity (R) but also to the melt superheating temperature (Ts) when the thermal gradient of solidification interface remains constant for different Ts with appropriate superheating treatment regulation. The interface morphology changes from cell to plane at R of 1.1 μm/s when Ts increases from 1500°C to 1650°C, and maintains plane with further elevated Ts of 1750°C. However, the interface morphology changes from coarse dendrite to cell and then to cellular dendrite at R of 2.25 μm/s when Ts increases from 1500°C to 1650°C and then to 1750°C. It is proved that the solidification onset temperature and the solidification interval undergo the nonlinear variation when Ts increases from 1500°C to 1680°C, and the turning point is 1650°C at which the solidification onset temperature and the solidification interval are all minimum. This indicates that the melt superheating treatment enhances the solidification interface stability and has important effect on the solidification characteristics.     

A Study on Solid/Melt Interfaces and the Formation of (100) Texture in Solidified FCC Metals

The (100) texture of solidified fcc metals, caused by the preferential (100) dendrite growth, could be closeIy related to solid/melt interfaces which behave differently along different crystallographic orientation. The stability and roughness of {111} and {100} solid/melt interfaces of fcc metals were investigated using a modified Temkin multi-layer model. It is demonstrated that {100}crystal/melt interface is more unstable and rougher than {111} interface. The effect of the stability of crystal/melt interface on the (100) texture formation in solidified fcc metals has been analysed and discussed.     

A finite element method for the study of solidification processes in the presence of natural convection

A new numerical technique has been developed for the analysis of two-dimensional transient solidification processes in the presence of time-dependent natural convection in the melt. The method can cope with irregular, transient morphologies of the solid—liquid interface using a new Galerkin formulation for the energy balance on the solid—liquid interface. The finite element solution to the Galerkin formulation yields the displacement of individual nodes on the solid—liquid interface. The displacement of the nodes is expressed by uncoupled components in the x and y directions. The fluid flow problem was solved using a ‘penalty’ formulation. Numerical experiments were performed for Rayleigh numbers as high as 10⁶ to demonstrate the method and to indicate the effect of natural convection on the solid—liquid interface morphology.     

利用焓-多孔介质法对垂直Bridgman生长CdTe的数值模拟

利用数值模拟研究了碲化镉在垂直Bridgman炉中生长时的固-液界面的形状．采用焓-多孔介质法,在固定网格上对碲化镉的固液两相用统一的控制方程进行了整场求解,用一特征参数确定界面的位置和形状．结果表明,当晶体的生长速率较低时,界面的形状与物质在固态和液态两相下的热扩散率有关．如果两种热扩散率的数值相近,界面的形状是平坦的．液态区自然对流是界面形状的影响因素之一,而积聚在固态区的结晶潜热是形成弯曲固-液界面的主要原因．     

Effect of thermal conditions on the stability of a crystallization process from a melt

The stability of a crystallization process from a melt is considered in the approximation of the one-dimensional thermal problem in relation to random displacements of the liquid and solid phase interface as a function of the crystallization conditions.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 532–539, March, 1976.     

In-situ observation of solid-liquid interface transition during directional solidification of Al-Zn alloy via X-ray imaging

The morphological instability of solid/liquid(S/L) interface during solidification will result in different patterns of microstructure. In this study, two dimension(2 D) and three dimension(3 D) in-situ observation of solid/liquid interfacial morphology transition in Al-Zn alloy during directional solidification were performed via X-ray imaging. Under a condition of increasing temperature gradient(G), the interface transition from dendritic pattern to cellular pattern, and then to planar growth with perturbation was captured. The effect of solidification parameter(the ratio of temperature gradient and growth velocity(v), G/v) on morphological instabilities was investigated and the experimental results were compared to classical "constitutional supercooling" theory. The results indicate that 2 D and 3 D evolution process of S/L interface morphology under the same thermal condition are different. It seems that the S/L interface in 2 D observation is easier to achieve planar growth than that in 3 D, implying higher S/L interface stability in 2 D thin plate samples. This can be explained as the restricted liquid flow under 2 D solidification which is beneficial to S/L interface stability. The in-situ observation in present study can provide coherent dataset for microstructural formation investigation and related model validation during solidification.     

气辅挤出成型中两相流界面的稳定性

使用南昌大学制备的气辅挤出成型设备,研究了气体压力和流量对熔体/气体两相流界面稳定性的影响,通过实验得出,实现气辅挤出的条件是口模内注气点处气体压力大于等于熔体的压力,而pmelt≈pgas是实现稳定气辅挤出的前提条件;实验还表明控制气体流量对实现稳定挤出非常重要,当气体流量为0.4 m3/s时,熔体以稳定层流形式挤出,气体流量增大到2 m3/s时,气体产生紊流并强迫挤出物以波纹状进行抖动挤出。     

Formation of feathery grains with the application of a static magnetic field during direct chill casting of Al-9.8wt%Zn alloy

Effect of a 0.2-T static magnetic field on the microstructure of a direct chill cast Al-9.8wt%Zn alloy slab was investigated. The static magnetic field transferred the microstructure from a mixture of equiaxed and columnar grains with the primary trunks growing in <100> directions to twinned lamellar feathery grains with the primary and secondary arms growing in <110> directions. The application of the static magnetic field results in the reduction of the heat discharge and solute mixing capacity through a damping effect on convection and thus a delay of the melt transformation to solid and a request to reduce the liquid/solid interface energy through reducing the interface area due to the loss of undercooling. The delay and the request account for the growth direction change and the formation of lamellas. The difference between the Al and Zn atomic radii and the related incoming flow facilitate the formation of the twins.