Predicting the lumbosacral joint centre location from palpable anatomical landmarks

The kinematics of the lumbar spine have previously been described by considering the bearing of the pelvis and lower back. However earlier studies have not described an intersegmental angle measured about a single point; which is necessary for investigation into movement, posture and balance, and lower back pain and injury. This study used computed tomography (CT) scans of 16 pelves to determine the location of palpable bony landmarks, and the junction of the fifth lumbar and first sacral vertebrae within a pelvis axis system. Data were used to derive equations which express the three-dimensional location of the lumbosacral joint centre as an offset from palpable surface landmarks. The magnitude of X, Y, Z offsets was controlled using individual pelvic geometry, and robustness and repeatability of the method was assessed. Regression equations provided the location of the lumbosacral junction to within 8.2mm (+/- 3.4mm) of its true coordinate. Leave-one-out analyses calculated equation coefficients using 15 of the original pelves, with the 16th acting as a control; average errors increased by 6.7 per cent (+/- 0.1 percent). To the authors' knowledge the current method is the most accurate non-invasive means of locating the lumbosacral junction and may be useful for constructing biomechanical models.     

循环对称结构重根模态振型相关性修正

为消除循环对称结构有限元模态分析和试验模态分析对应重根模态振型之间的夹角误差,实现模态相关性的准确定量分析,基于模态振型方程,揭示不同模态模型重根模态振型夹角误差产生机理,提出修正循环对称结构模态振型相关性的新方法。计算各阶重根模态有限元模态振型与试验模态振型间互模态置信准则(Cross modal assurance criterion, Cross MAC)初值得到夹角误差;在此基础上确定出对应的旋转角度和测点数;对有限元模态振型进行旋转匹配并计算得到修正后的Cross MAC值。应用该方法对制动盘有限元模态模型和试验模态模型进行相关性修正,结果表明：该方法不仅能获得准确的循环对称结构模态相关性,且相比于已有的循回群和初等旋转变换方法而言,修正效率得到显著提高。     

Surface contact stress-based nonlinear virtual material method for dynamic analysis of bolted joint of machine tool

The components of machine tools are mainly fixed and connected by bolts. The performance of the assembly can be affected by the dynamic characteristics of the bolted joints. This paper presents a nonlinear virtual material method based on surface contact stress to describe the bolted joint for accurate dynamic performance analysis of the bolted assembly. Fractal geometry theory is used to describe the surface topography. The elastic modulus and shear modulus of one micro-contact are derived based on fractal contact theory. The equivalent elastic modulus, Poisson ratio, and density of the bolted joint can be obtained through the weighted mean method. In order to obtain the stress distribution, the contact surface is assumed flat in the macro-scale, and the uneven distribution of contact stress can be obtained by the finite element method (FEM). The contact surface can be divided into several sections, and the parameters of a virtual material layer can be determined based on the mean contact stress. Both theoretical and experimental results for a bolted joint are obtained for a box-shaped specimen under equal pre-tightening force and bending moment effect. The results show that the theoretical mode shapes are in good agreement with the experimental mode shapes. The relative errors between the theoretical and experimental natural frequencies are less than 4.41%, which indicates that the present nonlinear virtual material method is appropriate for the bolted joint in modeling CNC machine tools.     

Operational modal analysis by updating autoregressive model

This paper presents improvements of a multivariable autoregressive (AR) model for applications in operational modal analysis considering simultaneously the temporal response data of multi-channel measurements. The parameters are estimated by using the least squares method via the implementation of the QR factorization. A new noise rate-based factor called the Noise rate Order Factor (NOF) is introduced for use in the effective selection of model order and noise rate estimation. For the selection of structural modes, an orderwise criterion called the Order Modal Assurance Criterion (OMAC) is used, based on the correlation of mode shapes computed from two successive orders. Specifically, the algorithm is updated with respect to model order from a small value to produce a cost-effective computation. Furthermore, the confidence intervals of each natural frequency, damping ratio and mode shapes are also computed and evaluated with respect to model order and noise rate. This method is thus very effective for identifying the modal parameters in case of ambient vibrations dealing with modern output-only modal analysis. Simulations and discussions on a steel plate structure are presented, and the experimental results show good agreement with the finite element analysis.     

环形波动陀螺结构设计与仿真

基于 MEMS 技术,提出了一种环形波动陀螺结构并建立了谐振子的有限元模型。利用 ANSYS软件对谐振子进行了模态分析,确定了各阶振型和固有频率。通过分析谐振子结构参数对振型和频率的影响,得到了谐振子的优化设计参数,优化后其工作频率与其他振型频率的差大于1 kHz,有效避免工作模态与其他模态间的频率耦合。经仿真验证,设计的环形结构的性能参数满足要求,具有明显的优越性。     

Improvements in planar feature reconstructions in atom probe tomography

Standard atom probe tomography spatial reconstruction techniques have been reasonably successful in reproducing single crystal datasets. However, artefacts persist in the reconstructions that can be attributed to the incorrect assumption of a spherical evaporation surface. Using simulated and experimental field evaporation, we examine the expected shape of the evaporating surface and propose the use of a variable point projection position to mitigate to some degree these reconstruction artefacts. We show initial results from an implementation of a variable projection position, illustrating the effect on simulated and experimental data, while still maintaining a spherical projection surface. Specimen shapes during evaporation of model structures with interfaces between regions of low- and high-evaporation-field material are presented. Use of two-and three-dimensional projection-point maps in the reconstruction of more complicated datasets is discussed.     

机翼模型应变场分布式光纤监测与重构方法

针对飞行器机翼结构应变场重构问题,提出了一种基于分布式光纤传感器与模态叠加原理相结合的大展弦比机翼缩比模型应变场监测与重构方法。借助ANSYS有限元分析软件,数值模拟得到大展弦比机翼缩比模型在不同载荷下应变分布与应变模态振型。在此基础上,通过在大展弦比铝合金机翼缩比模型展向设置光纤Bragg光栅传感器,实时采集应变分布与变化信息,结合数值仿真得到机翼模型应变模态振型,重构机翼缩比模型应变场分布,应变反演平均误差约为7%。研究结果表明,本研究方法具有非视觉测量、实时性好以及反演精度较高等优点,能够为及时准确获取飞行器翼面应变场分布信息,进而实现机翼气动载荷计算与疲劳寿命预测提供技术支撑。     

基于应变指标的微弱损伤识别的实验方法

针对位移指标对微弱损伤不敏感的特点,研究了基于应变模态的损伤识别方法。该指标从应变模态参数识别着手,获得低阶应变模态振型,构造应变模态差,达到了结构微弱损伤的识别目的。通过与位移指标对比,实验表明该指标能通过应变模态振型和应变模态差准确识别微弱损伤的位置和损伤的程度。     

基于地标观测的导弹发射车定位定向算法

针对导弹发射车的特点,提出了一种高精度的定位定向算法。事先在发射场周围布设地标,用差分全球卫星定位系统测量出这些地标的位置;当发射导弹时,用发射车顶上的光电探测器测出其中3个地标的方位角和俯仰角;然后将参数分为垂直与水平两个通道交替估计,解算出发射车的位置和姿态。仿真结果表明,特别是在平原地形中不可避免的发射车与地标接近共面的情况下,与类似算法相比,本算法能够更加稳定地收敛到正确解。作为一个系统,外场实验证明本系统的位置精度为厘米级,方位精度为13角秒,横滚与俯仰精度均为25角秒。     

利用邻域方向分布的机载激光雷达点云建筑物外轮廓提取

机载激光雷达点云密度分布不均、建筑物形状不规则且复杂多样等多种因素,导致现有建筑物轮廓提取方法存在参数难以设置、适应性较差等问题,为此本文提出一种利用邻域方向分布的机载激光雷达点云建筑物外轮廓提取方法.首先采用固定邻域点数分析各点的邻域方向分布,以获取不同邻域方向间的夹角,根据建筑物外轮廓点的特点,定义潜在轮廓点并将其...     

Quality control on crimping of large diameter welding pipe

Crimping is used in production of large diameter submerged-arc welding pipes. Many researches are focused on crimping in certain manufacturing mode of welding pipe. The application scopes of research achievements become limited due to lack of uniformity in theoretical analysis. In order to propose a crimping prediction method in order to control forming quality, the theory model of crimping based on elastic-plastic mechanics is established. The main technical parameters are determined by theoretical analysis, including length of crimping, base radius of punch, terminal angle of punch, base radius of die, terminal angle of die and horizontal distance between punch and die. In addition, a method used to evaluate the forming quality is presented, which investigates the bending angle after springback, forming force, straight edge length and equivalent radius of curvature. In order to investigate the effects of technical parameters on forming quality, a two-dimensional finite element model is established by finite element software ABAQUS. The finite element model is verified in that its shapes error is less than 5% by comparable experiments, which shows that their geometric precision meets demand. The crimping characteristics is obtained, such as the distribution of stress and strain and the changes of forming force, and the relation curves of technical parameters on forming quality are given by simulation analysis. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the effects of length of crimping, technical parameters of punch on forming quality are significant. In particular, the data from simulation analysis are regressed by response surface method (RSM) to establish prediction model. The feasible technical parameters are obtained from the prediction model. This method presented provides a new thought used to design technical parameters of crimping forming and makes a basis for improving crimping forming quality.     

SL500/HZ超精密平面磨床的试验模态分析

为了改善S1500/HZ超精密平面磨床的动态性能,应用模态分析的基本理论,得出了试验模态分析的理论和方法.根据SL500/HZ超精密平面磨床的实际工作状态和试验的实际环境条件,采用脉冲锤击法对SL500/HZ超精密平面磨床进行了试验模态分析,得到了该机床结构的前8阶模态参数和模态振型,然后对所得模态参数进行了参数识别,...     

Improved mathematical model of the wear of the cup articular surface in hip joint prostheses and comparison with retrieved components

This paper presents an analytical model of the cobalt-based alloy-ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear coupling. Based on a previous model in which the cup wear volume over a gait cycle (WG) was calculated under the simplifying assumption of an ideal rigid coupling, the current version proposes a more realistic wear simulation. All three components of the hip loading force were considered for the contact pressure calculation and all three components of the hip motion were taken into account for the sliding distance calculation. The contact pressure distribution was calculated on the basis of the Hertzian theory for the elastic contact of two bodies with non-conforming geometrical shapes. The wear factor was taken from hip simulator wear tests. The calculated WG is 67 x 10(-6) mm3 for a standard reference patient. The parametric model simulations show that WG increases linearly with the patient weight, femoral head diameter and surface roughness. It increases non-linearly to a maximum and decreases to an asymptotic value with increasing cup/head clearance and with cup isotropic elastic modulus. The cup orientation in the pelvis affects only slightly the total amount of WG whereas it is the dominant factor affecting the shape of the wear distribution. The iso-wear maps show paracentral patterns at low cup inclination angles and marginal patterns at higher inclination angles. The maximum wear depth is supero-posterior when the cup is in neutral alignment and supero-anterior at increasing anteversion angles. Complex patterns with a combination of paracentral and marginal wear were obtained at specific clearance values and cup orientations. The results of the simulations are discussed in relation to the wear distribution measured on the articular surface of 12 UHMWPE components retrieved from failed hip joint prostheses, after a period of in situ functioning.     

基于动态滑模的起重机位置控制系统设计

给出了起重机电机负载系统的数学模型,以此模型为基础,采用动态滑模控制理论,分别设计了系统的磁链动态滑模控制器和位置动态滑模控制器,考虑到系统转子磁链无法直接测量,设计了转子磁链观测器;为保证动态滑模面的物理可实现性,对系统的不确定干扰设计了自适应律,进行自适应估计。仿真结果表明系统具有较好的动态性能,较高的位置控制精度及对干扰具有良好的鲁棒性。     

不同形状微孔搭配对机械密封性能的影响

为探讨不同形状微孔搭配排布对机械密封性能的影响,基于Reynolds方程和JFO空化边界条件,采用有限体积法建立密封间隙流体的数值计算模型;选用圆形孔、椭圆形孔和等腰三角形孔任意搭配,得到27个模型,并计算不同压差、转速下各模型的开启力和泄漏率;对数据做归一化处理后绘制密封性能参数分布图.结果表明:模型中圆形孔数目越少...     

Rapid prototyping fabrication and finite element evaluation of the three-dimensional medical pelvic model

This paper presents a non-uniform, periodic closed B-spline approximation algorithm for the fabrication of a medical pelvic model, based on rapid prototyping, and also gives the finite element evaluation of the pelvic model. Rapid prototyping (RP), when used in fabricating medical prosthesis, has a strict requirement for closeness and impermeability of STL files. Incorrect data structure in STL files will cause the subsequent slicing process not to proceed. The non-uniform periodic closed B-spline curve approximation method was applied to processing CT data. The precision and size of STL files was improved to optimize the RP model of the pelvis. Finally, the model of the pelvis was evaluated with the finite element method. Results suggest that a high similarity has been achieved in terms of shape, size and biomechanical properties of the pelvic model and the normal one, which validates our argument that rapid prototyping with non-uniform, periodic closed B-spline algorithm is suitable for the fabrication of a pelvic model, which will prove to be significant in the design of pelvic prostheses .     

Fiber optic surface topography measurement sensor and its design study

This paper presents some aspects of design approach, modeling, and experimental measurement results of a fiber optic-based surface topography measurement sensor that can measure surface roughness as well as the distance between the sensor tip and a surface and surface inclination angles. The working principle of the sensor is based on the detection of light intensity reflecting from the surface being measured. The sensor is very small and easy to operate. It can be attached to a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) to measure surface position coordinates, inclination angles, and surface roughness in a noncontact manner at one measurement setup. A theoretical model of intensity distribution and intensity detection has been established for the sensor. A three-factor and three-level experiment was designed to investigate the relationship between sensor performance and sensor design parameters. Two second-order regression models have been generated, which show that the central distance between the emitting and receiving fibers of a sensor has the strongest influence on the effective range of the sensor; whereas, the critical angle of a receiving fiber influences the sensitivity of the sensor most.     

采样点分布对基于面形斜率径向基模型的自由曲面拟合精度的影响

鉴于自由曲面模型的面形拟合精度在自由曲面表征以及面形初始结构选取等研究中的重要性,本文针对基于面形斜率的高斯径向基表征模型,研究了不同的采样点分布类型对该模型面形拟合精度的影响。采用不同采样点分布拟合离轴二次曲面和带凸起的抛物面,结果表明采用均匀随机分布的采样点有利于实现高精度的面形拟合,且达到一定的拟合精度后,采样点的数目对拟合精度的影响有限。以离轴三反系统为设计实例,对比了由不同采样方式生成初始面形后系统的像质优化结果。结果显示,采用均匀随机型采样方式得到的初始面形进行系统优化,最终全视场平均调制传递函数(MTF)可以达到0.72以上,远高于由边缘集中采样方式生成初始面形后系统像质的优化结果,从而印证了理论研究结果。     

Development of scanning damage index for the damage detection of plate structures using modal strain energy method

This work presents a novel approach of nondestructive detection of damage in plate structures by using experimental modal analysis (EMA) and modal strain energy method (MSEM). An aluminum alloy 6061 thin plate with a surface crack is investigated in this study. EMA is conducted on the plate to obtain the mode shapes before and after damage. The modal displacements of each mode shape are then used to compute the modal strain energy. For all measured mode shapes, a damage index is defined by using the ratio of modal strain energies of the plate before and after damage. In fact, small damage causes very little change in system response, but it is an essential early warning of structure damage. As the second-order derivatives, modal strain energy is much more sensitive to the small change of structural response than frequencies and mode shapes. It is therefore feasible to approach the small damage by using a damage index defined by fractional MSE of the structure before and after damage. In this study, a scanning damage index (SDI) is developed by moving damage indices obtained from the local area throughout the structure as if a scanning sensor is used to inspect the structure. The damage indices in overlap areas are added up and the summation may intensify the signals of damage in the plate. Limited by the numbers of measured point, a differential quadrature method is employed to calculate the partial differential terms in strain energy formula. Experimental results show that SDI well identifies a surface crack location by using only few measured mode shapes of the aluminum plate. This novel approach provides a flexible, cost-effective, and nondestructive damage evaluation in either local or global structure. Its applicability to different types of structures and different sizes of damage is to be experimentally validated in the future work.     

激光跟踪测量系统跟踪转镜的误差分析

激光跟踪测量系统是目前最新型的便携式空间大尺寸坐标测量系统,可对空间运动目标进行跟踪并实时测量其三维空间坐标,具有精度高、范围大、实时快速等特点。然而,激光跟踪测量系统中跟踪转镜的几何误差严重影响了其测量精度;所以激光跟踪测量系统在使用前必须对其进行建模和误差分析。在全面研究了激光跟踪测量系统结构和工作原理的基础上,建立了系统运动学模型和跟踪转镜中心偏移数学模型。详细分析了系统测量中基点位置变动误差、转镜跟踪目标反射器跟踪误差和转镜反射面与激光束不垂直误差等。结果表明跟踪转镜中心偏移、回转轴不对称、基点位置变动、光束反射点与基点不重合是导致测量误差的主要原因。因此,在跟踪转镜结构设计中,为保证激光束反射点与基点位置重合及转镜旋转跟踪目标反射器时基点空间位置保持不变,应尽量减少跟踪转镜旋转点与镜面之间的距离。