夏季水体对于建筑周围环境的影响研究

水体在居住环境中具有重要角色。在中大规模尺度的地区,海洋、大型河流、湖泊等水体对周围环境的气候会产生很大影响。本文通过对建筑周围热环境的软件模拟,研究水体对居住建筑周围热环境的影响。研究发现,在夏季,水体可以在一定范围内有效的影响周围热环境,增加风速与降低温度,同时对风速的影响程度大于对温度的影响程度,进而影响周围的热舒适度。     

英国居住建筑节能实践及其启示

本文在介绍英国全年气候特点、居住建筑特点以及总结居住建筑节能实践情况的基础上,分析了英国居住建筑节能实践所采用的协调建筑节能与建筑立面维护、建筑节能与室内舒适度以及建筑节能与建筑防潮的相互关系的方法。分析结果表明,国内民用建筑的节能实践可以借鉴英国民用建筑节能实践的相关经验,以解决如下几方面问题:1)建筑节能实践活动对建筑外立面、建筑结构的影响;2)室内舒适度和节能效果的取舍问题,一味地强调节能效果而"牺牲"室内热舒适度;3)建筑物外围护结构的保温措施导致建筑物外表面温度急剧降低,在空气相对湿度较大地区会造成建筑外表面结露。     

夏热冬冷地区自然通风对居住建筑热环境和能耗的影响

结合夏热冬冷地区的气候特点和当地居民的生活习惯,介绍了自然通风在改善室内热环境方面的实际运用。气候数据表明全年27.41%的时间里室外环境满足热舒适要求,具备用自然通风替代采暖空调设备的条件。以南京地区1栋典型居住建筑为例,使用清华大学开发的建筑能耗及自然室温模拟软件DeST-h进行模拟分析计算。结果表明,采取自然通风后,夏季和过渡季节室内的自然室温平均降低14.51%,夏季制冷期空调能耗降低21.26%。实验测试结果也显示,加强自然通风后,居住建筑室温明显下降,可以辅证模拟结果。     

夏热冬冷地区人体热舒适气候适应模型研究

对夏热冬冷地区居住建筑冬、夏季室内空气温度、相对湿度、风速等参数进行大样本测试和统计,以问卷方式调查了居民的基本情况,以ASHRAE的7级热感觉标度对居民的热感觉主观反应进行了调查统计.运用统计学分析方法对结果进行了回归分析,得出了该地区冬、夏季的热中性温度与期望温度.建立了夏热冬冷地区热舒适气候的适应性模型,确立了室内舒适温度与室外空气温度之间的相互适应关系.将适应性舒适温度作为室内热环境设计指标,在改善室内热舒适度的同时,可显著地降低建筑设备能耗.     

建筑热环境与建筑节能设计

通过分析建筑热环境的影响因素,得出了室内热环境和室外热环境各自的构成要素和影响因素,为了既适应人体热舒适度的要求,又能够达到建筑物节能的效果,提出了建筑物在设计过程中可以采取适当的措施来减少建筑的耗能。     

基于人体热舒适性的夏季干热地区儿童户外空间研究

在儿童身体健康发展不积极的背景下,分析干热地区夏季儿童户外空间热舒适度的现状,研究该地区气候特征及影响儿童户外活动空间的相关气候因素.通过运用Grasshopper进行模拟分析,参考通用热气候指标(UTCI)对儿童户外空间提供优化建议,为干热地区儿童夏季的户外活动提供更加舒适的环境.     

北京某小区多层建筑物热环境模拟分析及应用

为了实现北京某小区水源热泵空调系统的节能设计与运行管理,选择DeST热环境模拟软件对该小区建筑物室内热环境进行了模拟分析,得出了建筑物全年室内热环境特点,不同层位、不同方位房间室内热环境差异和特征,冬季高层和低层内部空间比中间层热环境差,北向房间比南向房间热环境差,角部房间比中部房间热环境差;建筑热环境的模拟对地热工程系统设备选型、管网和末端设备布置具有指导意义。通过对模拟结果的分析和总结,对该小区地源热泵采暖系统的节能设计和运行管理提供了理论依据。     

自然通风状态下黔东南侗族干栏式民居冬季室内热环境研究

研究团队对贵州黔东南苗族侗族自治州大利村3户侗族干栏式民居进行冬季室内热环境物理实测，并运用PHOENICS软件对民居室内风环境进行模拟，结合PMV-PPD指标，对自然通风状态下的侗族干栏式民居室内热环境进行研究。结果表明，在有室内热源的情况下：传统与新建民居冬季室内热环境均较冷；较小的体形系数有利于室内热量留存；冬季房间内宜引入适当的通风；阁楼层局部设置隔墙以及过高的阁楼空间不利于阁楼通风。     

寒冷地区既有居住建筑室内热舒适分级研究——以西安为例

室内舒适需求水平与建筑供暖空调能耗大小密切相关,为此既有建筑差异化的室内热舒适需求现状,是零能耗建筑室内热环境设计的重要依据。本文调查寒冷地区-西安既有居住建筑室内热环境和热舒适水平现状,归纳室内热环境差异化特征,剖析居民热适应机理,提出热舒适度分级依据。结果表明既有集中供暖商品住宅、分散采暖拆迁安置住宅、农村分散间歇采暖住宅的室内热湿环境存在显著差异;居民对差异化的室内热环境具有热适应能力,主观心理适应以及着装、活动量等行为调节是热适应的重要方式;经济条件和建筑采暖方式是影响室内热环境的重要因素,也是热舒适度分级的重要依据;既有居住建筑现存在三级不同的热舒适度水平,舒适温度区间分别为19. 2～22. 7℃,14. 8～20. 6℃,9. 4～13. 9℃。     

探析黔东南地域建筑形式——以肇兴侗族村寨为例

黔东南地区的少数民族经过近千年的居住生活,总结出了黔东南地区的建筑结构——干栏式建筑,俗称"吊脚楼"。干栏式建筑最大的特点在于临山而建,其高于地面的构造可以适应高寒湿冷气候,保温隔热,还可以防止蛇虫的侵扰。该文以肇兴侗族村寨为例,分析黔东南地域的建筑形式。     

Passive control methods of Kerala traditional architecture for a comfortable indoor environment: Comparative investigation during various periods of rainy season

The traditional architecture of Kerala, a state in India lying along its southwest coast, is known for its use of natural and passive methods for a comfortable indoor environment. Although there have been attempts to analyze the traditional architecture of Kerala, they were focused only on qualitative approach. An investigation was thus initiated by the authors to understand the passive environment control system of Kerala traditional architecture in providing better thermal comfort, by continuously monitoring thermal comfort parameters of a typical traditional residential building over a period of time. The inferences of the first phase of the investigation carried out during winter and summer seasons, lasting about half of the year have already been published. This paper illustrates the inferences of the second phase of the investigation that is carried out during the rainy season of the year. A comparative analysis with the results of the winter and summer periods is also incorporated. The investigation has revealed that, when the outside ambient temperature is below normal, the building system tries to maintain the indoor air temperature at a higher but comfortable level and when the outside temperature is above normal, the indoor is kept at a lower but comfortable level. It is found that a continuous gentle wind flow is maintained inside the building irrespective of the wind outside. The required level of thermal comfort is achieved by maintaining a balanced level of temperature and relative humidity along with a continuous and controlled airflow inside the building irrespective of seasons.     

Effect of building interface form on thermal comfort in gymnasiums in hot and humid climates

The thermal environment and thermal comfort of a building are greatly affected by the design of the building interface form. Most contemporary architectural designs consider only the relations between architectural form and architectural beauty. Few studies on the correlation of architectural form and thermal comfort address the influence of architectural form on thermal comfort and thermal environment. These studies are particularly important for gymnasium architectures located in hot and humid areas, which have high requirements for thermal comfort. This paper presents an experimental investigation and an analysis of the effect of the building interface form of gymnasiums on thermal comfort in hot and humid subtropical regions durings ummer. Results showed that the influence of the top interface forms on thermal comfort is mainly dominated by the mean radiant temperature, which could be controlled to improve thermal comfort. The influence of side interface forms on thermal comfort is mainly dominated by air velocity, and thermal comfort could be improved by promoting natural ventilation on the side interface form design to reduce indoor heat. This research enhanced our understanding of the relation between the interface form and the thermal comfort of gymnasiums. In addition, this paper provides a theoretical reference for the sustainable design of gymnasiums in hot and humid climates.     

Passive environment control system of Kerala vernacular residential architecture for a comfortable indoor environment: A qualitative and quantitative analyses

The modern day practice does not give due respect to passive and natural environment control measures in buildings. With modern materials and technology, the buildings of present architectural style results in high energy consumption, in an attempt to provide thermal comfort indoors. The vernacular architecture at any place on the other hand has evolved through ages by consistent and continuous effort for more efficient and perfect solutions. The authors have conducted a qualitative analysis of the passive environment control system of vernacular residential architecture of Kerala that is known for ages for its use of natural and passive methods for a comfortable indoor environment. The orientation of building, internal arrangement of spaces, the presence of internal courtyard, use of locally available materials and special methods of construction, etc. have together created the indoor environment. A quantitative analysis was also carried out based on field experiments by recording thermal comfort parameters in a selected building. The study has provided positive results confirming that the passive environment control system employed in Kerala vernacular architecture is highly effective in providing thermal comfort indoors in all seasons.     

Integrating thermal comfort field data analysis in a case-based building simulation environment

Despite the obvious importance of thermal comfort in the design of indoor environments, it has not been effectively integrated with design support tools. The reasons can be attributed in part to an absence of modular and flexible software architecture that facilitates dynamic data transfer between building performance simulation modules. Research has shown that the mathematical models of thermal comfort sometimes fail to accurately describe or predict thermal comfort in workplace settings even when the values of environmental and personal parameters are known. Thus, there is a critical need to provide a thermal comfort evaluation framework that, in addition to the algorithmic implementation of mathematical thermal comfort prediction models, would make use of the empirical knowledge base accumulated over the last 20 years from field experiments around the world. This paper first talks about an integrated simulation environment SEMPER that allows for multiple performance evaluation including thermal comfort analysis from a shared object model of building. Then, it discusses the results of a detailed thermal comfort analysis performed to find the reasons for the discrepancy between the predicted and observed values and the factors responsible for such discrepancy. Finally, the paper shows how the results of the empirical thermal comfort analysis can be used in designing better thermal environments.     

安全色彩在建筑中的应用

运用色彩的生理和心理效果 ,对于建筑物施以合理的安全色彩 ,并使之标准化 ,对提高环境的安全性和舒适性具有重要意义。介绍了色彩的属性及其在建筑室内、外环境设计中的应用 ,重点阐述了安全色彩在世界各国 ,特别在日本建筑中的应用和实施标准 ;指出了安全色彩的布置原则     

对热舒适、空气感觉质量及能耗的模拟研究

室内空调设计温度和新风量对热舒适，室内空气质量及能耗量有重要影响，然而对它们之间相互关系进行研究的文献却较少。通过计算机模拟空调系统在7种室内设计温度和7种新风量条件下的运行情况，得到不同的设计条件组合对热舒适、人体感觉空气质量及建筑能耗量的影响。基于这项分析，提出了此办公建筑合理的室内设计温度和新风量取值。     

Courtyard design impact on indoor thermal comfort and utility costs for residential households: Comparative analysis and deep-learning predictive model

A courtyard is an architectural design element which is often known as microclimate modifiers and is responsible to increase the indoor occupant comfort in traditional architecture. The aim of this study is to conduct a parametric evaluation of courtyard design variants in a residential building of different climates with a focus on indoor thermal comfort and utility costs. A brute-force approach is applied to generate a wide range of design alternatives and the simulation workflow is conducted by Grasshopper together with the environmental plugins Ladybug and Honeybee. The main study objective is the evaluation of the occupant thermal comfort in an air-conditioned residential building, energy load, and cost analysis, derived from different design variables including courtyard geometry, window-to-wall ratio, envelope materials, heating, and cooling set-point dead-bands, and building geographical location. Furthermore, a Deep Learning model is developed using the inputs and outputs of the simulation and analysis to transform the outcomes into the algorithmic and tangible environment feasible for predictive applications. The results suggest that regarding the thermal loads, costs, and indoor thermal comfort index (PMV), there are high correlations between the outdoor weather variation and dead-band ranges, while in extreme climates such as Singapore, courtyard spaces might not be efficient enough as expected. Finally, the highly accurate deep learning model is also developed, delivering superior predictive capabilities for the thermal comfort and utility costs of the courtyard designs.     

不同气流组织下夏季空调室内热舒适环境模拟

基于模型和Fanger提出的热舒适性PMV评价指标,对三种不同气流组织条件下夏季室内热舒适环境进行了数值模拟,模拟结果给出了室内的速度、温度及舒适度PMV指标分布情况。研究结论为改善室内热舒适环境,舒适性空调系统的设计及节能控制提供了参考依据。     

The impacts of ventilation strategies and facade on indoor thermal environment for naturally ventilated residential buildings in Singapore

The impacts of various ventilation strategies and facade designs on indoor thermal environment for naturally ventilated residential buildings in Singapore are investigated in this study based on thermal comfort index. Four ventilation strategies, nighttime-only ventilation, daytime-only ventilation, full-day ventilation and no ventilation were evaluated for hot-humid climate according to the number of thermal discomfort hours in the whole typical year on the basis of a series of TAS simulations. Parametric studies of facade designs on orientations, window to wall ratios and shading devices were performed for two typical weeks by coupled simulations between building simulation ESP-r and CFD (FLUENT). The results indicate that full-day ventilation for indoor thermal comfort is better than the other three ventilation strategies. With various facade design studies, it was found that north- and south-facing facades can provide much comfortable indoor environment than east- and west-facing facades in Singapore. It is recommended that optimum window to wall ratio 0.24 can improve indoor thermal comfort for full-day ventilation and 600 mm horizontal shading devices are needed for each orientation in order to improve thermal comfort in further.     

上海校园建筑冬季室内热环境评价及建筑设计策略分析

本文通过对同济大学一座科研教学楼冬季室内热环境参数进行现场实测和计算机模拟分析,评价了该建筑在冬季时的室内舒适度,并分析了影响室内热环境的相关建筑设计因素,总结了一些在进行类似建筑项目设计时的设计策略。在评价结果基础上提出了科学合理的建筑设计是绿色节能建筑的基础,建筑师应首先通过对建筑功能、建筑运行规律和气候地理条件的研究,合理选择设计策略,营造舒适建筑环境,在提高建筑性能的同时减少能源消耗和资源浪费。