微弧氧化/磁控溅射复合涂层对镁微观结构与摩擦性能的影响

镁基材料表面进行微弧氧化处理(MAO)制备的多孔结构的陶瓷涂层在干摩擦环境下的摩擦系数较高,本文采用微弧氧化结合非平衡磁控溅射技术在纯镁基体表面制备出了MAO/CrN复合涂层。通过扫描电镜、显微硬度测试、X射线衍射仪能谱、摩擦磨损实验等手段研究了复合涂层的形貌、成分及摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:MAO/CrN复合涂层相比单层的MAO涂层力学与摩擦性能得到显著提高,其中硬度升高48%,载荷为1 N时的平均摩擦系数降低32.3%,转速为700 r/min时,磨损率降低达到74%。CrN/MAO复合涂层与WC硬质合金球在干摩擦过程中,在表层CrN涂层被磨穿之前,复合涂层磨损形式以黏着磨损和疲劳磨损为主。在表层CrN涂层被磨穿MAO涂层未被磨穿前,复合涂层的磨损形式以三体磨粒磨损为主。     

21-4N气门钢的高温性能

研究了21-4N气门钢在选定温度下的拉伸和摩擦磨损性能。研究结果表明:随温度提高,21-4N钢的抗拉强度和屈服强度下降,塑性先增后减。在室温～650℃区间,21-4N钢的摩擦系数和磨损量都表现为先减后增,在500℃时达到最小值。室温下21-4N钢的磨损量较大,磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损;400～600℃时,试样磨损量较小,氧化磨损和黏着磨损为主要磨损机制;600～650℃时,21-4N钢磨损量急剧增加,表现为严重的氧化磨损和磨料磨损,附带有轻微的黏着磨损。     

电流密度对Ni-W合金镀层摩擦磨损性能的影响

现有的Ni-W合金镀层摩擦磨损性能研究较少涉及镀层制备条件的影响。在不同电流密度下采用脉冲电沉积法在45钢表面制备了Ni-W合金镀层,测试了Ni-W合金镀层在干摩擦及油润滑摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能,并观察磨损形貌,分析其磨损机理。结果表明:在干摩擦状态下,随着电流密度增加,Ni-W合金镀层的磨损量逐渐降低,但摩擦系数逐渐升高,45钢的磨损主要是黏着磨损中的擦伤磨损,Ni-W合金镀层主要为磨粒磨损,个别存在少量疲劳磨损;在油润滑摩擦状态下,随着电流密度增加摩擦系数保持稳定,磨损量逐渐降低,Ni-W镀层与45钢的磨损形式均为磨粒磨损,45钢存在少量疲劳磨损。     

TA15合金表面Ni-SiC复合镀层的摩擦磨损性能

采用共沉积法在TA15合金表面制备了Ni-SiC复合镀层, 分析了Ni-SiC复合镀层对基体合金硬度和磨擦磨损性能的影响, 并对其摩擦磨损机制进行了讨论。结果表明: 所制备的Ni-SiC复合镀层组织致密且与基体结合紧密, 硬度明显高于TA15合金基体。摩擦磨损实验结果表明, Ni-SiC复合镀层能为TA15合金提供良好的摩擦磨损抗力, 在相同的摩擦条件下, Ni-SiC复合镀层的磨损率明显低于TA15合金。TA15合金与GCr15球和Al₂O₃球对磨的磨损机制均主要为犁削磨损、粘着磨损, 同时伴随有氧化磨损和轻微的磨粒磨损; Ni-SiC复合镀层与GCr15磨球对磨的磨损机制主要为镀层组织的拔出及GCr15钢球在其表面上的涂抹, 与Al₂O₃磨球对磨时的磨损机制主要为疲劳磨损和削层磨损。     

调制结构对Ti/TiB_2多层膜在模拟体液中摩擦学行为影响

采用磁控溅射法在316L不锈钢表面制备了具有不同调制结构的Ti/TiB_2多层膜,研究了调制结构对Ti/TiB_2多层膜在Hank’s模拟体液中与超高分子聚乙烯配副的摩擦学行为的影响。结果表明:多层膜的摩擦学行为与调制层数n间存在着一定的依赖关系。n=4的多层膜平均摩擦因数约为0.126,与316L不锈钢相比降低了34.3%;对磨副UHMWPE的磨损量明显降低,呈现出良好的减摩和耐磨效应。与316L不锈钢相比,多层膜在摩擦前后的自腐蚀电位提高,自腐蚀电流密度降低了2-3个数量级。n=4的多层膜开路电位为-0.237 V,也明显高于316L不锈钢。316L不锈钢磨损机理为磨粒磨损合并粘着磨损,多层膜的引入有效降低了316L不锈钢的磨粒磨损和粘着磨损程度。Ti/TiB_2多层膜在人工关节、人工椎间盘等医疗器械的表面改性有着广阔的应用前景。     

不同摩擦副条件下二硫化钼薄膜的摩擦学性能研究

为了研究MoS₂-Ti薄膜与9Cr18钢、W-DLC和DLC薄膜的摩擦学行为，分别采用磁控溅射技术和等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术在9Cr18钢表面沉积了MoS₂-Ti薄膜、W-DLC和DLC薄膜。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究了薄膜的表面形貌、化学成分和相组成。利用纳米压痕仪和球-盘摩擦试验机对不同薄膜的纳米硬度和摩擦学性能进行了分析。研究结果表明，MoS₂-Ti薄膜与DLC薄膜的摩擦因数和磨损率最小。相比MoS₂-Ti薄膜与不镀膜的9Cr18钢球摩擦副，MoS₂-Ti薄膜与W-DLC薄膜摩擦副的摩擦因数和磨损率没有减小。MoS₂-Ti薄膜与W-DLC薄膜摩擦副的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损，与DLC薄膜摩擦副的磨损机制为黏着磨损。摩擦副表面沉积DLC薄膜有助于降低MoS₂-Ti薄膜的摩擦因数和磨损率。     

非稳态条件下轴承钢的组织均匀性对其摩擦磨损性能的影响

为探究非稳态条件下不同组织轴承钢的摩擦磨损性能,采用光学和扫描电子显微镜(OM和SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、硬度计对两种GCr15钢的显微组织、残余奥氏体(A')、硬度进行分析,采用UMT-2摩擦磨损试验机进行乏油、干摩擦两种非稳态滑动摩擦磨损试验,通过SEM、三维形貌仪对磨痕形貌进行分析,研究非稳态条件下组织对性能的影响.结果表明:国内的1#GCr15钢组织不均匀,淬-回火后金相组织呈现典型的"黑白区"形貌,且带状和网状碳化物的等级明显高于国外的2#GCr15钢.两种条件下,1#GCr15钢摩擦系数和磨损量均大于2#GCr15钢;乏油条件下两种钢的磨损机制均为磨粒磨损;干摩擦条件下,1#GCr15钢以氧化、黏着、剥落磨损为主;2#GCr15钢以黏着磨损为主,伴随少量氧化磨损.碳化物不均匀导致轴承钢组织不均匀,同时增加淬火开裂倾向,使其表层薄弱区域在摩擦磨损过程中产生裂纹,造成剥落或早期失效.     

掺杂不同Mo含量对CrMoN薄膜摩擦磨损性能影响

采用多弧离子镀技术,在4Cr13钢表面沉积CrN,并掺杂不同的Mo含量,形成CrMoN复合薄膜。研究不同Mo含量对CrMoN薄膜摩擦磨损性能的影响。通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射、显微硬度计、高速往复摩擦磨损试验机对CrMoN薄膜的成分、相结构和硬度、摩擦磨损特性及形貌进行了研究。实验结果表明:CrMoN复合薄膜形成了以NaCl型面心立方CrN结构为基础的(Cr,Mo)N结构;当Mo含量达到31.08%时,在(311)、(111)方向上出现Mo2N的衍射峰,此时薄膜出现了CrN、(Cr,Mo)N和Mo_2N相结构并存的情况;随着Mo含量的增加,薄膜的硬度先增加后减小;当Mo的含量为7.09%时,复合薄膜的硬度值最大,为2962.3HV;薄膜的磨损机理开始为粘着磨损,之后出现磨屑并破碎,出现磨粒磨损,此后磨损过程在是在粘着磨损和磨粒磨损共同作用下的结果;当Mo的含量为7.09%的CrMoN时,其摩擦系数最低约为0.4,最小磨损量为0.0223mm3。Mo含量分别为0.15%,4.23%,5.15%,14.26%,21.12%,31.08%时的CrMoN,其磨损量分别是Mo含量7.09%的CrMoN磨损量的22.12,17.83,12.88,1.44,3.43,1.22倍。     

AISI 316奥氏体不锈钢等离子体源渗氮及其耐磨抗蚀性能

目前,对AISI 316奥氏体不锈钢单一面心结构γΝ相改性层耐磨抗蚀性能的报道差异较大,有些甚至相互矛盾。采用等离子体源渗氮技术,于450℃,6 h改性AISI 316奥氏体不锈钢,获得了厚度约为17μm、峰值氮浓度20%(原子分数)、最大显微硬度1 510 HV0.1 N、单一面心结构的γΝ相改性层。分别采用WTM-2E球盘式磨损仪和PARSTAT2273电化学工作站,研究了干摩擦条件下γN相/Si_3N_4陶瓷球的摩擦磨损行为和在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为,揭示了γN相改性层的耐磨抗蚀机理。结果表明:γΝ相改性层的磨损机制由原不锈钢的黏着磨损转变为氧化磨损,摩擦系数由0.88降低至0.65,磨损体积由0.13 mm~3降低到9.50×10-3mm~3,耐磨性能显著提高;γΝ相改性层阳极极化曲线未发生点蚀击穿过程,容抗弧直径增大,相位角平台变宽;采用等效电路Rs-(Rct//CPE)拟合的电荷转移电阻Rct由原不锈钢的1.006×105Ω·cm~2增至1.377×106Ω·cm~2,计算的双电层电容Cdl由88.4m F/cm~2降低至77.8 m F/cm~2,抗蚀性能明显得到了改善。     

铜合金压制凹坑织构表面的磨损性能

为了改善铜合金材料表面的摩擦磨损性能,采用压制加工方法,在CuSn6锡青铜试件表面制备出凹坑织构,分别进行压制凹坑织构试件和无织构试件的摩擦磨损试验,测量了摩擦系数和磨损量,观察了磨损表面及磨屑,分析了压制凹坑织构对试件磨损性能的影响。结果表明:与无织构试件相比,压制凹坑织构的磨损量减少。无织构试件的磨损机制为磨粒磨损与黏着磨损,压制凹坑织构的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和少量黏着磨损。压制凹坑边缘存在硬化区域,提高了试件表面平均硬度。凹坑容屑能力与边缘硬化区域有助于改善压制凹坑试件磨损性能。     

Influence of bias voltages on the structure and wear properties of TiSiN coating synthesized by cathodic arc plasma evaporation

Nanocomposite TiSiN films have been deposited on M2 tool steel substrates using TiSi alloy as target by a dual cathodic arc plasma deposition (CAPD) system. The influences of bias voltages on the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of the films were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction techniques were employed to analyse the microstructure, grain size and residual stress. Nano-indentation and tribometer testers were used to measure the mechanical and tribological properties of nanocomposite TiSiN thin films. The results showed that the hardness of the films ranged from 25 to 37 GPa, which were higher than that of TiN (21 GPa). The coefficient of friction of the TiSiN thin films was more stable but was higher than that of TiN when wear against both Cr steel and WC-Co ball, respectively. When encountered with both Cr steel and WC-Co ball of the counter ball, the tribological mechanisms of TiSiN thin films are adhesive and abrasion wears, respectively. It has been found that the microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of the films were correlated to bias voltage, grain size, and amorphous Si₃N₄ nanocomposite formed in film structure, resulting in a superhard TiSiN coating.     

Tribology of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene film on Si substrate with chromium nitride, titanium nitride and diamond like carbon as intermediate layers

This paper presents tribological studies on composite films consisting of different intermediate hard layers (chromium nitride (CrN), titanium nitride (TiN) and diamond like carbon (DLC)) on Si substrate followed by soft ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (4-5 μm thick) as the top layer. The tribological properties of the composite films were evaluated on a ball-on-disc tribometer (composite film sliding against a 4 mm diameter Si₃N₄ ball) at a normal load of 40 mN and a linear speed of 0.052 m/s. The wear durability of the composite films increases with increasing hardness of the intermediate layers. The composite film with harder intermediate layers (TiN with 24 GPa and DLC layers with 57 GPa and 70 GPa of hardness) provides the best tribological performance with more than 300,000 cycles of sliding when the experiments were stopped. The critical loads of scratching correlate with the wear performances of the composite films. Application of only a few nanometer overcoat of perfluoropolyether on the most wear resistant composite films can further increase the wear lives (more than one million cycles) even at a higher normal load of 70 mN.     

Effects of temperature on the tribological behavior of Al0.25CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy

The tribological behavior of Al_0.25CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) sliding against Si₃N₄ ball was investigated from room temperature to 600 ℃. The microstructure of the alloys was characterized by simple FCC phase with 260 HV. Below 300 ℃, with increasing temperature, the wear rate increased due to high temperature softening. The wear rate remained stabilized above 300 ℃ due to the anti-wear effect of the oxidation film on the contact interface. The dominant wear mechanism of HEA changed from abrasive wear at room temperature to delamination wear at 200 ℃, then delamination wear and oxidative wear at 300 ℃ and became oxidative above 300 ℃. Moreover, the adhesive wear existed concomitantly below 300 ℃.     

旋转超声磨削Si3 N4陶瓷用金刚石磨具磨损行为研究

热压烧结Si₃N₄陶瓷材料常应用于航天飞行器中关键耐高温零部件,但由于高硬度和低断裂韧性,其加工效率和加工表面质量难以满足制造需求。为了提高热压烧结Si₃N₄陶瓷旋转超声磨削加工质量,减小由于金刚石磨具磨损带来的加工误差,开展了磨具磨损行为研究。基于热压烧结Si₃N₄陶瓷旋转超声磨削加工实验,分析了金刚石磨具磨损形式;基于回归分析建立了金刚石磨具磨损量数学模型,揭示了加工参数及磨具参数与金刚石磨具磨损量间映射关系;并研究了磨损形式与磨具磨损量及加工表面粗糙度影响规律。结果表明：磨粒磨耗是旋转超声磨削Si₃N₄陶瓷用金刚石磨具最主要磨损形式,比例超过50%;主轴转速和磨粒粒度对磨具磨损量影响最为显著;且磨损量较小时,加工表面粗糙度值反而增加。以上研究可为提高旋转超声磨削Si₃N₄陶瓷加工精度和加工质量提供指导。     

Wear behaviour and rolling contact fatigue life of Ti/TiN/DLC multilayer films fabricated on bearing steel by PIIID

In order to improve the friction and wear behaviours and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life of bearing steel materials, Ti/TiN/DLC (diamond-like carbon) multilayer hard films were fabricated onto AISI52100 bearing steel surface by plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (PIIID) technique. The micro-Raman spectroscopy analysis confirms that the surface film layer possess the characteristic of diamond-like carbon, and it is composed of a mixture of amorphous and crystalline phases, with a variable ratio of sp²/sp³ carbon bonds. Atomic force microscope (AFM) reveals that the multilayer films have extremely smooth area, excellent adhesion, high uniformity and efficiency of space filling over large areas. The nanohardness (H) and elastic modulus (E) measurement indicates that the H and E of DLC multilayer films is about 32 GPa and 410 GPa, increases by 190.9% and 86.4%. The friction and wear behaviours and RCF life of DLC multilayer films specimen have also been investigated by ball-on-disc and three-ball-rod fatigue testers. Results show that the friction coefficient against AISI52100 steel ball decreases from 0.92 to 0.25, the longest wear life increases nearly by 22 times. In addition, wear tracks of the PIIID samples as well as wear tracks of the sliding steel ball were analyzed with the help of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The L₁₀, L₅₀, L_a and mean RCF life L of treated bearing samples, in 90% confidence level, increases by 10.1, 4.2, 3.5 and 3.4 times, respectively. Compared with the bearing steel substrate, the RCF life scatter extent of Ti/TiN/DLC multilayer films sample is improved obviously.     

Mechanical properties of SiNxCx ceramic films prepared by plasma CVD

The mechanical properties of Si₃N₄-SiC, SiN_x and SiC_y films prepared at a low temperature of 400 °C by plasma chemical vapour deposition are reported. Microhardness, internal stress of the film and adhesive strength between the film and glass or stainless steel substrate were evaluated as principal mechanical properties. Microhardness was measured to be about 10 to 20 G Pa dependent on the film composition in each system. Internal stress of the films on borosilicate glass substrates extensively varied from tensile to compressive with the film composition change from Si₃N₄ to SiC. Adhesive strength, as ascertained by the scratch test, was about 580 to 800 MPa for crown glass substrates, and about 210 to 310 M Pa for 316 stainless steel substrates. It is pointed out that tensile stress in these films brought about more abrupt decreases of the adhesive strength than did compressive stress.     

基体偏压模式对CrN薄膜结构和阻氢性能的影响

为了避免金属材料因为氢扩散而导致的失效,通常在其表面制备氧化物或氮化物等的阻氢薄膜,而薄膜的微观组织、晶体结构等对其阻氢性能的影响显著.本文在不锈钢基体上制备出CrN阻氢薄膜,系统研究了高/低基体偏压调制模式对CrN薄膜结构和阻氢等性能的影响.采用高功率磁控溅射技术在四组基体偏压模式下分别制备了具备一定高温抗氧化性的C...     

Corrosion protection of CrN/TiN multi-coating for bipolar plate of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

The electrochemical corrosion cells will be generated from the possible pinholes of the promising CrN and TiN coatings in a PEMFC environment. To prevent the elution of possible pinholes, CrN/TiN multi-coatings on SS have been considered. This study examined the electrochemical behavior of three CrN/TiN coatings on 316L stainless steel deposited at different CrN/TiN thickness ratios by rf-magnetron sputtering as potential bipolar plate materials. Potentiodynamic tests of CrN/TiN-coated 316L stainless steel carried out in a 1 M H₂SO₄ + 2 ppm HF solution at 70 °C revealed a significantly lower corrosion current density than that of uncoated 316L SS, as well as a decrease in the corrosion current density with decreasing inner-layer CrN thickness. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy also showed that the CrN/TiN-coated 316L SS sample had higher charge transfer resistance than the uncoated 316L SS sample, which increased with decreasing inner-layer CrN thickness. This was attributed to the crystalline-refined CrN/TiN(200).     

Structural and mechanical properties of multi-element (AlCrMoTaTiZr)Nx coatings by reactive magnetron sputtering

(AlCrMoTaTiZr)N_x high-entropy films were deposited on silicon wafer and cemented carbide substrates from a single alloy target by reactive RF magnetron sputtering under a mixed atmosphere of Ar and N₂. The effect of nitrogen flow ratio R_N on chemical composition, morphology, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the (AlCrMoTaTiZr)N_x films was investigated. Nitrogen-free alloy film had an amorphous structure, while nitride films with at least 37 at.% N exhibited a simple NaCl-type FCC (face-centered cubic) structure. Mixed structures occurred in films with lower nitrogen contents. Films with the FCC structure were thermally stable without phase decomposition at 1000 °C after 10 h. The (AlCrMoTaTiZr)N film deposited at R_N = 40% exhibited the highest hardness of 40.2 GPa which attains the superhard grade. The main strengthening mechanisms for this film were grain-size and solid-solution strengthening. A residual compressive stress of 1.04 GPa was small to account for the observed hardness. The nitride film was wear resistant, with a wear rate of 2.8 × 10^− 6 mm³/N m against a loaded 100Cr6 steel ball in the sliding wear test. These high-entropy films have potential in hard coating applications.     

Fabrication of 6061 aluminum alloy reinforced with Si3N4/n-Gr and its wear performance optimization using integrated RSM-GA

In this research work the dry sliding wear behavior of a hybrid aluminum metal matrix composite is evaluated. Al 6061 is used as a matrix material while Si₃N₄ and nanographite powder (3–15 wt%) are used as reinforcements. These two reinforcements (50 wt% of each) were blended in a high-energy ball mill for homogeneous mixing to derive the sound aluminum matrix composite (AMC). The hybrid composite is made by the stir casting route and its wear rate was investigated against an EN32 steel disc surface, using a pin-on-disc tribometer. Integrated response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) are used to optimize the pin-on-disc process parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that sliding distance plays a major role on the dry sliding wear rate followed by load, sliding speed and reinforcements. Two-factor interactions and quadratic terms have also significant contributions. GA suggested a minimum wear rate value of 0.827 mg at optimized setting. Microstructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that very fine grooves are obtained at optimized settings while at other settings severe ploughing is observed. Transition of wear mechanism takes place with the increase of speed (i.e., temperature between the two rubbing surfaces) from abrasive to adhesive.