氮气保护粉/丝复合堆焊高硼铁基合金的组织及结构

为改善高硼铁基堆焊合金韧性不足、易引发裂纹的问题,采用N₂保护堆焊并添加氮化铬铁的方式引入合金元素N,同时添加强氮化物形成元素,制备高硼铁基堆焊合金,通过显微组织结构、微区成分、硬度等试验检验,分析合金元素N对高硼铁基堆焊合金组织与性能的影响. 结果表明,氮气保护堆焊高硼铁基合金由初晶Fe₂B、共晶α-Fe+ Fe₂B及粒状复合物M(C,N)组成,N元素的引入促使大量粒状复合物M(C,N)析出,有效细化初晶Fe₂B相,抑制堆焊裂纹的出现. 堆焊合金的宏观硬度也因氮的引入而达到67.8 HRC,但过多的氮会导致Fe₂B生长不完全,硬度略有下降.     

碳化硼对粉/丝复合堆焊高硼铁基合金组织结构的影响

为了探讨合金元素B,C对高硼铁基堆焊合金组织结构、裂纹敏感性的影响,采用粉/丝复合堆焊技术配合不同B₄C含量合金粉体制备高硼铁基堆焊合金,通过显微组织结构、微区成分、显微硬度及宏观硬度试验检测,分析不同B,C元素含量及配比的堆焊合金组织与性能. 结果表明,高硼铁基堆焊合金由α-Fe,Fe₂B,Fe₃(C,B)相组成,随着B₄C的添加,初晶岛状α-Fe消失,菱形初晶Fe₂B、粒状Fe₃(C,B)析出,鱼骨状、条状共晶状组织α-Fe+Fe₂B体积分数趋于减小并消失,菊花状α-Fe+Fe₂B+Fe₃(C,B)包晶组织成为堆焊合金的主体. 高硼铁基合金中硼、碳的含量及配比是影响堆焊合金组织结构、裂纹敏感性的原因之一,约30%合金粉体(含35%硼铁粉、5%B₄C)配合约70%H08Mn2Si焊丝获得的堆焊层,可有效抑制堆焊裂纹的出现,并可获得稳定的高硬度值66 HRC.     

TiB2强化高硬度高耐磨堆焊自保护药芯焊丝堆焊层性能分析

通过在Fe-Cr-C系药芯焊丝中加入不同含量TiB2粉末,制备TiB2强化高硬度高耐磨堆焊自保护药芯焊丝.借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射等手段,试验研究了其堆焊合金显微组织,并考察TiB2含量对该堆焊合金性能的影响.结果表明,堆焊合金组织为初生碳化物、马氏体和残余奥氏体,同时堆焊合金中生成了大量TiC-TiB2颗粒,并且弥散分布在初生碳化物和基体上;TiB2强化耐磨堆焊药芯焊丝的堆焊合金比不加TiB2具有更高的硬度和更好的耐磨性.     

Fe-Cr-B-C堆焊合金的显微组织及耐磨性

采用药芯焊丝埋弧堆焊方法制备含有C0.5%～0.7%,Cr9%～12%,B0%～2.25%(质量分数)的堆焊合金。借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射和微区EDS分析等手段研究其显微组织及分布形貌。结果表明,其显微组织由铁素体+奥氏体+马氏体+硼化物((Fe,Cr)2B,(Fe,Cr)23(C,B)6,(Fe,Cr)B和(Fe,Cr)3(B,C))等组成,硼化物呈条状、菊花状、块状甚至蜂窝状等形态,不同硼化物数量及其分布形态随硼含量而改变,其中最为典型是(Fe,Cr)23(C,B)6呈菊花状并聚集分布。另外,考察了硼含量对Fe-10Cr-xB-0.6C堆焊合金硬度及耐磨性的影响,耐磨粒磨损试验结果表明,高硼堆焊合金的磨损性优良,当聚集分布的硼化物数量过多,磨粒压入基体及其显微切削运动受到硼化物的有效阻碍,但部分硼化物脱落留下的空洞使其压入切削变易,这使得硼化物与基体的界面结合强度成为影响其耐磨性的一个重要甚至主导因素。     

碳化钨/高锰钢堆焊层的制备工艺及耐磨性能

采用氧乙炔焰在Q235钢基体上制备碳化钨/高锰钢堆焊层,通过调节碳化钨的种类、粒度和含量来对比组织、性能上的差异。试验结果表明,在堆焊层中碳化钨颗粒分布均匀,颗粒周围产生共晶组织,且堆焊层的硬度随着碳化钨颗粒的数量、碳化钨颗粒尺寸的增加而上升;耐磨性随着碳化钨颗粒度的减小和碳化钨数量的增加而增加,其含量达到40%时为最佳,经冲击强化后堆焊层性能进一步提升。     

农机犁铧堆焊组织结构仿生设计与耐磨性

为了提高农机犁铧使用寿命,寻求与蜣螂体表的微结构形态相似的堆焊微观组织结构。设计Fe-Cr-C-（B4C）x系金属粉芯焊丝,通过B4C添加量的变化调控堆焊层微观组织结构向蜣螂体表的表面微结构变化。采用CO2气体保护焊进行往复摆动堆焊,观察堆焊层显微组织结构,并进行了EBSD相分析,测定了堆焊层HRC和磨粒磨损性能。结果表明,堆焊层组织为马氏体、下贝氏体及网状（Cr,Fe）3（B,C）,并含有少量硬质点TiC。得到的微观组织结构达到了蜣螂体表的微结构形态仿生效果,并且使堆焊层耐磨性均高于65Mn钢3~4倍。     

高碳钢盘条晶粒度检测方法比较

为了准确地检验高碳钢盘条晶粒度大小,分别选用直接侵蚀法和直接淬硬法进行比较。结果表明,直接侵蚀法显示的是珠光体团的大小,而直接淬硬法显示的是原奥氏体晶粒的大小,直接淬硬法较直接侵蚀法显示的晶界清晰,评定的结果真实可信。综合比较建议采用直接淬硬法进行仲裁检测高碳钢盘条原奥氏体晶粒度。     

激光+双丝脉冲MIG/MAG复合焊系统及工艺开发

为了对激光+双丝脉冲MIG/MAG复合焊工艺及理论进行研究,构建了激光+双丝脉冲MIG/MAG复合焊系统,双电弧的电源各自独立,电源的脉冲控制方式为推挽式.利用该系统进行焊接工艺试验,在焊接过程中,同步采集双路焊接电流、电弧电压信号,并进行高速摄像.结果表明,所构建的激光+双丝脉冲MIG/MAG复合焊系统能够进行稳定焊接,焊缝成形美观,且加入激光后,激光对电压的影响较明显,电压信号的稳定性增强.     

High-speed wire electrical discharge machining to create superhydrophobic surfaces for magnesium alloys with high corrosion and wear resistance

Herein, a superhydrophobic surface of AZ31B magnesium alloy prepared by high-speed wire electrical discharge machining and modification with stearic acid is reported. The surface morphology and wettability of the superhydrophobic surface were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and optical contact angle measurement, respectively. A uniform micro-/nanopetal-like structure was shown within the superhydrophobic surface, resulting in a contact angle of 151 ± 0.5° and a sliding angle of 4 ± 0.5°. Notably, the superhydrophobic surface had better corrosion resistance than the bare magnesium alloy, and its corrosion current density was reduced by nearly one order of magnitude. Under both dry and wet friction conditions, the friction coefficient of the superhydrophobic surface was lower than that of the bare magnesium alloy surface, with a much lower wear loss. In addition, the friction coefficient of the superhydrophobic sample was lower than that of the bare magnesium alloy sample under both the dry and wet friction conditions. Thus, the superhydrophobic sample experienced reduced wear and had a low wear rate.     

中锰高碳钢的冲击磨损性能及磨损机制

采用场发射扫描电镜(SEM)、MLD-10冲击实验机和硬度实验机等检测手段,对不同处理制度条件下的中锰高碳钢在中低冲击载荷条件下的耐磨性能与其磨损机制进行了研究。结果表明:低冲击载荷条件下,热轧态中锰高碳钢具有最优异的冲击磨损性能,远高于冷轧态与其他热处理制度下的中锰高碳钢,其磨损机制为剥削磨损与凿削磨损;在中等冲击载荷条件下,450℃保温15 min样品的冲击磨损性能最优越,且磨损机制为剥削磨损、凿削磨损与塑性变形。     

Effects of nickel coating thickness on electric properties of nickel/carbon hybrid fibers

In this work, nickel/carbon hybrid fibers were prepared by the electrolytic plating on carbon fibers in order to improve electric conductivity of the carbon fibers; the effects of nickel content and coating thickness on the electric conductivity of the fibers were studied. The structural properties and surface morphologies of the hybrid fibers were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The electric conductivity of the fibers was measured using a 4-point probe method. As for experimental results, it was observed that the electric conductivity of the nickel/carbon hybrid fibers was dramatically increased in the presence of metallic nickel particles, with the best result in the condition of over 0.75 μm of the thickness due to the minimization of the inner pores.     

Effects of the powder manufacturing method on microstructure and wear performance of plasma sprayed alumina-titania coatings

Three Al₂O₃-13wt.% TiO₂ powders, with the same chemical composition but different Al₂O₃-TiO₂ distribution patterns, are plasma sprayed and the resulting coatings are compared in terms of their phase composition, microstructure, hardness, crack growth resistance, and abrasive wear performance. It is demonstrated that the degree of mixing of the Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ ingredients in the feed powder has immense impact on the phase composition, microstructure, hardness, crack growth resistance, and abrasive wear performance of the coatings. A high degree of mixing of Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ in the powder state results in more uniform microstructure, higher hardness, higher crack growth resistance, and consequently better abrasive wear resistance of the coating.     

碳含量对低合金耐磨钢组织及耐磨性的影响

研究了碳含量分别为0.31%、0.38%和0.50%的低合金耐磨铸钢热处理后的组织、强韧性及不同磨损条件下的磨损性能。结果表明,试验钢经950℃淬火及250℃回火,显微组织均以板条马氏体为主,随含碳量的增加,组织有所粗化,并且有片状马氏体出现。试验钢的硬度随碳含量的增加而增加,但韧性下降。磨损试验结果表明,冲击磨料磨损条件下,主要表现为凿削磨损,碳含量为0.38%的试验钢具有较好的耐磨性;静磨料磨损条件下,主要表现为切削磨损,耐磨性主要受硬度的影响,碳含量为0.50%试验钢具有较好的耐磨性。     

Rapid cyclic oxidation tests,using joule heating of wire and foil materials

As part of a programme to establish a thermal cyclic oxidation test standard for metallic materials at elevated temperatures (COTEST) a programme of work has been undertaken on the rapid cyclic oxidation of wire and foil materials, using Joule heating. By way of introduction, alternative technologies for rapid thermal cyclic tests are reviewed. Following this the benefits of adopting a modified existing ASTM standard is discussed. The aims of the project were, first, to define a suitable test matrix to evaluate the effect of critical material parameters, to undertake the test to a prescribe standard and then evaluate the performance of materials under rapid thermal cycling, using Joule heating. The performance of the testing methodology is assessed using two materials, Kanthal A1 (reference temperature 1250°C) and Alloy 800 (reference temperature 1000°C). In this paper tests on Kanthal A1 at 1200, 1250 and 1300°C are reported. These tests have been undertaken in laboratory air. Other parameters include the upper dwell time (2, 5 and 10 min), the lower dwell time (constant at 2 min) and specimen geometry. Kanthal A1 material was available as 0.4 mm diameter wire, 0.7 mm diameter wire and 70 μm × 1.25 mm ribbon. The results of these tests were analysed statistically using a 3 × 3 × 3 test matrix with triplicate repeat specimens. The lifetime of the wire or foil samples could be measured using either of two parameters: 1) the number of cycles to failure or the accumulated hot time to failure (accumulated upper dwell time). The cyclic lifetime was critically dependent on temperature, hot dwell time and sample geometry. For these rapid cycle tests on Kanthal A1 wire and foil cycle life decreased with increase in temperature and increase in hot dwell time. The wire/foil endurance (accumulated hot time to failure) decreased slightly with increase in temperature, but increased with hot dwell time (fewer cycles). The endurance of foil samples was shorter than wire samples. Thus for wire/foil endurance only hot dwell time was a statistically significant parameter, over the temperature range studied.     

Straightening of micro wires using the direct wire heating and pulling method

In this study, we have developed a novel micro wire straightener using the direct wire heating and pulling (DWHP) method. The straightener can remove the bend of the micro wire (< 200 μm) by heating it with the direct current, which flows through the wire in the glass chamber and simultaneously giving it the appropriate tension. A tension meter was attached to control the tension of the micro wire (tungsten). In order to avoid surface oxidization of the wire, we supplied inert gas (argon) into the glass chamber during the heating process, and examined the effect of the gas flow rate. The effects of the tension and the current applied to the micro wires (tungsten) were investigated experimentally. With Results from various experiments and parametric studies, we could obtain desired straightness (≈1 μm/1000 μm) with a tension of 500–600 gf and an approximate electric current of 1.5 A.     

Microstructure and wear resistance of low carbon steel surface strengthened by plasma melt injection of SiC particles

Low carbon steel Q235 sheets were processed with plasma melt injection (PMI) of SiC particles. The sheets were melted by a transferred plasma arc and injected with fine (178 to 250 μm) and coarse (420 to 840 μm) SiC particles. Microstructure of the specimens was investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzer. Micro-hardness of the specimens was tested. Dry sliding wear test was performed on the specimens with a W6Mo5Cr4 V2Co5 steel roller. The results show that microstructure of the specimen with fine SiC particles injected consists of iron-based matrix and pearlite. No SiC particles are found in the melted layer. Microstructure of the specimen with coarse SiC particles injected consists of iron-based matrix, pearlite and graphite. Some coarse SiC particles are found embedded on the top surface of the specimen. The wear resistance of low carbon steel can be improved with PMI of both fine and coarse SiC particles. Wear loss of the specimen with coarse SiC particles injected is lower than that of the one with fine SiC particles injected. The SiC particles protect the matrix from worn out by the counter part and increase the wear resistance of the specimen.     

激光熔覆WC/Co-Cr合金涂层的组织及耐磨性

采用YAG固体激光器于45钢表面熔覆WC/Co-Cr合金涂层,对涂层的微观组织及界面结构进行了分析。探讨了不同WC添加量对涂层硬度及摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,涂层主要由CrCo、WC以及W₂C相组成,还含有一定的Co的固溶体以及Cr₇C₃相。涂层微观组织呈大致等轴的细小网状共晶组织,涂层与基体呈冶金结合,表面硬度在1100 HV0.02左右。WC含量对涂层硬度以及磨损性能影响较大,呈显著的磨粒磨损机制。但当WC含量增加到20wt%以后,表面微裂纹增多,脆性增大,对使用寿命有不利影响。     

工业纯铜陶瓷/渗铝复合涂层制备及耐磨性

利用热化学反应法和化学热处理在工业纯铜上同时制备陶瓷/渗铝复合涂层。与热化学反应陶瓷涂层相比,复合涂层的致密度、结合强度均优于热化学反应陶瓷涂层。封孔后耐磨粒磨损性能是基体的4.05倍,耐粘着磨损(干摩/油摩)性能分别为基体的3.67倍和10.43倍。     

Influence of carbon sputtering power on structure, corrosion resistance, adhesion strength and wear resistance of platinum/ruthenium/nitrogen doped diamond-like carbon thin films

Platinum/ruthenium/nitrogen doped diamond-like carbon (PtRuN-DLC) thin films were deposited on conductive p-Si substrates using a DC magnetron sputtering deposition system by varying carbon sputtering power. The chemical composition, bonding structure, surface morphology and adhesion strength of the PtRuN-DLC films were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), micro-Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and micro-scratch test, respectively. The corrosion behavior of the PtRuN-DLC films in a 0.1 M NaCl solution was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization test. The corrosion results indicated that the corrosion resistance of the PtRuN-DLC films increased with increased carbon sputtering power probably due to decreased porosity level in the films with increased growth rate and film thickness. The wear performance of the PtRuN-DLC films was investigated with a ball-on-disc micro-tribometer. It was found that the increased carbon sputtering power significantly improved the wear performance of the films by enhancing the adhesion strength of the films.     

高速电弧喷涂FeMnCrNi/Cr3C2涂层的工艺优化及磨损性能

采用高速电弧喷涂技术在Q235钢表面制备了FeMnCrNi/Cr₃C₂涂层。通过正交试验研究了喷涂电压、喷涂电流和喷涂距离对涂层形貌及性能的影响,获得了涂层制备的最佳工艺参数。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、能谱仪、显微硬度仪与激光共聚焦显微镜等研究了最佳工艺参数下制备的FeMnCrNi/Cr₃C₂涂层的形貌及性能。结果表明:影响涂层性能的主次因素顺序为:喷涂距离、喷涂电压、喷涂电流。最佳工艺参数为:喷涂电压31 V、喷涂电流240 A、喷涂距离200 mm。采用最佳工艺参数制备的涂层孔隙率为1.99%,显微硬度为719 HV0.1,是Q235钢的3.5倍,涂层的平均磨痕宽度、深度和截面积分别为281.95μm、4.42μm和564.81μm2,相比Q235钢分别减小了60%、72%和89%,具有更优的耐磨性;涂层的主要磨损形式为磨粒磨损。