图像强度的平方和最大化自聚焦算法

为了获得精确的方位向多普勒调频率参数以提高合成孔径雷达图像的质量,提出了一种新的自聚焦算法,即图像强度的平方和最大化准则的自聚焦算法。该算法基于图像对比度,推导了图像强度的平方和与图像对比度的关系,同时为了提高该算法的计算效率,又提出利用二分法替代通常的进退法。最后,利用实测数据处理,验证了二分法收敛速度较快和本算法的有效性。     

基于变步长搜索黄金分割优化的自聚焦算法

为了获得高分辨的合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像,需采用自聚焦算法对SAR图像进行处理。文中介绍了利用图像对比度最优准则进行自聚焦的原理方法,将对比度最优自聚焦过程等效为最优一维搜索模型。同时,介绍了变步长搜索黄金分割算法的原理,首先通过变步长搜索确定搜索区间,然后采用黄金分割法进行迭代收敛,当满足终止条件时,停止迭代并得到最终的多普勒调频率最优估计值。与现有的算法相比,基于变步长搜索黄金分割优化的自聚焦算法具有收敛速度快、鲁棒性强的优点。实测数据处理结果验证了算法的有效性。     

图像幅度和值最小化自聚焦算法

为了获得高分辨率合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像,需要精确的方位向调频斜率参数,该文提出了图像幅度和值最小化的自聚焦算法。论文分析了方位向信号频域的压缩处理,当频域复乘函数的幅值为常数时,图像对比度与图像幅度和值之间存在一定的关系,又根据图像聚焦程度和图像对比度之间的关系,推导出图像聚焦程度和图像幅度和值之间的联系,根据此联系可以快速准确地确定方位向真实调频斜率,论文给出了该算法的实现流程。与传统的子孔径相关算法相比,该算法由于不存在部分孔径效应,所以具有计算量小、收敛好、估计精度高的特点;与图像对比度最优估计法相比,该文算法收敛速度快,运算量少,易于硬件实现,有助于提高实时成像处理器的性能。对RADARSAT-1数据自聚焦,实验结果验证了该算法的有效性。     

基于对比度最优准则的自聚焦优化算法研究

对比度最优自聚焦算法是一种基于图像幅度的自聚焦方法.本文将对比度最优自聚焦算法等效为一个求解局部最优解的优化模型.结合实际SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)系统的特征采用了两种解决此优化问题的算法:黄金分割和Fibonacci级数法,和传统方法相比,这两种优化方法明显提高了对比度最优自聚焦算法的运算效率.     

基于改进RDM的SAR自聚焦算法

反射率偏移法(RDM)是合成孔径雷达(SAR)自聚焦的经典算法,当场景对比度较低时,RDM自聚焦效果变差。该文提出了一种RDM的改进方法,该方法利用多普勒调频率与距离的函数关系,自适应地修正低对比度区域对多普勒调频率估计的影响,保证良好的自聚焦效果。实际SAR数据实验证明了该方法的有效性。     

一种适用于机载SAR的改进PACE自聚焦算法

PACE算法是一种新的非模型的高性能SAR图像自聚焦算法,可以有效提取SAR图像中高频相位误差。由于PACE算法直接以图像相位误差校正值系列为待估计参量,计算量巨大,该文从提高PACE算法的执行效率的角度出发,提出了一种插值PACE算法(IPACE)。IPACE算法以图像对比度函数为目标函数,以待估计的相位校正矢量中的若干个相位校正值为自变量,通过拟牛顿算法迭代获得它们的最优估计,然后通过插值获得整个相位误差校正矢量的最优估计值。IPACE算法可以有效地减少待估计变量的个数,提高算法的执行效率,同时几乎不降低算法的聚焦性能。实际相位误差未知的超宽带SAR回波数据的聚焦结果表明了该算法能显著改善图像的质量,是一种鲁棒性良好的图像自聚焦算法。     

对比度最优自聚焦算法

该文研究了一种适用于SAR的自聚焦算法,称作对比度最优自聚焦算法(Contrast Optimiza-tion Autofocus Algorithm,COAA)。该算法是一种原理简单、收敛快、计算量小、鲁棒性强的自聚焦算法,该文着重研究了COAA的实现方法。通过计算机仿真模拟证明了该算法的有效性。将COAA运用于中关村地区L-SAR数据并得到了理想的图像,这说明该算法具有重要的实际应用价值。最后,该文通过一些具体例子验证了该算法与其他算法相比具有更强的鲁棒性。     

自适应峰度最优自聚焦算法

研究了一种适用于合成孔径雷达的自聚焦算法，称自适应峰度最优自聚焦算法（AKOAA）。该算法能有效解决对比度最优算法的局部极值问题，且具有原理简单、收敛快、计算量小、适应性强等特点。该文着重研究了AKOAA的原理及实现方法，最后通过对实际的L_SAR数据成像得到了较为理想的图像，这既证明了该算法的有效性，也说明了该算法具有重要实际应用价值。     

一种基于图像最大对比度的联合ISAR方位定标和相位自聚焦算法

针对特显点选取易受噪声影响这一问题,该文提出一种基于全局图像最大对比度的逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)方位定标算法,并在实现方位定标的同时完成距离空变相位补偿自聚焦。该方法以图像对比度作为代价函数,利用BFGS算法实现代价函数的最大化高效求解,获得目标信号的距离空变调频率,进而计算目标有效转动角速度,实现方位定标和距离空变相位自聚焦。仿真和实测数据实验对比验证了该算法的有效性和稳健性。     

对比度最优算法在UWB SAR运动补偿中的应用

对比度最优自聚焦(COA)算法是一种计算量相对较小的自聚焦算法,在高波段及L波段SAR中得到了成功应用。但对于工作在P波段的超宽带SAR(UWB SAR),由于杂波噪声干扰严重,给COA算法的应用带来了较大的困难。文中针对UWB SAR这一特点,提出了一种有效减小杂波对对比度干扰的方法,通过改造对比度评价函数、选择信噪比较强的方位线、对方位压缩后的图像低通滤波、并剔除偏差较大的估计值等方法,有效地提高了COA算法在UWB SAR中的性能。实际UWB SAR数据的补偿结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.