Use of Consumer Acceptability as a Tool to Determine the Level of Sodium Reduction: A Case Study on Beef Soup Substituted With Potassium Chloride and Soy‐Sauce Odor

In this study, consumer acceptability was considered as a tool of reducing sodium rather than just using it as a final examination of the successfulness of the substitution. This study consisted of 4 experimental steps. First, by gradually reducing the concentrations of NaCl, consumer rejection threshold (CRT) of NaCl in beef soup was examined. Then, the amount of KCl that can increase preference was examined in 2 low sodium beef soups, with sodium concentrations slightly above or below the CRT. Relative saltiness of various KCl and NaCl/KCl mixtures were also measured. Finally, consumers evaluated acceptability and intensities of sensory characteristics for 9 beef soup samples that differed with respect to NaCl content and/or KCl content with/without addition of salty‐congruent odor (soy‐sauce odor). The results showed that in the “above CRT” system, consumer acceptability as well as sensory profile of low sodium beef soup substituted using KCl had similar profile to the control although saltiness was not fully recovered, whereas in the “below CRT” system, consumer acceptability was not recovered using KCl solely as a substitute. Potential of using salty‐congruent odor as a final touch to induce salty taste was observed; however, the results inferred the importance of having almost no artificialness in the odor and having harmony with the final product when using it as a strategy to substitute sodium. Overall, the results of the study implied the importance of considering consumer acceptability when approaching sodium reduction to better understand the potentials of the sodium substitutes and salty‐congruent odor.     

Beef flavor: a review from chemistry to consumer

This paper briefly reviews research that describes the sensation, generation and consumer acceptance of beef flavor. Humans sense the five basic tastes in their taste buds, and receptors in the nasal and sinus cavities sense aromas. Additionally, trigeminal senses such as metallic and astringent are sensed in the oral and nasal cavities and can have an effect on the flavor of beef. Flavors are generated from a complex interaction of tastes, tactile senses and aromas taken collectively throughout the tongue, nasal, sinus and oral cavities. Cooking beef generates compounds that contribute to these senses and result in beef flavor, and the factors that are involved in the cookery process determine the amount and type of these compounds and therefore the flavor generated. A low‐heat, slow cooking method generates primarily lipid degradation products, while high‐heat, fast cookery generates more Maillard reaction products. The science of consumer acceptance, cluster analyses and drawing relationships among all flavor determinants is a relatively new discipline in beef flavor. Consumers rate beef that has lipid degradation products generated from a low degree of doneness and Maillard flavor products from fast, hot cookery the highest in overall liking, and current research has shown that strong relationships exist between beef flavor and consumer acceptability, even more so than juiciness or tenderness. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同煮制时间的近江牡蛎煮制液的风味分析与评价

以近江牡蛎肉为原料,采用电子鼻、电子舌分析了水煮20、40、80和120 min 4个煮制时间的牡蛎煮制液的气味及滋味特征的差异,并利用感官评价和结合化学指标对蚝汁的风味品质进行综合性评价。电子鼻、电子舌的结果显示4种加热时间煮制液风味明显不同;80 min样品在气味和滋味特征方面都表现出与其他3种样品明显的差异;感官品评结果表明煮制80 min的牡蛎煮制液风味最佳;呈味物质与感官评价的相关性分析表明煮制液的鲜味与鲜味氨基酸总量呈显著正相关。     

酸汤对酸汤牛肉特征风味及品质的影响

研究酸汤（红酸汤、白酸汤、混合酸汤（红酸汤＋白酸汤））煮制对牛肉感官品质、pH值、色泽、水分含量、蒸煮损失率、嫩度、质构等理化特性的影响,并结合气相色谱-离子迁移谱分析酸汤牛肉挥发性成分,评价酸汤牛肉综合品质。结果表明,与对照组比较,酸汤可显著提高牛肉的嫩度和水分含量,降低牛肉蒸煮损失率、硬度、咀嚼性、胶黏性,改善牛肉的色泽和感官品质。白酸汤牛肉蒸煮损失率、硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性最低,水分含量最高,红酸汤牛肉水分含量次之。红酸汤牛肉与白酸汤牛肉嫩度无显著差异,红酸汤可以显著提高牛肉红度值和黄度值。混合酸汤对牛肉亮度值提升效果较好。红酸汤和白酸汤中乳酸质量浓度最高,分别为23.27、4.90 mg/mL。酸汤牛肉中共鉴定出挥发性风味物质55 种,不同酸汤牛肉挥发性成分存在明显差异;与对照组比较,酸汤煮制牛肉可降低醛类物质相对含量,增加酯类、酸类和酮类物质相对含量,其中,红酸汤牛肉酯类和酸类物质相对含量较高,醛类物质相对含量较低,感官评分最高,口感风味最佳。红酸汤牛肉主要特征风味物质为乳酸乙酯、丁醛、乙酸、苯甲醛（二聚体）、2-甲基丙酸等;白酸汤牛肉主要特征风味物质为丙醇、2-丁酮、3-戊酮、丙酸等;混合酸汤牛肉以酮类物质为主要特征风味物质。与对照组相比,酸汤牛肉中部分风味物质增加,形成酸汤牛肉特有的特征风味。综上所述,红酸汤牛肉挥发性风味成分丰富,感官评价及综合品质更好,红酸汤是制作酸汤牛肉的适宜选择。     

Characterization of the flavor compounds in wheat bran and biochemical conversion for application in food

Wheat bran, an abundant and low-cost by-product from agricultural processing, can be used as an alternative food resource. Biochemical conversion of wheat bran to food ingredient involves pretreatments of bran to enhance its acceptability. In this work, the effects of the Maillard reaction and enzymolysis on flavor properties of wheat bran and sensory evaluation of steamed buns fortified with wheat bran were analyzed using GC-MS combined with sensory evaluation. The results showed that the Maillard reaction and enzymatic hydrolysis, as well as flavoring process, could effectively improve the flavor profiles of wheat bran. The flavor compounds in modified wheat bran products as well as its fuzzy sensory score increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with those in commercially available dry malt extract. Additionally, steamed buns fortified with wheat bran had enhanced flavor and overall acceptability. The study can be useful in valorization a plethora of grain bran (waste) into valuable resources.     

SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW-FAT GROUND BEEF PATTIES FORMULATED WITH WAXY HULL-LESS BARLEY

Texture characteristics and acceptability of 90/10 (percentage lean/percentage fat) ground beef patties formulated with 10% hydrated, cracked waxy hull-less barley were profiled by two types of sensory panels. A panel trained in ground beef texture analysis found beef-barley patties to be more juicy and soft, and less chewy and crumbly than 90/10 and 80/20 samples. An untrained consumer panel rated the beef barley samples as acceptable in appearance, flavor, and texture as an 80/20 formulation, and more acceptable in all three attributes than 90/10 ground beef patties.     

Evaluation of Antioxidant Effects of Raisin Paste in Cooked Ground Beef, Pork, and Chicken

ABSTRACT:  The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible antioxidant activity of raisin paste added to raw ground beef, pork, or chicken before cooking to 163 °C. Samples were held at 2 °C for up to 14 d. TBA values were measured using a distillation method, to avoid yellow color interference found in "wet" TBA methods. Sample meat flavor intensity, rancid flavor intensity, and raisin flavor intensity were evaluated by a trained panel (n = 6). Addition of raisin paste lowered ( p < 0.05) TBA values and decreased panel scores for rancid flavor scores of all meat samples in a concentration-dependent manner. Highest antioxidant effects were obtained with a minimum of 1.5%, 2.0%, or 2.0% raisin paste in cooked ground beef, pork, or chicken, respectively. There was a high correlation (0.93, 0.94, 0.94) between TBA values and sensory rancid flavor scores in beef, pork, and chicken samples respectively. Addition of a reducing sugar (glucose) was nearly as effective as raisins for maintenance of low TBA values and rancid flavor scores, probably due to antioxidant effects of Maillard browning products. There was no detectable raisin flavor in cooked ground beef samples with added raisins. However, all meats with added glucose had a higher raisin flavor intensity score than controls, indicating that panelists associated sweetness with raisin flavor. Maillard browning (sample darkening) was evident after cooking of ground chicken with either raisins or glucose.     

牛肉酸汤配方优化及其挥发性风味物质分析

目的 以辣椒和牛肉为原料, 研究牛肉酸汤的最佳配方, 并分析其挥发性风味物质。方法 通过单因素和正交试验, 研究辣椒品种、牛肉预处理方法、姜蒜比例、葡萄糖乳糖比例对牛肉酸汤色差、总酸及感官评分的影响, 得到牛肉酸汤最佳配方; 利用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用(headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术对其风味物质进行分析。结果 牛肉酸汤最佳辣椒品种为红尖椒, 牛肉预处理方法为水解处理, 姜蒜比例为1:3(m:m)、葡萄糖乳糖比例为2:1(m:m); 此条件下牛肉酸汤总酸含量为26.91g/kg, 产品口感协调、酸香浓郁。在牛肉酸汤检测出62种风味物质, 比传统酸汤多22种。牛肉的添加使酸汤中的己酸乙酯含量增加了33.62%, 反式-4-癸烯酸乙酯、苯甲酸乙酯、己酸、棕榈醛、柠檬醛等是牛肉酸汤特有的风味物质。结论 发酵得到的牛肉酸汤风味浓郁、口感协调, 研究结果可为牛肉酸汤产品优化及酸汤风味评价提供试验依据。     

Long‐term change in consumer acceptance for salt‐reduced ‘udon noodle soup’ over repeated intake at home

The objective of this study was to compare consumer acceptability of sweet (SW) and salty (SA) udon noodle soups over repeated intakes. SW was reformulated by reducing the salt by 15.0% in comparison with SA to offer a less salty udon noodle soup. Although there were different intensities in some attributes, it was verified that SW and SA had similar consumer acceptabilities. The overall acceptance, degree of boredom and degree of appetite to retaste were stable over the ten sessions, showing no statistically significant difference. The increase of sweetness in udon noodle soup did not generate a gradual decrease of consumer acceptance. On the other hand, consumer perception of the intensities of sweetness and saltiness for SW and SA gradually decreased as the tasting went on. Reformulation by increasing sweetness and decreasing saltiness for udon noodle soup will not influence negatively for long‐term consumer acceptability and can apply to the commercial formula for ‘salt‐reduced udon noodle soup’.     

鸡脂和美拉德反应对松蘑菌汤风味的影响

以松蘑为原料在热反应条件下制备松蘑菌汤,采用高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）、味觉分析系统（电子舌）、气相-离子迁移色谱（gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS）及电子鼻研究了添加鸡脂和美拉德反应对松蘑菌汤风味的影响。HPLC检测结果显示,松蘑菌汤主要有16种游离氨基酸;加入鸡脂后,蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸、酪氨酸等苦味氨基酸含量减少;美拉德反应后谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、甘氨酸、丝氨酸等甜味、鲜味氨基酸含量明显增高。GC-IMS检测出挥发性风味物质46种,美拉德反应后反-2-庚烯醛、反-2-辛烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-辛二烯醛等脂肪醛含量增加,为汤料提供肉香、脂香味。电子鼻对挥发性物质检测与GC-IMS基本相似。总体而言,美拉德反应体系对松蘑鸡脂菌汤风味具有增加脂香、提升鲜甜味的作用。即加入鸡脂使松蘑菌汤风味层次丰富,美拉德反应对松蘑菌汤整体风味有较大提升。