改善我国科普基础设施管理运行机制的几点政策建议

科普基础设施建设是国家科普能力建设的基础性工作,而良好的管理运行机制是科普基础设施健康发展的关键因素。针对国内科普场馆管理运行的实际情况及存在的问题,并借鉴国外科普基础设施建设管理运行的经验,本文从战略规划、理念设计、营销工作、标准化建设、资金投入机制等方面提出了改善我国科普基础设施管理运行机制的若干政策建议。     

我国科普基础设施管理运行机制中存在问题分析

从我国科普基础设施的资金投入体制、宏观管理机制、场馆内部管控体系、场馆本身的服务管理理念等方面系统剖析了我国科普基础设施运行中存在的诸多问题和不足。     

中国科普基础设施建设的成就、原因与预测

采用文献研究、功能分析、专家访谈与经验总结的研究方法,总结了近年来中国科普基础设施在硬件建设、科普活动、评估体系三个方面取得的成就。简要分析了我国科普基础设施快速发展的原因:政策引领与需求推动。对科普基础设施的未来发展进行了预测:综合性科技馆实现免费开放,"科技馆体系"理念逐步形成,新媒体与科普基础设施建设结合成为研究的热点。     

社会性别主流化视角下对农村科普机制运行状况的考察及分析——基于对河北省部分农村的实证调查

重视农村妇女科普工作,提高农村妇女科学素质,既是应对农业女性化提出的客观挑战,也是贯彻落实《全民科学素质行动计划纲要》的必然要求。文章以河北省威县的部分村庄为例,对农村妇女科普参与的现状和科普权利的隐形剥夺状况进行了分析,探讨了农村现存科普机制在价值诉求、基层科普组织和基础设施建设、沟通机制以及科普队伍建设方面存在的问题,并为如何创新农村科普机制,使农村妇女平等共享科学技术发展成果提出简要对策。     

促进科普产业发展政策措施研究

根据本研究的任务,我们界定了科普产业的内涵,并对科普产业进行了分类。剖析了我国科普产业政策存在的问题,阐述了我国科普产业发展的基本原则和主要任务,并从国家新兴产业战略规划、拉动科普需求、重点扶持具有带动性及提升潜力大的行业等9个方面,提出了促进我国科普产业发展的若干政策措施建议。     

我国县级科技馆发展研究——现状、机遇与路径

县级科技馆是服务基层的科普基础设施,为进一步发挥其在科技馆体系建设和公民科学素质提升中的重要作用,本文通过定性和定量相结合的方法,对其发展现状、存在的问题进行研究,发现其以小型馆为主,发展迅速且对公众吸引力强,但在定位、展览开发及引进、教育活动设置等方面都存在问题,结合面临的机遇,提出应结合自身资源和条件,借助内外支持探索适宜的发展模式,丰富展教资源,加强馆校合作,依托信息网络技术拓展科普范围,借助各方力量为场馆发展助力等措施。     

国内科普游戏产业现状及发展策略研究

科普游戏作为一种产业融合新业态,具有广阔的市场前景,但也存在许多基础问题有待厘清.文章从企业和产品两个方面分析了国内科普游戏的发展现状,并围绕机遇和挑战,尝试从平台搭建、行业建设、人才储备、内容建设、运营及盈利模式等方面提出建议和对策.     

我国少数民族地区科普状况调查研究初探

本文介绍了对全国少数民族地区科普状况调查的一般情况.对全国少数民族地区县(市、区)科协组织建设情况、农村科普队伍建设情况、科普投入和科普基础设施建设情况以及县(市、区)科协开展农村科普工作的情况进行了分析,归纳了存在的主要问题,并对今后的工作提出了一些建议.     

促进科普产业发展的政策体系研究

论文分析了建立健全科普产业发展政策体系的迫切性,对我国现有的促进科普产业发展的政策作了较为全面系统的梳理,指出了现有政策体系存在的问题,并从法制完善、政策制定、政策措施执行等方面提出了相应的对策建议。     

从“最后一公里”看我国社区科普内容建设——以北京市科普社区为例

本文主要从“最后一公里”的视角,结合对北京市18个区县的科普社区的实地考察调研,对我国基层社区在科普内容建设方面的基本现状、主要问题进行了探讨和分析,进而针对未来发展提出一些政策建议。     

Graph optimization problems in connection with the management of mobile communications systems

In this paper, some basic traffic management problems in future mobile communications networks are considered: thechannel minimization problem and themaximum channel reuse problem. These are formulated as mathematical optimization problems in a bipartite graph. We prove the intractability of these problems and discuss relations to well-known graph optimization problems as, for example, vertex coloring. Simple and fast heuristic methods for finding reasonable solutions to the problems mentioned above are presented. Results from computational work using these heuristics on simulated traffic are also given.     

Maximation of the signal-to-interference ratio for a doubly spread target: Problems in nonlinear programming

Three optimization problems concerning the maximization of the signal-to-interference ratio for a doubly spread target via signal design are expressed in terms of equivalent nonlinear programming problems defined on a real space by restricting the transmit and processing waveforms to be complex weighted, uniformly spaced pulse trains. Each subpulse can be different in shape and occupy the entire interpulse spacing interval. The approach taken is analogous to the Rayleigh-Ritz technique. The first two optimization problems involve maximization with respect to the complex weights, The third problem involves maximization with respect to the subpulse parameters (e.g., frequency deviation, swept bandwidth, etc.) and allows one to find optimum frequency hop codes.One need not develop algorithms to solve these problems, but rather, one can simply use standard computer programs or methods which are available for solving nonlinear programming problems.     

基于剪接系统的有向哈密顿路问题分析

首先给出了剪接系统模拟有向哈密顿路问题的思想;然后通过此剪接系统所产生语言的性质对有向哈密顿路问题进行分析,给出了有向图存在哈密顿路的充要条件.在我们的构造中,模拟问题的剪接系统至多运行n-2步,其中n是模拟问题的规模.     

An annotated overview of system-reliability optimization

This paper provides: an overview of the methods that have been developed since 1977 for solving various reliability optimization problems; applications of these methods to various types of design problems; and heuristics, metaheuristic algorithms, exact methods, reliability-redundancy allocation, multi-objective optimization and assignment of interchangeable components in reliability systems. Like other applications, exact solutions for reliability optimization problems are not necessarily desirable because exact solutions are difficult to obtain, and even when they are available, their utility is marginal. A majority of the work in this area is devoted to developing heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms for solving optimal redundancy-allocation problems     

EFIE time-marching scattering from bodies of revolution and itsapplications

The authors treat the “entire-tangent” representation of a time-domain electric-field integral equation (TDEFIE) for solving transient scattering problems involving perfectly conducting (PEC) bodies of revolution (BOR). This entire-tangent TDEFIE reduces three-dimensional scattering problems with axial symmetry to two-dimensional problems, thus facilitating the numerical treatment and significantly reducing CPU requirements. Additional refinements and algorithm efficiencies are described. Some numerical results and applications are presented     

An integrated algorithm for incremental data path synthesis

In this paper, we present an incremental synthesis procedure for a class of data path synthesis problems in which synthesis is carried out in a control step by control step fashion. The synthesis problems are classified according to the type of input dataflow graph (scheduled or unscheduled) and the type of storage units used (individual registers, single-port memory units, or multi-port memory units). These problems are solved optimally by employing either a network flow or 0–1 integer linear programming formulation. Experimental results on a number of benchmark problems are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the incremental synthesis algorithm.     

A procedure for solving general integer programming problems

Recently, Misra [Microelectron. Reliab. 31, 285–294 (1991)] introduced a procedure for solving a variety of reliability optimization problems. In the present paper, the authors demonstrate that this procedure can also be used for solving a general class of integer programming problems, which are usually encountered in many allocation problems. System reliability design is only one of the applications. The algorithm, while being simple, has been found to be an economical and exact solution to the integer programming problem. The algorithm solves a very wide variety of the problems which otherwise cannot be easily solved through any of the existing search methods. Several illustrations are provided to establish the superiority of the approach.     

Regularity and singularity in linear-quadratic control subject to implicit continuous-time systems

A linear-quadratic (LQ) control problem subject to a standard continuous-time system is called regular if the input weighting matrix is invertible, and singular if this is not the case. Consequently, optimal inputs for regular LQ problems are ordinary functions (state feedbacks), whereas optical controls for singular problems are in general distributions, e.g., impulses. We will show that regularity and singularity in LQ problems subject to ageneral (implicit) system depends not so much on the input weighting matrix, as on the property that the integrand of the cost criterion is a function only if inputs and state trajectories are, as is the case for LQ problems, subject to astandard system. In particular, we will provide a simple criterion for distinguishing between regularity and singularity in LQ problems subject to a general system. Our criterion is expressed in the system coefficients only and reduces to the classical one if the underlying system is standard.Written September 1991, when the author was an Alexander von Humboldt fellow with the Mathematical Institute of Würzburg University, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany.     

Radio wave propagation over a rough variable impedance boundary: Part II--Application of full-wave analysis

The full-wave analysis developed in Part I is applied to three classes of problems of propagation over nonuniform boundaries and the results are then compared with earlier solutions to these problems. The problems considered are: 1) the effects of rapid surface impedance variations on ground wave propagation; 2) the propagation over periodic structures; 3) the scattering by boundaries with random surface impedance and height functions. The full-wave solutions are shown to be consistent with the reciprocity relationships.     

Some applications of optimization techniques to power systems problems

Important power system planning and operation problems have been formulated as mathematical optimization problems. Such problems as the economic dispatch, in many of its facets; var scheduling and allocation; pollution dispatch; maximum interchange; hydrothermal unit commitment and dispatch; generation, transmission, and distribution expansion planning; maintenance scheduling and substation switching, have been formulated and solved. Modern mathematical optimization techniques, such as nonlinear, quadratic, linear, integer and dynamic programming and their many combinations and extensions, have been exploited. Some of the formulations and solutions to these problems as presented in the recent literature within the power systems field are reviewed. The large number of papers available is a measure of the current immense activity in this area. Attempts are made to point out some specific areas where more work needs to be done.