Ti-V微合金化热轧高强钢的相变规律及组织性能

摘要：为进一步提升热轧高强钢的性能,利用热模拟试验机、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、高分辨透射电子显微镜（HR-TEM）等设备系统研究了Ti-V微合金热轧带钢连续冷却相变规律、组织和性能随卷取温度的变化规律及强化机理。结果表明,当冷却速度低于1℃/s时,试验钢中的组织为铁素体和珠光体。当冷却速度为5～30℃/s时,基体组织由铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体组成,贝氏体相变开始温度介于580～600℃。当冷却速度增加至50℃/s时,试验钢中的奥氏体全部转变为贝氏体。此外,对不同卷取温度下试验钢的组织和性能研究表明：随着卷取温度的降低,试验钢的强度降低,塑性基本不变。当卷取温度为650℃时,力学性能最佳,其抗拉和屈服强度分别为716和653MPa,断后伸长率达到21.3%,主要是由于晶粒细化和沉淀强化所致。     

X120管线钢的试制及其相变规律

在实验室试制了X120管线钢,并绘制了X120管线钢的连续冷却转变曲线。结果表明:热轧态时试验钢的屈服强度平均值为905 MPa,抗拉强度平均值为980 MPa,伸长率平均值为17%,屈强比为0.92,-20℃的冲击功平均值为90J。经600℃回火2h后,试验钢的屈服强度平均值达到了950 MPa,抗拉强度平均值达到了1 000 MPa,伸长率平均值为18%,屈强比为0.95,-20℃的冲击功平均值为95J。经过压缩后,冷却速度为5℃/s时试验钢的组织即全部为板条贝氏体组织,而该组织为X120级管线钢中的理想组织。     

Deformation-induced phase transformation and strain hardening in type 304 austenitic stainless steel

Deformation-induced phase transformation in a type 304 austenitic stainless steel has been studied in tension at room temperature and −50 °C. The evolution of transformation products was monitored using X-ray diffraction (XRD) line profile analysis of diffraction peaks from a single XRD scan employing the direct comparison method. Crystallographic texture transitions due to deformation strain have been evaluated using (111) _γ pole figures. The tensile stress-strain data have been analyzed to explain the influence of underlying deformation-induced microstructural changes and associated texture changes in the steel. It is found that the initial stage of rapidly decreasing strain hardening rate in type 304 steel is primarily influenced by hcp ɛ-martensite formation, and the second stage of increasing strain hardening rate is associated with an increase in the α′-martensite formation. The formation of ɛ-martensite is associated with a gradual strengthening of the copper-type texture components up to 15 pct strain and decreasing with further strain at −50 °C. Texture changes during low-temperature deformation not only change the mechanism of ɛ-martensite formation but also influence the strain rate sensitivity of the present steel.     

Pearlite growth kinetics and partitioning in a Cr−Mn eutectoid steel

The partitioning of manganese and chromium between cementite and ferrite during the austenite-pearlite transformation in a 1 pct Mn, 1 pct Cr eutectoid steel has been examined using analytical electron microscopy. Simultaneous segregation of both manganese and chromium to cementite was observed to occur at the reaction front for temperatures down to 600°C. Although the extent of partitioning decreased as the temperature was decreased, no-partitioning temperatures were not identified for either element. Calculations based on growth rate and interlamellar spacing measurements made on the alloy supported the view that the partitioning observed was kinetically feasible. Partitioning behind the pearlite front increased with time, and solute distributions which approached the equilibrium values were achieved after a few hours. The lack of experimentally observable no-partition temperatures for the Cr−Mn steel is discussed in the light of previous partitioning studies on eutectoid steels containing chromium or manganese. S. A. AL-SALMAN, formerly Graduate Student, University of Manchester     

Low temperature electron microscopy on the cubic-tetragonal transformation of V3Si

The cubic-tetragonal martensitic transition of V₃Si and its precursor have been investigated in the temperature range from 13 K to 80 K using a 1 MV electron microscope with a double-tilting cold stage. Below the transition temperature Tm = 19 K, fine twin lamellae appear parallel to {110} plane traces, being connected continuously with mottled striations having the same orientation. Fine striations along {110} traces or so-called tweeds are observed below 50 K at the precursor of the structural phase transition. The image contrast of mottled striations and tweed patterns is attributed to the presence of lattice distortion owing to the softening of the shear modulus. Reversible changes of the patterns recorded with a TV-VTR system during cooling and heating processes were discussed briefly. This paper is based on a presentation made in the symposium “Pretransformation Behavior Related to Displacive Transformations in Alloys” presented at the 1986 annual AIME meeting in New Orleans, March 2–6, 1986. under the auspices of the ASM-MSD Structures Committee.     

V微合金化热轧双相钢的组织与性能

研究了V微合金化热轧试验钢的组织与性能,并对V(C,N)粒子的析出及其对强度的影响进行了分析.结果表明,试验钢的组织由多边形铁素体、贝氏体和少量马氏体组成,多边形铁素体的平均晶粒尺寸约7μm,试验钢的抗拉强度高于570 MPa,综合力学性能良好.通过透射电镜观察发现,试验钢中有V(C,N)粒子的析出,析出方式主要是在铁素体内随机析出和沿位错线析出.由于第2相粒子的析出,试验钢的强度提高了约45 MPa.     

Atomic disorder and phase transformation in L12-structure Ni3Si by ball milling

The structural evolution of the L1₂-compound Ni₃Si upon ball milling was followed by X-ray diffraction, high-field magnetization measurement and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Anti-site disorder was generated in the early stages of milling and a phase transformation from the disordered L1₂-compound to the nanocrystalline f.c.c. solid solution of silicon in nickel was observed after milling for long periods. The long-range-order parameter decreases monotonously with time in the early stages of milling and reaches zero after long periods of milling. The lattice parameter and unit-cell volume also decrease gradually in the early stages of milling. A discontinuous decrease of the lattice parameter is observed during the phase transformation. The magnetic behaviour at 4.2 K of ball-milled samples differs from that of the starting compound. Exothermic peaks resulting from atomic reordering and phase restoration are evident in the DSC scans of ball-milled samples. The variation of the transition heat and temperature with milling time in the intermediate stages gives more insight into the process of phase transformation.     

冷却速度对ULCB钢相变和组织结构的影响

用工业性生产的ULCB钢进行热模拟实验,在非再结晶区变形后驰豫降温到740 ℃,再以不同的冷却速度冷却,研究了冷却速度对ULCB钢的贝氏体转变点和组织结构特征的影响.结果表明,在20 ℃/s以上的快速冷却时,贝氏体相变温度较低而温度区间较宽,发生大量贝氏体相变,得到的组织主要为板条贝氏体.随着冷却速度的降低,贝氏体相变点逐渐升高,相变温度区间变窄,得到板条贝氏体和粒状贝氏体的混合组织.冷速低于3 ℃/s时,相变点快速升高,开始点达660 ℃以上,组织中出现较多的多边形铁素体,此时的相变开始点已不是贝氏体相变点,而是铁素体相变点.     

核岛用P280GH钢的冷却相变过程及数值模拟

 为了研究核岛用P280GH钢管热轧成形后的冷却过程组织演变,采用物理模拟方法建立了CCT和TTT相变动力学曲线。结果表明,低冷速会形成粗大铁素体和珠光体,增大冷速可细化低温相组织,当冷速超过10 ℃/s时即开始出现贝氏体组织。运用叠加原理,基于有限元法,建立了试验钢冷却过程数值模型,分析了[?]219.1 mm×18.26 mm规格P280GH钢管在空冷和水冷两种冷却过程沿壁厚方向温度场、组织演变规律。结果显示,空冷条件相变组织为均匀的珠光体、无贝氏体和残余奥氏体;水冷条件获得相变组织为马氏体组织,管内外表面体积分数相差3.6%,计算结果与实际热处理工况基本一致。研究结果可为热轧P280GH钢管生产的控冷工艺提供指导。     

�����ͷ��ڸ������Ϲ�̬����о��е�Ӧ��

Dilatometry is a powerful technique for phase transformation analysis of solid state in iron and steel by measuring linear strain as a function of time and temperature during thermal cycle. The basic fundamentals, equipment and experimental analysis method of dilatometric analysis were introduced. Several practical examples and applications of dilatometry in iron and steel research were briefly described, with an emphasis on continuous heating transformation (CHT) and kinetic model, continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram and time temperature transformation (TTT) diagram.     

钒和钼对微合金化贝氏体钢第二相析出的影响

利用热模拟试验机Gleeble - 3800,热模拟试验研究了V、Mo、V+Mo等元素、加热温度、保温时间对微合金化贝氏体钢中第二相析出的影响.结果表明,Nb、V、Ti、Mo的复合加入有利于第二相的析出,加热温度和保温时间对析出量的影响较小.     

Nb对高铁车轴钢相变规律及微观组织的影响

采用热力学软件Thermo-Calc、Formastor-FⅡ型全自动相变仪、OM、HRTEM等手段研究了V微合金化、Nb-V复合微合金化车轴钢的微观组织及连续冷却相变规律.结果 表明,Nb能够提高钢的Ac1和Ac3相变温度,扩大铁素体+珠光体相变区冷速范围,使贝氏体相变区向左下方移动,提高获得全马氏体的临界冷却速度....     

45钢凝固相变过程中溶质平衡分配系数的变化

以45钢为研究对象,建立了多元凝固体系溶质平衡分配系数的热力学计算模型,利用FactSage Equilib模块计算得到了45钢凝固相变过程以及各溶质分配系数的变化。结果表明:45钢凝固路径先后经过L-δ、L-γ固-液两相区,MnS在固相中析出;依据相区间和温度的变化,回归得到了45钢中溶质C、Si、Mn、P、S平衡分配系数变化公式;溶质C、Si、Mn、P、S平均平衡分配系数分别为0.307、0.737、0.695、0.18、0.021,其中S偏析趋势最强烈,P次之,C偏析趋势较P小,Si和Mn基本相当,偏析较小。     

形变对Cr-Mo低合金钢相变的影响

 Cr-Mo低合金钢在工业生产中有着重要的应用。CCT曲线是研究过冷奥氏体相转变的重要依据。通过Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机及DIL805A淬火变形膨胀仪模拟了Cr-Mo低合金钢的变形及冷却工艺,并利用超组元模型进行热力学计算分析。理论计算结果表明,形变通过提高了Cr-Mo低合金钢相变过程中的自由能进而影响了碳在奥氏体中的活度及相界面碳平衡摩尔分数,相界面碳平衡摩尔分数的变化带来了相变驱动力与形核驱动力的不同,进而影响相变的孕育期与过冷度。结果表明,相变孕育期与过冷度的变化与理论计算结果一致,热力学计算很好地解释了形变对相变的影响。同时表明形变可以提高铁素体相变临界冷速,当冷速为0.3 ℃/s时,Cr-Mo低合金钢可获得最为均匀细小的铁素体晶粒。适当的变形与冷却工艺对改善Cr-Mo低合金钢组织与性能有着重要的作用。     

热冲压硼钢非等温奥氏体相变动力学模型

 利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对热冲压硼钢进行了线膨胀试验,得到了不同加热速度下硼钢奥氏体化动力学曲线;研究了加热速度对相变过程的影响,结果显示,加热速度越高,获得相同体积分数的奥氏体所需的时间越短,且奥氏体开始转变温度升高,当加热温度介于[Ac1]和[Ac3]时,奥氏体体积分数转变速度随着加热温度的升高先增大后减小。根据奥氏体形核长大理论,考虑加热速度的影响,建立了非等温条件下热冲压硼钢的统一奥氏体相变动力学模型。利用遗传算法确定并优化了硼钢奥氏体化动力学模型中的材料常数,所得材料常数确定的相变模型能够较好的描述硼钢连续加热过程线膨胀曲线,并能够较好地预测硼钢在不同加热速度下的奥氏体体积分数。     

1000 MPa级冷轧双相钢奥氏体的等时相变动力学

在DIL 805A膨胀仪上测定了1000 MPa级冷轧双相钢在连续加热过程中的热膨胀曲线.根据杠杆定律得到的奥氏体体积分数的计算值与定量金相测量值符合较好.奥氏体的等时相变动力学可以很好地由JMAK形式的方程描述.文中还分析了冷轧压下率和加热速度对奥氏体等时相变动力学的影响,探讨了连续加热奥氏体相变过程中相界面的平衡状态.     

基于热膨胀法与相体积计算模型研究连铸坯冷却过程中奥氏体相变行为

采用热膨胀仪测试研究了Q450NQR1钢连铸坯5℃·min^-1及20℃·min^-1冷却速率下的线性热膨胀(ΔL/L₀)和热膨胀系数随温度的变化规律.在此基础上,建立了一种基于平均原子体积的相体积计算模型,量化研究了奥氏体相变过程中各相体积分数的变化规律,并在将计算结果与显微组织观察结果对比分析基础上,讨论了连铸冷却速率对铸坯奥氏体相变过程的影响.结果表明:该计算模型可以较为准确地描述铸坯的奥氏体相变过程,适用于多相连续析出相变;随着冷却速率的增大,铸坯热膨胀曲线中对应于铁素体和珠光体析出的两个变化峰向低温区移动,峰值明显增大;冷却速率由5℃·min^-1上升至20℃·min^-1时,铁素体及珠光体起始析出温度分别降低约32℃和37℃,最终体积分数分别由0.894和0.106变为0.945和0.055.     

Nb-V复合弹簧钢60Si2CrVAT过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变

利用DIL 805A淬火变形膨胀仪测定了提速列车用Nb-V复合微合金化弹簧钢60Si2CrVAT过冷奥氏体的连续冷却转变曲线,并结合金相-硬度法探讨了不同冷速下实验钢组织的变化,分析了Nb含量对60Si2CrVAT过冷奥氏体的连续冷却转变的影响.结果表明:Nb含量的增加,促进了高温、中温转变,且珠光体转变区间随之变宽,马氏体转变点由284.2℃降低到258.3℃;铁素体消失的冷速由0.3·s^-1提高到0.5·s^-1,珠光体消失的冷速由2·s^-1提高到3·s^-1,贝氏体消失的冷速也相应地由3·s^-1提高到5·s^-1,贝氏体开始出现的冷速由0.4·s^-1提高到0.6·s^-1,马氏体出现的冷速同为1·s^-1.