考虑环境温度的电动汽车充电负荷预测

为了保证电动汽车充电负荷预测更加准确、合理,分析环境温度导致电池特性、空调能耗和道路状况的变化对电动汽车充电需求的影响。考虑环境温度因素,引入能耗因子计算单位里程耗电量,利用蒙特卡洛法计算单辆车的充电负荷需求,再累加到总的充电负荷曲线上。以2020年上海市电动汽车为例仿真计算,验证了在不同温度影响下,电动汽车充电负荷会发生明显的变化。     

计及电动汽车自由充电的负荷需求

电动汽车规模化应用后,其充电功率需求将会对原有的电网负荷产生很大的影响.对不同类型的电动汽车不同的充电功率,采用蒙特卡洛法抽取起始充电时间和日行驶里程来计算电动汽车的充电负荷,给出了多台汽车的充电负荷曲线.以某市夏季日负荷曲线为例,计算出不同规模电动汽车对原负荷曲线的影响.结果表明,电动汽车的自由充电特性使电网的峰荷产生了一定的增长.     

考虑出行温度影响的电动汽车充电功率需求分析

出行温度会通过多方面的干扰直接影响到电动汽车的具体能耗情况,从而导致在不同温度下其充电功率需求的差异.依据统计学原理,在大量样本支撑下,采用最小二乘法获取电动汽车单位公里电耗与出行温度的具体联系,提出一种计及出行温度的电动汽车充电功率计算模型.以北京市某小区配电网为例,采用蒙特卡洛法模拟不同季节(温度)下电动汽车充电负荷的具体差异,分析不同季节下电动汽车负荷对区域电网产生的不同影响,为将来电动汽车充电行为的有序控制提供一种新的分季节调度思路.     

基于网格划分的电动汽车充电负荷预测方法

准确的电动汽车充电负荷时空分布预测模型是解决电动汽车并网造成的影响和研究充电设施规划的重要基础.为解决现有充电设施数量有限、布局不合理等因素造成的历史充电数据不能正确体现电动汽车实际充电需求的问题,提出一种基于网格划分的电动汽车充电负荷预测方法.首先对预测区域进行网格划分,再结合电力系统负荷预测方法,以网格为空间预测单元,利用含充电设施网格的预测指标和充电负荷的历史数据,通过贝叶斯正则化BP神经网络算法建立电动汽车充电负荷和影响因素之间的关系,以最终预测不含充电设施网格的充电需求.最后以北京市海淀区为例对提出的预测方法进行验证分析.仿真结果表明,该预测方法能够较准确地对电动汽车充电负荷进行时空分布预测.     

基于网格划分的电动汽车充电负荷预测方法

准确的电动汽车充电负荷时空分布预测模型是解决电动汽车并网造成的影响和研究充电设施规划的重要基础.为解决现有充电设施数量有限、布局不合理等因素造成的历史充电数据不能正确体现电动汽车实际充电需求的问题,提出一种基于网格划分的电动汽车充电负荷预测方法.首先对预测区域进行网格划分,再结合电力系统负荷预测方法,以网格为空间预测单元,利用含充电设施网格的预测指标和充电负荷的历史数据,通过贝叶斯正则化BP神经网络算法建立电动汽车充电负荷和影响因素之间的关系,以最终预测不含充电设施网格的充电需求.最后以北京市海淀区为例对提出的预测方法进行验证分析.仿真结果表明,该预测方法能够较准确地对电动汽车充电负荷进行时空分布预测.     

电动汽车充电负荷预测系统研究

根据规划的电动汽车在未来规模化的应用将对电网产生重要影响,电动汽车充电负荷预测是分析电动汽车接人电网的基础,目前还没有比较成熟的方法。综述电动汽车接人对电网的影响和电动汽车负荷预测的研究现状,分析充电负荷预测的影响因素,并基于分布函数的蒙特卡洛计算模拟,开发一套区域电动汽车充电负荷预测系统,可实现对不同电动汽车种类、不同电池容量、不同充电方式、不同充电频率等情况下的综合预测,为电动汽车接人电网的影响分析和调控策略制订提供理论和技术支持。     

基于马尔科夫链充电负荷预测的多区域充电桩优化配置研究

考虑用户出行习惯的复杂性、多样性,对区域充电桩进行合理的配置以满足充电需求。首先,通过马尔科夫链模型描述电动汽车用户一天出行过程中在行驶、充电、不充电也不行驶3种决策行为下,动力电池荷电状态的变化情况。以此确定该过程中电动汽车用户的实时充电行为,得出不同类型电动汽车的快充、慢充负荷需求。然后,考虑规划区内电动汽车的移动特性及其不同时段不同类型电动汽车辆数,预测各区域各时段充电负荷的需求情况。最后,以投资、运维成本最小为目标建立区域充电桩优化配置模型。该模型计及了电动汽车移动特性均衡等约束条件,并通过粒子群优化算法求解。对33节点4区域系统电动汽车充电负荷需求预测及其充电桩配置进行仿真,仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性和可行性。     

电动汽车随机充电对配电网影响的研究

电动汽车用户充电行为具有不确定性,大量充电负荷随机接入电网将造成较大的充电需求,给配电网设备运行带来挑战。为研究电动汽车随机充电对配电网的影响,分析家用汽车一天出行行程链结构,采用蒙特卡洛方法抽取每段行程的行驶里程,以当前剩余电量是否满足后续行程要求判断一天充电频次,采用泊松分布分析车辆抵达充电场所的充电起始时间,搭建电动汽车充电负荷模型。仿真结果表明,建立的电动汽车充电负荷模型能较好地反映电动汽车不同渗透率的接入对配电网造成的负荷冲击、电压偏移和网络损耗的影响,缓解电动汽车无序充电造成"峰上加峰"的现象,为电动汽车充电的有序调控和管理打下基础。     

电动汽车快速充电站的负荷特性

介绍了电动汽车的各种充电模式,探讨了快速充电站的负荷特性.借鉴汽车加油统计规律,建立了单台电动汽车功率需求的统计模型,并利用概率统计学大数定律和中心极限定理,求得多台电动汽车同时充电的最大负荷功率,以期为城市电网负荷预测提供技术依据.     

规模化电动汽车充电特性对小区级配电网可靠性的影响分析

电动汽车规模化接入配电网已经成为一种趋势,电动汽车的车载充电技术也获得广泛应用。本文分析了含车载充电的电动汽车在高渗透率接入条件下,对小区级配电网可靠性的影响。首先,根据电动汽车车载充电机主要技术参数和小区级配电网的构成,在PSCAD环境下构建车载充电机及小区级配电网的模型;其次,按照电动汽车的充电时间分布,分析电动汽车无序充电和有序充电2种充电模式下小区级配电网负荷的变化情况,得出有序充电能较好地达到小区配电网负荷削峰填谷的目的;最后,采用IEEE RBTS-BUS6测试系统分别对电动汽车负荷的接入点、充电模式、渗透率进行可靠性指标量化评估。结果表明,线路过载是电动汽车规模化接入系统的主要限制因素,增加接入点的容量和采用有序充电模式可有效提高小区级配电网的可靠性。     

考虑分布式电动汽车参与电网调峰的配电网规划

大量电动汽车接入网络为电力系统的经济可靠运行带来了新的机遇和挑战,含V2G功能的电动汽车充电站可利用闲置的电动汽车作为储能装置在用电高峰期将电能反馈回电网,实现电动汽车作为移动式分布储能单元参与电网的调峰.从供电公司和电动汽车充电站投资商的角度出发,以配电网规划区域电动汽车充电站投资、变电站和线路投资、网络损耗与电动汽车参与电网调峰所增加的附加费用之和最小为目标,建立考虑电动汽车参与电网调峰的配电网规划数学模型,并以配电网经济可靠运行的各种限制为约束条件,实现配电网络的合理规划.最后通过算例分析结果证明了所提方法的可行性和有效性.     

电动汽车充放电特性及其对配电系统的影响分析

随着电动汽车技术特别是电池技术的发展和一些发达国家在政策方面的大力支持,电动汽车在最近几年得到快速发展.大量电动汽车的广泛应用肯定会对电力系统尤其是配电系统产生影响,因此就很有必要研究电动汽车充电时的需求特性和电动汽车接入网络(Vehicle to Grid,V2G)时的放电容量曲线.在此背景下,采用蒙特卡洛仿真方法首...     

Future penetration and impacts of electric vehicles on transport energy consumption and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emissions in different Chinese tiered cities

This study focuses on the penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) within the private passenger vehicle market in selected Chinese cities categorized into different tiers. It presents an analysis of factors driving the market diffusion of EVs and the reasons for varying results across the investigated cities and provides estimates of related EV impacts on local energy consumption and CO₂ emissions. A nested multinomial model incorporating technological attributes of vehicles, energy prices, charging conditions, and incentive policies was developed for conducting a scenario analyses covering six cities. The results indicated that in a stagnation scenario in which policy support was absent, the market share of electric vehicles would be less than 7% in all six cities under investigation by 2030. In medium growth and rapid growth scenarios, the market share of EVs across the six cities was projected to be within the ranges of 29%–68% and 49%–80%, respectively. The impacts of EVs on gasoline demand depended not just on their cumulative sales but also on the share of electrified vehicle distance, and the CO₂ emission reduction effect was influenced by local EV stocks and the mix of local electricity sources. Battery costs, charging conditions, and energy prices were primary driving factors. Charging conditions and energy prices were key reasons for differences in the penetration curves among cities. These driving factors were further affected by differences in local income levels, housing and parking conditions, and availability of land resources. Subsidies were found to be effective in the short term, whereas in the medium term, tax breaks could serve as the main monetary incentive. In the long term, national policy should focus on technology-related R&D, whereas local policies should focus on the operational phase and be tailored to specific local situations.     

利用风能对电动汽车充电的经济性分析

利用风能对电动汽车充电是一种有效利用清洁新能源的方法,对其进行经济性分析是研究其可行性和时效性的重要保障.将上海浦东新区作为扶植电动汽车产业的实验区,对其配套设施和运营进行了经济测算.得出以下结论:利用风能对电动汽车充电比利用火电经济,投资回收期测算为11年,且随着排污费和煤价的升高,投资回收期将会缩短.     

电动汽车充放电模式对电网日负荷的影响

根据传统汽车的行驶特性,分析各类电动汽车充电行为的影响因素,考虑在3种充放电模式下电动汽车的充放电方式、电池特性、充放电时间及充电成本等因素,建立基于蒙特卡罗模拟法的规模化电动汽车在不同充放电模式下的日负荷模型. 分析结果表明,电动汽车无序充电会导致电网峰谷差率增加,单向有序充电则可在一定程度上实现“填谷”目标,而双向有序充放电模式下的电动汽车负荷可以更好地平抑电网负荷波动,缓解电力紧张,并给用户带来一定的经济收益.     

Energy cost minimization through optimization of EV,home and workplace battery storage

Besides grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) functions, the battery of an electric vehicle (EV) also has the specific feature of mobility. This means that EVs not only have the potential to utilize the storage of cheap electricity for use in high energy price periods, but can also transfer energy from one place to another place. Based on these special features of an EV battery, a new EV energy scheduling method has been developed and is described in this article. The approach is aimed at optimizing the utilization EV energy for EVs that are regularly used in multiple places. The objective is to minimize electricity costs from multiple meter points. This work applies real data in order to analyze the effectiveness of the method. The results show that by applying the control strategy presented in this paper at locations where the EVs are parked, the electricity cost can be reduced without shifting the demand and lowering customer’s satisfaction. The effects of PV size and number of EVs on our model are also analyzed in this paper. This model has the potential to be used by energy system designers as a new perspective to determine optimal sizes of generators or storage devices in energy systems.     

电动车无线能量互充系统及其恒流控制

针对电动车行驶途中可能出现电量不足的突发情况,提出了一种新的能量互充系统,用有富余电量的私人车辆或者专门提供能量补给服务的车辆为缺电车辆提供应急性能量补给。给出一种结构对称和参数对称的主电路拓扑,并引入移相控制策略来实现恒流充电。建立了系统的等效电路模型,推导出了发射端逆变器移相角与充电电流、发射线圈与拾取线圈距离之间的函数关系式。仿真和实验结果均验证了该系统及控制策略的可行性。     

Analysis of transmitter-side control methods in wireless EV charging systems

The wireless electric vehicle (EV) charging system is highly safe and flexible. To reduce the weight and cost of EVs, the wireless charging system, which simplifies the structure inside an EV and utilizes the transmitter-side control method, has become popular. This study investigates the transmitter-side control methods in a wireless EV charging system. First, a universal wireless charging system is introduced, and the function of its transfer power is derived. It is observed that the transfer power can be controlled by regulating either the phase-shift angle or the DC-link voltage. Further, the influence of the control variables is studied using numerical analysis. Additionally, the corresponding control methods, namely the phase-shift angle and the DC-link voltage control, are compared by calculation and simulation. It is found that: (1) the system efficiency is low with the phase-shift control method because of the converter switching loss; (2) the dynamic response is slow with the DC-link voltage control method because of the large inertia of the inductor and capacitor; (3) both the control methods have limitations in their adjustable power range. Therefore, a combined control method is proposed, with the advantages of high system efficiency, fast dynamic response, and wide adjustable power range. Finally, experiments are performed to verify the validity of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed method. This study provides a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the transmitter-side control methods in the wireless charging system, considering the sensitivity of parameters, converter losses, system efficiency, and dynamic performance, with the dead-time effect taken into consideration. Moreover, the proposed control method can be used to realize the optimal combination of the phase-shift angle and the DC-link voltage with good dynamic performance, and it is useful for the optimal operation of the wireless charging system.     

需求侧规模化电动汽车的充电负荷优化调控策略

针对电力需求侧电动汽车(electric vehicles, EV)用户充电行为的不确定性,分析电动汽车充电负荷调度与控制技术,构建电动汽车充电负荷调控优化模型,提出考虑分时电价与削峰填谷的分层多目标电动汽车充电策略,并对某区域内的1 000辆电动汽车的充电场景进行调控仿真试验。结果表明,本研究提出的优化充电策略能够有效降低充电费用和充电功率峰值,验证了所提出的优化调控策略的有效性。