用Weibull函数分析单粒莲子热风干燥的水分扩散系数和活化能

为了研究单粒莲子在不同温度(50、60、70、80、90℃)条件下热风干燥的干燥特性、水分扩散系数及活化能,利用Weibull函数及经验模型对单粒莲子干燥过程进行模拟分析。结果表明:Weibull函数和Midilli模型可以很好地拟合单粒莲子的热风干燥过程;尺度参数α随干燥温度的升高而减小(p0.05);干燥温度对形状参数β的影响较大(p0.05);计算得到干燥过程中估算的水分扩散系数为(8.79×10~(-9)~2.45×10~(-8))m~2/s,水分有效扩散系数为(4.73×10~(-10)~1.31×10~(-9))m~2/s,活化能为22.61 kJ/mol,水分扩散系数随温度的升高而增大。该研究为Weibull分布函数应用于莲子干燥提供参考。     

中短波红外和热风干燥对番木瓜干燥特性及品质的比较

本文以干燥特性、色泽、复水性以及抗坏血酸保留率为评价指标,研究了不同干燥温度(60、70、80、90℃)下中短波红外辐射和热风干燥对番木瓜片品质的影响。结果表明:与热风干燥相比,相同温度条件下中短波红外干燥速率更快,所需干燥时间更短;随着干燥温度的升高,两种干燥方式下的水分有效扩散系数均呈升高趋势,番木瓜片中短波红外干燥和热风干燥水分有效扩散系数分别为0.58546×10-10~9.87313×10-10 m2/s、0.01179×10-10~4.88646×10-10 m2/s;番木瓜片中短波红外干燥的活化能32.13 k J/mol低于热风干燥的活化能33.28 k J/mol;此外,中短波红外干燥后番木瓜片的色泽和产品的复水性更好,而番木瓜片的中短波红外干燥抗坏血酸保留率低于热风干燥。综合考虑,试验范围内中短波红外干燥温度为70℃条件下所得产品的品质最好。     

温度模式对鲅鱼热泵干燥品质及动力学特性的影响

为了提高鲅鱼成品品质、缩短干燥时间和降低能耗,该文对鲅鱼恒温干燥和分段式升温热泵干燥加工工艺进行研究。恒温干燥条件分别为10、20、30 ℃,升温干燥条件分别为10 ℃(3 h)~20 ℃(3 h)~30 ℃(end)、10 ℃(6 h)~20 ℃(6 h)~30 ℃(end)、10 ℃(9 h)~20 ℃(9 h)~30 ℃(end)、10 ℃(12 h)~20 ℃(12 h)~30 ℃(end)。试验表明:恒温干燥条件下,不同干燥温度下得到的鲅鱼成品均存在一定的不足;采用阶段升温干燥方式不仅能够显著缩短鲅鱼的干燥时间,还能提高产品品质,得到的鲅鱼成品在质构、安全性、色泽等方面均具有一定的优势。对于恒温干燥,在实验温度范围内,鲅鱼的水分有效扩散系数在2.0429×10-11~4.1947×10-11 m2/s之间,且D_eff随着温度的升高而增大,确定Page模型用来描述鲅鱼的热泵干燥过程(R2大于0.998、RMSE小于0.60%、χ2小于0.004%)。对于升温干燥,鲅鱼的有效水分扩散系数在4.1164×10-11~4.8723×10-11 m2/s之间,确定Two-terms模型用来描述鲅鱼升温热泵干燥的过程(R2大于0.996,RMSE均小于0.81%、χ2均小于0.008%)。通过试验确定最佳的分段升温干燥工艺条件为10 ℃(6 h)~20 ℃(6 h)~30 ℃。     

桃片超声渗透-红外辐射干燥特性及能耗研究

超声波的空化效应可提高渗透过程中传质效率。为研究桃片超声渗透-红外辐射干燥特性及干燥能耗,进行了超声渗透后红外60、70、80℃干燥试验,得到干燥特性曲线,建立干燥动力学模型;同时,对干燥过程的能耗进行了分析。结果表明:超声可增加桃片渗透脱水速率和固形物渗入率,超声渗透时间选择30 min(T_1)及60 min(T_2)为宜;Verma et al.模型较好拟合了桃片超声渗透-红外辐射干燥规律,未经渗透、T_1及T_2渗透处理桃片在60、70、80℃干燥条件下水分有效扩散系数分别为8.8789×10~(-9)~1.3011×10~(-8)、7.1213×10~(-9)~1.0393×10~(-8)、6.6771×10~(-9)~8.7785×10~(-9) m~2·s~(-1~;随着温度升高,干燥所需能耗降低;经超声渗透脱水后,干燥所需能耗增加。不同条件下,干燥能耗均在干基水分含量0.3左右急剧增加,可作为水分转换点,利用其它干燥方式,如变温压差膨化干燥,达到节约能耗、提高产品品质的目的。试验结果为桃片红外辐射干燥工艺参数优化及开发新型果蔬脆片提供参考。     

草鱼鱼片的微波干燥特性

为完善草鱼等淡水鱼的深度加工工艺和干燥工艺,对草鱼鱼片的微波干燥和热风干燥特性进行了研究,并确定最佳干燥模型。结果表明:当微波功率从200 W上升到800 W时,有效水分扩散系数从0.995 4×10~(-9)m2/s上升到2.344 3×10~(-9)m~2/s;当热风干燥温度由60℃上升到80℃时,有效水分扩散系数从4.001 4×10-10m~2/s上升到7.291 2×10-10m~2/s,但值仍低于微波干燥时的水分扩散系数值。采用常见的食品薄层干燥模型对实验数据进行拟合,通过比较相关系数R2、残基平方和RSS和卡方χ2得出,Page模型对草鱼鱼片的微波干燥拟合度最高,Two term模型对草鱼鱼片的热风干燥过程拟合度最高。     

马铃薯片热风对流干燥模型与特性

为了描述马铃薯片热风对流干燥的特性,在对流热风干燥试验装置中进行了马铃薯片薄层干燥试验,研究了干燥温度对干燥过程的影响,用数学模型关联了试验的水分比与时间,计算了不同温度下的水分有效扩散系数,并拟合了其与干燥温度的关系。结果表明:干燥温度对干燥过程有明显影响;在所用的模型中Logarithmic模型能较好地描述马铃薯片热风对流干燥过程;厚度3 mm的马铃薯片,在风速0.95 m/s时,风温从50℃升高到80℃,水分有效扩散系数从1.73×10~(-9) m~2/s增大到3.33×10~(-9) m~2/s,并符合阿累尼乌斯方程,活化能为20.16 kJ/mol。     

基于Weibull分布函数的花椒真空干燥动力学特性

为了缩短花椒真空干燥时间,提高其干制品品质,降低能耗,选取真空度V(0.02、0.04、0.06MPa)和干燥温度T(50、60、70℃)进行全面试验。对花椒尺度参数α、形状参数β、有效扩散系数D_(eff)及几何参数R_g进行研究,利用Weibull分布函数对数据进行拟合,计算花椒真空干燥平均干燥活化能E_a,通过加权评分法对各干燥条件下干制品品质进行综合评价。研究表明,干燥温度(T)和真空度(V)与干燥时间均呈正相关性;花椒形状参数β值为1.336 9~1.613 2,接近于1,即干燥特性曲线严格服从指数分布;有效水分扩散系数D_(eff)值为0.715×10~(-8)-2.244×10~(-8)m~2/s,不同干燥条件下,几何参数R_g值均接近于1,即估算有效系数D_(cal)与试验所得有效扩散系数D_(eff)非常接近,有效水分扩散系数线性拟合方程拟合度较高。对花椒真空干燥活化能Ea求解,其值为24.36 k J/mol,易于干燥;花椒色泽受温度影响较大,温度越低所得△E*值越小,即色泽变化越小,破壳率μ与干燥温度和真空度均呈正相关性。     

不同干燥技术下胡萝卜丁的干燥特性及品质研究

为缩短干燥时间,找到一种胡萝卜丁的最适干燥技术,改善干燥品质;将红外联合热风干燥、真空脉动干燥以及分阶段温湿度控制热风干燥三种技术应用于胡萝卜丁的干燥,筛选出了各种技术下的最佳干燥参数,研究了胡萝卜的干燥特性,分析了各技术下胡萝卜丁的湿基含水率、脱水速率和水分有效扩散系数的变化;比较三种最佳参数下干燥后胡萝卜丁的色泽、VC含量、复水性和表面微观结构。结果表明,最佳参数为:红外联合热风干燥70℃,1.22~1.69 m/s;真空脉动干燥70℃,真空保持时间和常压保持时间比15 min∶5 min;分阶段温湿度控制热风干燥70℃,50%10 min。水分有效扩散系数介于7.09×10~(-10)~9.04×10~(-10) m~2/s之间;真空脉动干燥处理下的VC含量、复水性、色泽略优于其他两种方式。     

基于Logarithmic方程的干燥参数对稻谷水分扩散特性影响分析

稻谷籽粒内部水分扩散的快慢决定了干燥速率。本文基于Logarithmic方程,建立稻谷水分传递动力学模型,并分析热风温度(40、50、60、70℃)和风速(0.3、0.4、0.5 m/s)对稻谷(湿基水分含量23.4%)有效水分扩散系数和扩散活化能的影响。结果表明:随着干燥温度和风速的上升,稻谷干燥速率提高,同时对应的有效水分扩散系数越大,分别为5.123×10-12~2.141×10-11m~2/s;扩散活化能从32.94 k J/mol增加至36.30 k J/mol;对比常用的5种谷物干燥模型发现,Logarithmic模型对稻谷薄层干燥的拟合度较好,R20.997,RMSE2.810×10~(-3),同时该模型模拟得出的有效水分扩散系数与实际差值均低于3.8×10~(-13)m~2/s,扩散活化能均低于2.53 k J/mol,与实际值基本吻合。     

油茶籽热泵干燥特性及模型研究

为设计、制造油茶籽热泵干燥机提供理论依据,研究不同温度和相对湿度条件下油茶籽的热泵干燥特性,采用7个常用的干燥数学模型和BP神经网络模型对油茶籽热泵干燥过程进行拟合。结果表明,油茶籽的热泵干燥分加速和降速两个阶段,以降速阶段为主,温度越高,相对湿度越低,干燥时间越短,有效水分扩散系数越大,相对湿度为10%和50%时,50、60、70℃下干燥至干基含水量2%所需的时间、最大干燥速率、有效水分扩散系数分别为:21.5、22.5 h,14、17 h,10、14 h,14.0、13.8 g·(g·h)~(-1),18.6、17.0 g·(g·h)~(-1),25.0、20.1 g·(g·h)~(-1),2.830×10~(-9)、2.809×10~(-9)m~2/s,3.784×10~(-9)、3.470×10~(-9)m~2/s,6.503×10~(-9)、4.963×10~(-9)m~2/s;油茶籽热泵干燥所需的活化能为32.0 kJ/mol,从油茶籽中去除1 kg水分需要的最低能量是1 778 kJ,耗电约0.49 kW·h。常用的7种干燥数学模型中Midilli模型的平均R~2值最大、平均RMSE值、SSE值和平均χ~2最小,拟合度最高,所得理论值和实验值之间的平均相对误差为8.97%;而BP神经网络模型在训练、校验、测试过程中,模型拟合度均达0.999以上,仿真结果与实验值间的平均相对误差为4.57%,说明BP神经网络模型能更好的表征油茶籽热泵干燥过程,更准确的预测油茶籽热泵干燥过程中含水量的变化规律。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press