半连续铸造AZ31B镁合金连续热轧变形行为的数值模拟

在DEFORMTM软件平台上采用热/力耦合刚塑性有限元法,结合生产实际的压力加工工艺,对半连续铸造AZ31B镁合金11个道次的连续热轧变形过程中应力场、应变场与温度场的变化规律进行数值模拟.结果表明:变形过程中AZ31B镁合金变形体内的应力、应变和温度沿试样厚度方向分布不均匀.在该合金铸锭表面与轧辊接触的部位具有较高的应力,引起表面的应变增大,而铸锭中心部位的应力相对较小,应变也较小.在连续的每个道次的热轧过程中,轧辊与铸锭刚接触时接触部位的应力最大,轧制中期,应力变化不大,轧制后期应力明显减小;第9道次变形后,等效应变沿试样厚度方向分布变得较均匀;随着轧制道次的增加,变形区域内的应力逐渐增大.对比AZ31B合金样品多道次热轧行为的实验模拟和数值分析可知,实验结果与数值模拟结果能较好吻合,在较低应变速率(0.01,0.1s-1)条件下,合金的塑性变形流变应力随着道次的增加逐渐增大并出现一个稳态阶段;在较高应变速率(5,10s-1)条件下,变形的前3道次的加工硬化严重,随后有一个明显的道次间的退火软化阶段.     

AZ31 镁合金轧制-剪切-弯曲变形工艺数值模拟研究

目的研究温度和道次压下量的变化对AZ31镁合金轧制-剪切-弯曲变形工艺的影响规律。方法对AZ31镁合金轧制-剪切-弯曲变形过程进行数值模拟,探究变形过程中应力、应变分布规律。结果压下量越大,模具转角处累积的等效应变值越大;随着温度的升高,模具转角处等效应力逐渐减小,等效应变逐渐增大。结论试样在模具转角处发生了剧烈的塑性变形,研究结果为板材的制备提供了依据。     

半固态AZ91D镁合金的压缩变形和显微组织

利用平行板触变压缩仪研究了电磁搅拌的半固态AZ91D合金试样的压缩变形和组织.结果表明:随着半固态压缩变形温度的升高,AZ91D镁合金试样变形的速度加快,即变形应变速度增大,但压缩应力不断下降;在某一载荷下,AZ91D镁合金试样压缩变形应力和应变呈明显的线性关系,与压缩温度的高低无关.随着半固态压缩载荷的提高,AZ91D镁合金试样变形的速度增加,应变速度增大,应力下降速度加快;在不同的压缩载荷下,AZ91D镁合金试样的压缩变形应力和应变都呈明显的线性关系.在实验中的各种半固态压缩变形条件下,初生α-Mg在压缩后AZ91D镁合金试样组织中的分布很均匀,几乎不存在组织偏析.当初生固相的形态呈球状结构,在相同的变形条件下,不同种类合金的半固态压缩变形规律非常相似.     

等径角挤扭工艺的研究

针对等径角挤压(ECAP)工艺和挤扭(TE)工艺中,材料变形不均匀,1道次变形获得的应变量不够大的缺点,将2种工艺有机结合,提出了等径角挤扭(ECAPT)工艺。利用UG和DEFORM-3D软件进行几何造型和有限元模拟,研究变形过程、应力应变分布和载荷变化,并用纯铝进行2道次ECAPT实验,测量试样显微组织和力学性能的变化。结果表明,ECAPT使组织产生更大的应变量,随着行程的增加,载荷增大,在TE通道平稳阶段达最大值,试样头部挤出TE通道后载荷降低;材料的宏观形貌同模拟结果一致,显微组织发生了明显细化,其中第1道次z面和第2道次y面细化效果明显;力学性能得以较大提高,屈服强度由43.31MPa提升至52.19MPa,抗拉强度由71.30MPa提升至130.38MPa。     

室温多向压缩道次变形量对AZ80镁合金力学性能影响

目的 探明室温塑性变形对AZ80塑性、硬度及最大应力等力学性能的影响规律,为其成形工艺参数制定提供依据。方法 对挤压态AZ80镁合金均匀化处理后,在室温下控制道次变形量(0.05、0.075、0.1)及累积应变进行多向多道次压缩变形;利用力学试验机和维氏硬度计分析道次变形量与累积应变对其力学性能的影响。结果 在室温下,当AZ80镁合金单向压缩的真应变达到0.124时会发生开裂,通过小应变多向多道次压缩可以将累积应变至少提高至3.6以上。在道次变形量为0.05、0.075和0.1时,累积应变分别可达到7.5、6和3.7;在累积应变为3.6时,随着道次变形量的增加试样硬度(HV)分别达到94、110和121,较未变形试样硬度(70HV)分别提升了33%、57%和73%。结论 AZ80镁合金通过室温多向多道次压缩有利于改善材料塑性,提高力学性能。其塑性随着道次变形量的减小而提高,硬度和最大应力随道次变形量和累积应变的增加而升高,且道次变形量比累积应变对硬度和最大应力的影响更大。     

高碳钢丝多道次拉拔及矫直对残余应力的影响

针对T9高碳珠光体钢丝多道次拉拔及后续拉伸矫直过程中的轴向残余应力演变进行分析。首先通过实验测量获得了钢丝盘条在大变形下的应力应变关系,然后基于Abaqus有限元软件建立了多道次拉拔过程的数值模型,并结合实验结果验证了模型的可靠性。利用所建立的数值模型进行了8个道次的拉拔仿真,结合塑性流动理论揭示了残余应力形成的演变规律。另外,利用数值仿真研究了钢丝经拉伸矫直后残余应力的变化。结果表明,拉拔后钢丝的轴向残余应力分布很不均匀,表层为正、心部为负;拉拔道次对钢丝残余应力的影响较小,略微提高了残余应力并降低了其均匀性;后续拉伸矫直对残余应力的影响非常显著,0.6%～1%的拉伸变形即可显著降低残余应力,使其分布更加均匀。     

高温下的金属基复合材料双剪切试样应力应变有限元分析

对金属基复合材料双剪切试样的应力应变分布进行蠕变有限元计算分析,得到受剪区的应力应变随时间的分布规律。通过典型取向试样分析,表明受剪区的应力应变与纤维随机分布平面和加载方向夹角θ之间存在很大的相关性:随角度θ的减小,其蠕变应力分布越均匀;当角度θ=45°时,其稳态蠕变率γ·最大。双剪切试样能得到较均匀的剪应力区域,适合研究材料纯剪应力状态下的蠕变行为。     

U形板件模压各区应变演化规律研究

目的 探究U形件模压的应变演化规律,为U形件大塑性变形提升材料性能提供理论指导。方法 基于有限元仿真软件DEFORM对U形件进行了限制性模压仿真研究,分析了应变分布规律并对其进行了量化的讨论。结果 试样经过单道次挤压后,直齿区域应变呈现波动式分布,受到剪切作用的位置均呈现中心处应变较大并向两侧逐渐减小,在靠近齿拐角的区域应变最小。扇形齿区域应变分布规律为齿面跨度越小,应变越大,齿面跨度越大,应变越小。从两道次模压变形来看,随着变形道次的增加,整体应变显著增加。应变分布曲线的波动程度随着变形道次的增加有所降低,应变均匀性有所改善。结论 通过对直齿、扇形齿及其多道次的应变演化规律来看,减小齿宽及增加变形道次有助于累积应变。     

基于有限元不同大塑性变形应变特征对比研究及组织分析

目的 探究往复挤压工艺(CEC)与往复挤扭镦工艺(SETE)的变形特点,并研究单道次变形后的金属流动行为和应变分布特征。方法 以低活化钢为材料,对CEC和SETE等2种工艺下的变形过程进行有限元模拟分析,获得3个道次变形后的CLAM钢等效应变云图,同时,开展相关试验以验证有限元模拟的准确性。结果 往复挤压工艺(CEC)与往复挤扭镦工艺(SETE)均能实现多道次累积应变,其中SETE下的单道次累积应变量更大,其各道次等效应变分别比CEC下的等效应变高2.47、5.06、7.84。0.5道次变形后,SETE下的平均硬度值比CEC下的高6.1HV。结论 在CEC与SETE下进行各道次变形后,边缘等效应变都高于心部等效应变,且1道次变形后应变均匀性相差不大,但随着道次的增加,SETE下的应变分布更加均匀。0.5道次变形后,CEC与SETE下的边缘晶粒尺寸均较心部晶粒尺寸细小,且SETE下的晶粒细化程度更高。     

7075Al/SiCp复合材料的热压缩变形流变应力和组织行为

采用圆柱试样在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对喷射沉积7075Al/SiCp复合材料进行高温压缩变形实验,实验条件为:变形温度300～450℃,应变速率0.001～1s-1.结果表明:7075Al/SiCp复合材料的流变应力大小受到变形温度和应变速率的强烈影响,流变应力随应变的增加而逐渐增加,出现一峰值后逐渐下降;流变应力随变形温度的升高、应变速率的降低而降低.可用Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦形式来描述7075Al/SiCp复合材料高温压缩变形流变应力.随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低,7075Al/SiCp复合材料热变形过程中SiCp的分布逐渐均匀化,有利其热加工性能的改善.     

钛合金多向锻造数值模拟

目的研究TC4钛合金在多向锻造过程中的变形行为。方法基于Deform-3D模拟软件平台,对钛合金的多向锻造变形过程进行有限元模拟分析,研究不同工艺参数(锻造温度、锻造速度、锻造工步)下合金最大主应力、等效应变和载荷最大值的变化规律。结果多向锻造的每工步锻造为典型的镦粗过程,坯料中心部位一直受压应力作用,鼓肚处则出现最大拉应力。随着锻造温度的升高和锻造速度的减小,最大压应力和拉应力均减小,多工步锻造之后合金主应力场分布更加均匀。随着锻造工步的增加,坯料等效应变增大且中心大变形区域体积分数增加。最大载荷随锻造温度的升高和锻造速度的降低而减小,相同参数下不同锻造工步的载荷最大值变化不大。结论锻造温度、锻造速度、锻造工步对TC4钛合金多向锻造变形行为有显著的影响,适当选择多向锻造工艺参数,可以降低载荷并获得均匀性较好的坯料。     

Simulation of 1.2765 DIN steel billet and crack analysis during the forging process using DEFORM 3D software

The plastic deformation behavior of 1.2765 DIN steel during forging process and the feasibility of simulation in the forging of 1.2765 DIN steel at four different temperatures has investigated by using professional plastic distorting software DEFORM 3D v11.0. Additionally, the total load, effective stress, effective strain, and total velocity at four different points of the billet material has been simulated during the upsetting process. The main finding of this study are as follows: 1) during the forging process, the coefficient of friction between the die and the specimen has been influenced more on the flow stress of the material. 2) Effective strain at side edges of the specimen has reduced due to lower recrystallization temperature. 3) Velocity of the particle at side edges has been more due to the unrestricted movement of particles during the forging process. It has also concluded that the particles located at side edges, faces, and near to the top head of the specimen were exceeding stress value compared to allowable stress.     

Thermomechanical processing of a nickel-base superalloy powder compact

Some means by which the grain size and flow strength of nickel-base superalloy powder .compacts can be controlled during processing have been examined. The compacts were prepared by hot isostatic pressing and their flow behaviour studied by constant true strain rate compression testing under conditions simulating isothermal forging. It was found that the selection of a finer starting powder results in slight lowering of flow strength at forging temperatures. Prior cold working of the compact by hydrostatic extrusion also leads to small reductions in strength at these temperatures. Both the . grain size and flow strength may change substantially during plastic deformation at forging temperatures. This depends on the conditions of strain rate and temperature. Under all the testing conditions examined this transient flow behaviour is followed by a stesdy state regime of flow during which neither the grain size nor the flow strength continue to change. These observations and their practical implications are discussed.     

BT20合金高温变形行为的研究

为实现BT20合金锻造的数值模拟和合理制定其热成形工艺参数,利用Thermecmastor-Z型热模拟试验机对该材料在热成形条件下的变形抗力进行了研究,考察了变形温度、应变速率及变形程度与变形抗力之间的关系,并利用冶金学方法对其进行了分析.结果表明,应变速率和变形温度的变化强烈影响着合金流变应力的大小,流变应力随变形温度升高而降低,随应变速率提高而增大.通过真实σ-ε曲线,回归出可综合反映锻造热力参数对材料成形性能影响的本构方程.     

Effect of processing parameters on shear bands in non-isothermal hot forging of Ti -6Al -4V

Abstract

The alloy system Ti- 6Al- 4V is the prominent Ti alloy system for aerospace and biomedical applications, as a result of its mechanical property balance and biocompatibility. Since the mechanical characterisation of Ti- 6Al- 4V is strongly sensitive to processing parameters there is relationship between processing variables, i.e. strain rate and temperature, microstructure, and properties under different loading conditions. Two phase (α + β) titanium alloys undergo flow instabilities and are susceptible to shear bands or regions of localised deformation crossing many grains during hot forging under non-isothermal conditions (dies and workpiece at different temperatures). Under such conditions shear bands can be generated even in materials without flow softening attributes. This occurs if the forging parameters lead to large amounts of heat transfer between the dies and the workpiece. This study investigates the occurrence of shear bands during non-isothermal, hot forging of Ti -6Al- 4V in order to evaluate the process parameters that generally lead to shear bands in conventional hot forging of metals. Upset compression tests on cylindrical specimens were conducted in a mechanical press and lateral side pressing tests on long, round bars were performed in either a mechanical press or a hydraulic press. The tests ranged from axisymmetric to plane strain compression. In upset specimens shear bands occurred at an angle of 45° to the compression axis and bands of intense deformation separated chill zones from the deforming bulk. Observation also demonstrated that the fracture might be owing to microvoids nucleated at weak points in sections of the shear surfaces. For plane strain deformation, shear bands were found to initiate along zero extension directions in a manner analogous to the formation and propagation of shear bands in isothermal hot forging. Although the shear band features at hot forging temperatures were similar to each other, there was a difference in the hardness and thickness of the shear bands depending on deformation mode, amount, and temperature.     

Prediction of flow stress in Ti–6Al–4V alloy with an equiaxed α + β microstructure by artificial neural networks

Flow stress during hot deformation depends mainly on the strain, strain rate and temperature, and shows a complex and nonlinear relationship with them. A number of semi-empirical models were reported by others to predict the flow stress during hot deformation. This work attempts to develop a back-propagation neural network model to predict the flow stress of Ti–6Al–4V alloy for any given processing conditions. The network was successfully trained across different phase regimes (α + β to β phase) and various deformation domains. This model can predict the mean flow stress within an average error of 5.6% from the experimental values, using strain, strain rate and temperature as inputs. This model seems to have an edge over existing constitutive model, like hyperbolic sine equation, and has a great potential to be employed in industries.     

SA508Gr.4N钢热变形过程微观组织演变及流变应力模型

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机研究Ni-Cr-Mo系低合金SA508Gr.4N钢在变形温度为850~1200℃,应变速率为0.001~1 s^-1,真应变为0.9条件下的等温热变形行为,建立包含动态回复和动态再结晶的基于物象的流变应力模型与动态再结晶晶粒尺寸模型,并提出避免粗大晶粒组织遗传性的适宜锻造工艺。结果表明:随着变形温度的升高,应变速率的降低,动态再结晶体积分数和晶粒尺寸逐渐增加;SA508Gr.4N钢的真应力-真应变曲线具有明显的不连续动态再结晶现象;通过实验值和模型预测值对比可得流变应力模型的相关系数(R)及平均相对误差(MRE)分别为0.998和4.76%,动态再结晶晶粒尺寸模型的相关系数(R)及平均相对误差(MRE)分别为0.991和8.69%,两个模型均具有较高的准确性。     

热模压Nd-Fe-B磁体变形过程及其模拟研究

Nd-Fe-B快淬磁粉在真空中热压,继续进行不同变形温度和不同应变率的热模压处理.通过分析不同变形温度下的热变形过程中应力一应变率关系,对热模压Nd-Fe-B磁体的热变形行为进行了研究并由此得到了描述热变形过程的关键参数.为了清楚理解晶粒边界滑移和各向异性晶粒长大在变形过程中所起的作用,利用三维有限元软件(DEFORM...     

Hot deformation behaviour and microstructure of a high-alloy gear steel

High strain isothermal compression tests at temperatures of 700–1200°C and strain rates of 0.1–50?s^?1 were performed in a Gleeble-3800 thermal simulator to investigate the hot deformation behaviour of a high-alloy Cr–Co–Mo–Ni gear steel, and the constitution equation and hot processing map were established based on these experiments. The results show that the flow stress can be described by the constitutive equation in hyperbolic sine function, and the optimum hot working regions are at the temperature of 1000–1100°C and strain rate of 0.3–1.0?s^?1. Optical microscopy observations of austenite grains indicate that dynamic recrystallisation occurs when the deformation temperature is over 900°C. The forging was successfully produced on the basis of the above-described researches.