Nanofibers from recycle waste expanded polystyrene using natural solvent

Summary A new recycling technique has been developed. In this method, EPS (expanded polystyrene), generally called Styrofoam, is dissolved with natural solvent, d-limonene and electrospun. This method can economically produce the nanofibers. The electrospinning process produces a nonwoven mat of long polymer fibers with diameters in the range of 10–500 nm and high surface areas per unit mass. PS (Polystyrene) polymer dissolved in different solvents such as THF (Tetrahydrofuran), DMF (Dimethylformaide), and DMAc (Dimethylacetamide) etc. may all be electrospun into nanofibers. These solvents cause environmental problem and difficulty of process handling. Natural solvent, d-limonene is used for dissolving PS. PS nanofibers are produced with PS solution using d-Limonene. This paper describes the use of polystyrene (PS) nanofibers electrospun from recycled EPS solution dissolved in d-limonene. The electrospun polystyrene nanofiber diameters vary from 300 to 900 nm, with an average diameter of about 700 nm.     

Extraction of caffeine from tea stalk and fiber wastes using supercritical carbon dioxide

The purpose of this study was to investigate obtaining of caffeine from tea plant wastes by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Experiments were carried out with tea stalk and fiber wastes of Turkish tea plants that has no economical value. Stalk and fiber wastes were supplied from tea factories. These wastes were ground, sieved and dried at 105 °C temperature in an oven. Parameters affecting caffeine leaching from tea wastes were determined to be, extraction time, extraction temperature, carbon dioxide flow rate, process pressure and particle size. The maximum yield of caffeine from tea stalk wastes and fiber wastes were 14.9 mg/g tea stalk and 19.2 mg/g tea fiber, respectively. The yield increase had been recorded as 61.9% and 65.5%, respectively, in comparison with the chloroform extraction of tea stalk and fiber wastes.     

Extraction of caffeine from tea stalk and fiber wastes using supercritical carbon dioxide

The purpose of this study was to investigate obtaining of caffeine from tea plant wastes by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Experiments were carried out with tea stalk and fiber wastes of Turkish tea plants that has no economical value. Stalk and fiber wastes were supplied from tea factories. These wastes were ground, sieved and dried at 105 °C temperature in an oven. Parameters affecting caffeine leaching from tea wastes were determined to be, extraction time, extraction temperature, carbon dioxide flow rate, process pressure and particle size. The maximum yield of caffeine from tea stalk wastes and fiber wastes were 14.9 mg/g tea stalk and 19.2 mg/g tea fiber, respectively. The yield increase had been recorded as 61.9% and 65.5%, respectively, in comparison with the chloroform extraction of tea stalk and fiber wastes.     

用乙醇-水从双液相棉粕中提取棉子糖的研究

用双液相萃取工艺处理后的棉籽粕为原料,乙醇-水溶液为溶剂进行了棉子糖的提取试验,并考察了影响浸出率的因素。在单因素实验的基础上,通过正交实验得出优化后的提取工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数为70%,提取温度60℃,提取时间150 m in,物料溶剂比1∶14(即每克物料需14 mL溶剂)。在此工艺条件下,棉子糖的浸出率为92.5%。     

Extraction of natural insecticide azadirachtin from neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed kernels using pressurized hot solvent

Plant-derived pesticides are gaining popularity on account of the increasing sustainable farming practices and also due to the environmental and health hazards resulting from excessive usage of their synthetic counterparts. The neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) tree, belonging to the Meliaceae family, is a storehouse of insecticidal azadirachtin, which possess antifeedant, growth disrupting and larvicidal properties against an array of agricultural insect pests. Pressurized Hot Solvent Extraction (PHSE) is fast emerging as an efficient means for recovering valuable active ingredients from natural plant matrices at an accelerated rate and with a reduced solvent consumption. The technique employing heated organic solvents at elevated pressures is a potential green substitute for conventional solvent extractions. The present study deals with the extraction of azadirachtin from defatted neem seed kernels (NSK) using pressurized methanol. Important operating variables like temperature, pressure, extraction time, solvent flow rate and particle size influencing the extraction efficiency were investigated in detail. The azadirachtin content in the extracts was determined by HPLC. The optimum conditions for maximizing azadirachtin yield were found to be 50 °C temperature, 50 bar pressure, −60 + 80 mesh particle size and 5 mL/min extractant flow rate. Under optimal conditions, 210.93 mg azadirachtin was extracted per 100 g defatted NSK within an extraction time of 100 min. Moreover, the proposed method resulted in 1.5 fold reduction in solvent consumption as compared to conventional maceration.     

Production of agrochemical from waste polyesters

In this study, agrochemical was produced from waste polyesters. Reactions of waste polyesters [poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT)] powder with ethylene glycol (EG) in the presence of tetrahydrofurane (THF) using 0.003 mol lead acetate as a catalyst were carried out in a batch reactor at 470 K and at atmospheric pressure conditions. Reactions were undertaken with various particle size ranges from 50 to 512.5 μm, and reaction time from 30 to 70 min for reactions of polyesters. Low molecular weight product of polyester was obtained during this process. In the next stage, hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HAHC), cyclohexylamine (CHA), and potasium hydroxide (KOH) solution were introduced to convert low molecular weight product of polyester into terephthalohydroxamic acid (TPHA) by introduction of HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) as per stoichiometric requirement. TPHA can be used as an agrochemical (insecticide) with appreciable efficiency. To increase the polyester conversion rate, external catalyst (0.003 mol lead acetate) was introduced during the reaction. The product was deposited on the surface of unreacted polyester, which was removed from the surface by introducing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). To accelerate the reaction rate, DMSO, CHA, and THF were introduced during the reaction, which has an industrial significance. Depolymerization of polyester was proportional to the reaction time. Depolymerization of polyester was inversely proportional to the particle size of polyester. Analyses of value‐added product (TPHA) and byproducts [EG and BD (1,4‐butanediol)] as well as polyesters were undertaken. A kinetic model is developed, and experimental data simulated with it, which was consistent with the model. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2504–2510, 2006     

天然叶绿素——艾蒿绿的提取

以天然绿色植物艾蒿叶为原料 ,以食用酒精作为提取剂 ,并经过铜代 ,皂化等化学改性 ,可制取水溶性好、稳定性较强、色彩鲜艳的天然叶绿素——艾蒿绿 (叶绿素铜钠盐 )     

Lipid extraction from natural plant source of Adenanthera pavonina using mixed solvent by superheated extractor

The lipid content was extracted from the saga seed by superheated condition and soxhlet apparatus. The mixture of hexane, chloroform and methanol was utilized as a mixed solvent for these extraction operations. Different parameters such as different solvent, temperature, mean particle size and solvent flow have been examined. The optimized lipid extraction was achieved as 26.2 wt% by using superheated condition from the saga seed powder at 90 °C for 120min. Then the fatty acids profile of the optimized Adenanthera pavonina oil were analyzed by gas chromatography. Unsaturated fatty acid was high as 83.7% compared with saturated fatty acid barely 15.4% by relative.     

复合溶剂萃取回收硫氰酸红霉素废水中的硫氰酸盐

以三辛胺(TOA)与正辛醇、磺化煤油组成萃取剂,萃取回收硫氰酸红霉素废水中的硫氰酸盐。结果表明:TOA与硫氰酸(HSCN)的萃合物在正辛醇、异辛醇、正己醇等极性溶剂中的溶解度比在煤油、环己烷及其本身中的溶解度大;在p H值为3.50和4.00时,TOA-正辛醇-煤油体系中,正辛醇起助溶和协萃双重作用,而在p H值为3.00时,正辛醇的助溶作用较为突出;以TOA-正辛醇-煤油为萃取剂萃取废水中HSCN,研究得到最佳萃取条件为:萃取剂组成V(TOA)∶V(正辛醇)∶V(煤油)=2∶1∶17,在室温下进行萃取,初始p H值约为3.50,油水相比VO/VA为1/10,萃取级数2级,在最佳萃取条件下,SCN-的萃取率可达到94.52%;且该萃取过程为放热、熵减过程,萃取焓变-39.25 k J/mol,熵变-103.78(J·mol)/K。     

Tailoring activated carbons for enhanced removal of natural organic matter from natural waters

Several pathways have been employed to systematically modify two granular activated carbons (GACs), F400 (coal-based) and Macro (wood-based), for examining adsorption of dissolved natural organic matter (DOM) from natural waters. A total of 24 activated carbons with different physical and chemical characteristics was produced. The impact of carbon treatment on the DOM adsorption was examined by conducting isotherm experiments at a neutral pH using the modified carbons and a DOM isolated from the influent to Myrtle Beach drinking water treatment plant in South Carolina (USA). Adsorption of the DOM by two activated carbon fibers, with relatively uniform pore size distributions, showed that only pores with widths larger than 1 nm were accessible to the DOM macromolecules. Increases in the carbon supermicropore and mesopore volume (i.e., >1 nm) increased the DOM uptake, if the surface chemistry was favorable. The isotherms normalized on a surface area basis showed the significance of carbon surface chemistry on the DOM uptake. At neutral pH, adsorption of negatively charged DOM molecules was favored by basic and positively charged surfaces, while the DOM uptake was minimized when the surface had acidic characteristics. High temperature ammonia treatment of oxidized carbons considerably enhanced the DOM uptake, mainly due to the increase in accessible surface area and surface basicity. Iron-impregnated carbons indicated an enhanced affinity of iron-laden carbon surface toward the DOM species, if the surface was not negatively charged.     

低共熔溶剂提取枳实中黄酮类成分的工艺研究

以氯化胆碱-乙二醇-水组成的低共熔溶剂(DESs)为提取溶剂,采用超声辅助法同步提取枳实中的柚皮苷、橙皮苷和新橙皮苷3种标志性黄酮类成分。考察液料比、超声功率以及超声时间对3种黄酮类成分总提取率的影响,并在此基础上运用Box-Behnken响应面法对该提取工艺进行了优化。结果表明,超声辅助DESs提取的最佳条件为:液料比32∶1,超声功率125 W,超声时间9 min,在此条件下,3种黄酮类成分的总提取率为20.78%,与理论值的相对误差为0.62%。     

绿色低共熔溶剂提取野菊花中黄酮类化合物

研究氯化胆碱低共熔溶剂(DES)提取野菊花中的总黄酮、总槲皮素和槲皮苷.首先,合成了4种性能优异的DES,并对其物理性质进行表征.其次,以提取效果最好的氯化胆碱/尿素DES为溶剂,通过改变单一变量优化提取效果,在含水量30％、提取时间45 min、固液比1:50(g:mL,下同)、提取温度60℃的条件下,总黄酮、总槲皮...     

Extraction of scandium(III) using ionic liquids functionalized solvent impregnated resins

Ionic liquids (ILs) functionalized solvent impregnated resins (SIRs) were prepared using IL modified Merrified resin as the polymeric supports by impregnation of extractant for extraction of Sc(III). The ILs modified Merrifield resin were prepared via covalent anchoring of imidazolium salts onto Merrifield resin. The polymeric supports with imidazolium chloride group (RCl) and imidazolium hexafluorophosphate group (RPF₆) were characterized by FTIR, TGA, and elemental analysis. It was found that RCl and RPF₆ had tunable hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, different acid stability, and swelling behaviors in solvents. The effect of Cyanex 923 extractant or [C₈mim][PF₆] IL impregnated on RCl and RPF₆ were studied. The results showed Cyanex 923 and [C₈mim][PF₆] exhibited stronger affinity to RPF₆ than to RCl. RPF₆ with Cyanex 923 was found to be effective in Sc(III) extraction. The extraction mechanisms of SIRs containing RPF₆ and Cyanex 923 with or without [C₈mim][PF₆] were cation exchange and neutral complexation, respectively. [C₈mim][PF₆] acted as an extraction media and was involved in the cation exchanged extraction reaction. Sc(III) can be selectively separated from Tm(III), Yb(III), and Lu(III) by the SIRs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Oxidation of caffeine by acid‐activated ferrate(VI): Effect of ions and natural organic matter

Caffeine (CAF) is the most commonly consumed stimulant and frequently detected emerging pollutant in influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and surface waters. Acid‐activated ferrate(VI) (Fe^VI , Fe(VI)) oxidizes CAF in water in seconds to minutes at three times lower molar ratio of Fe(VI) to CAF than oxidative transformation observed in hours by nonactivated Fe(VI) (8.0 vs. 25.0). CAF oxidation by acid‐activated Fe(VI) is not affected by ionic constituents of water. Organic components of natural organic matter (NOM) and secondary effluent wastewater (SE) decrease efficiency of CAF transformation. However, acid‐activated Fe(VI) could mineralize other organics present in both NOM and SE as indicated by the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal. Comparatively, no mineralization was seen without activation of Fe(VI). Four oxidized products of CAF were identified by a liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry technique. The reaction pathways of the oxidation of CAF by activated Fe(VI) have been proposed. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2017     

Extraction of protein from skim natural rubber latex using PEG as a surfactant via low speed centrifugation and continuous flow

Protein extractions from skim natural rubber latex using 3 %w/v polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) via both low speed centrifugation and continuous flow were investigated. In centrifugal extraction, when the speed was 1000 rpm, the extractable protein (EP) content in serum increased with processing time from 5 to 30 min and when the time was fixed at 5 min, EP content increased with centrifugal speed. In addition, further washing deproteinized chips with 2 %w/v SDS solution could remove proteins with efficiencies corresponding to the efficiencies of protein removals in latex phase, implying the role of PEG in protein reduction in both steps. In continuous flow extraction, EP content increased with increasing Reynolds number or increasing mean residence time of the flow to a maximum and then dropped. The efficiencies of the centrifugal extraction and continuous flow extraction were 55.2 and 33.7%, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39900.     

Removal of natural organic matter in water using functionalised carbon nanotube buckypaper

A simple, surfactant-free assembly process was used to prepare multi-wall carbon nanotube (CNT) buckypapers using a highly efficient purification, sonication, and filtration process. To achieve effective dispersion of CNT into ethanol, a minimum 5-min sonication time was required. Here, we fabricated a buckypaper with pore size of 41 ± 10 nm and porosity of 72.9% with a 10-min sonication. The as-prepared buckypaper was used as a membrane for humic acid (HA) removal from water. During purification process, carboxylic and hydroxylic functional groups were introduced onto the CNT surface. The functional groups increased the hydrophilicity of the CNTs and improved the removal efficiency of HA by the buckypaper. The buckypaper prepared from purified CNTs exhibited excellent removal of HA (>93%) and a long lifetime for filtration.     

Coal liquefaction using a hydrogenated creosote oil solvent: H-atom transfer from hydrogen donor components in the solvent

The presence of hydroaromatic, hydrogen donor components in a coal-derived solvent is one of the more important factors in the successful operation of a non-catalytic coal liquefaction process. Various hydrogen donor species present in a hydrogenated creosote oil have been identified. Their rate of disappearance under conditions that are consistent with a short residence time coal liquefaction process has been used to rank the reactivities of the various hydrogen donors. 1,2,3,10b-Tetrahydrofluoranthene was found to be an exceptional donor while 4,5-dihydropyrene, the hexahydropyrenes and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene were found to be quite active. Sym.-octahydrophenanthrene and 2a,3,4,5-tetrahydroacenaphthene exhibited moderate activity. Tetralin and the four methyltetralin isomers were found to be unreactive under the coal liquefaction conditions employed.     

Extraction of Dittany (Origanum dictamnus) using supercritical CO2 and liquid solvent

Different extraction processes of dittany (Origanum dictamnus) for the recovery of extracts enriched with bioactive components were examined in this work. More specifically, hydrodistillation, extraction with a liquid organic solvent, supercritical CO₂ extraction, as well as a combination of supercritical and liquid extraction were applied in order to recover improved extracts with respect to their antioxidant activity. The latter was determined by using a free radical method (DPPH). The antioxidant activities of the extracts obtained were compared with those of carvacrol, a main component of dittany, and BHT, a common synthetic antioxidant. It is shown that the combination of the conventional liquid extraction with supercritical extraction could be a promising alternative process for the recovery of extracts enriched with bioactive compounds.     

Extraction of palm oil using propane,ethanol and its mixtures as compressed solvent

This work is aimed to investigate the extraction of palm oil using pressurized ethanol and propane as solvents. The effects of temperature (293⿿333 K), pressure (from 10 to 20 MPa), solvent flow rate (from 1 to 5 mL/min), and composition of the solvent mixture were evaluated on the oil extraction yield, and chemical profile of the extracted oils. The experiments were conducted in a 100 mL extractor coupled to a HPLC pump for ethanol and a syringe pump for the propane displacement. Global yields up to 75 wt% were obtained in the experiments. The kinetic profiles of the extractions were described by the Sovová⿿s model, which presented good agreement with the experimental observations. The palm oils extracted with distinct solvents were characterized regarding its density and viscosity in a temperature range from 293 to 343 K, its chemical profile determined by GC/MS, and carotenoid content.     

溶剂萃取法净化磷酸中氟的研究

以三辛胺(TOA)为萃取剂净化磷酸中的氟离子,考察了稀释剂、萃取剂浓度、萃取时间、温度对萃取的影响,并研究了磷酸中杂质离子的存在对脱氟性能的影响。结果表明,在萃取剂TOA浓度0.5 mol/L(稀释剂为磺化煤油),萃取时间20 min,温度303 K,转速200 r/min,相体积比(O/A)=1∶1的条件下,脱氟率可达70%以上。磷酸中[Fe3+]=0.02～0.07 mol/L,[Mg2+]=0.06～0.08 mol/L范围内,对萃取脱氟是有利的,铝离子和钙离子的存在均不利于氟、磷的分离。