基于CBR和描述逻辑的网络安全应急响应

网络安全应急响应是未来信息安全策略的重心.目前应急响应主要依靠应急响应团队和安全管理者,他们虽能够有效处理部分安全事件,但不能给出在具体环境下合理、快速、有效地处理安全事件的方法.针对该问题,提出了智能化的基于案例推理和描述逻辑的网络安全应急响应方法,用以实现对具体安全事件的自动处理.首先用描述逻辑刻画网络安全应急响应领域知识,然后设计了基于细化算子和细化图的相似度匹配算法,给出了基于案例的推理(Case based reasoning,CBR)在应急响应中的具体实现过程,最后用具体实例检验了提出的方法.结果表明该方法具有清晰语义、自动分类概念和良好推理能力等特性,能够从过去的安全事件中获得目前所遇到的安全事件的解决方案,并能够给出具体环境下安全事件的处理方法.     

Fuzzy expert system for real-time process condition monitoring and incident prevention

A new fuzzy expert system for real-time process condition monitoring and incident prevention is developed. Its reasoning strategy is based on dynamic membership functions of fuzzy systems. With a multimedia user interface, the fuzzy expert system can codify the expertise knowledge to handle incidents, perform process condition monitoring, and provide operation support. The prototype of this system has been successfully used in a chemical pulp mill for process condition monitoring and incident prevention.     

A use of case-based reasoning technique in building expert systems

Matra Marconi Space France and Aramiihs (Action de Recherche et Application Matra Irit en Interaction Homme Système) laboratory have used and evaluated Case Based Reasoning (CBR) techniques in two projects:

• - The first project is about the development of a system dedicated to help satellites AIT/AIV (Assembly Integration and Test/Validation) test engineers to cope with incidents occurring during test activities. The project is funded by the EGSE System Section of ESTEC (European Space Research and Technology Centre.).

• - The second project is related to the building of a knowledge-based system for diagnosis assistance in AIT/AIV activities of Ariane4 Vehicle Equipment Bay (VEB). The project is financed by internal funding of MMS-F.

In the two projects, CBR technique is neither used the same way nor with the same purpose.

In the first project, CBR technique is used to find out or suggest the cause of an anomaly when an incident appears. Confronted with the occurrence of an incident, the system will refer to its characteristics (test context, symptoms…) that are considered as relevant to retrieve previous similar incidents.

In the second project, CBR technique is combined with Rule Based Reasoning and Model Based Reasoning ones to form the reasoning core of a Hybrid Knowledge Based System. When an incident occurs, the system proposes to test engineers a diagnosis approach based on the combination of different knowledge (coded into rule, cases and models).

Aramiihs is a research unit where engineers from MMS and researchers from the IRIT (Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse) CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) collaborate on problems concerning new types of man-system interaction.     

Achieving quality assurance functionality in the food industry using a hybrid case-based reasoning and fuzzy logic approach

Quality control of food inventories in the warehouse is complex as well as challenging due to the fact that food can easily deteriorate. Currently, this difficult storage problem is managed mostly by using a human dependent quality assurance and decision making process. This has however, occasionally led to unimaginative, arduous and inconsistent decisions due to the injection of subjective human intervention into the process. Therefore, it could be said that current practice is not powerful enough to support high-quality inventory management. In this paper, the development of an integrative prototype decision support system, namely, Intelligent Food Quality Assurance System (IFQAS) is described which will assist the process by automating the human based decision making process in the quality control of food storage. The system, which is composed of a Case-based Reasoning (CBR) engine and a Fuzzy rule-based Reasoning (FBR) engine, starts with the receipt of incoming food inventory. With the CBR engine, certain quality assurance operations can be suggested based on the attributes of the food received. Further of this, the FBR engine can make suggestions on the optimal storage conditions of inventory by systematically evaluating the food conditions when the food is receiving. With the assistance of the system, a holistic monitoring in quality control of the receiving operations and the storage conditions of the food in the warehouse can be performed. It provides consistent and systematic Quality Assurance Guidelines for quality control which leads to improvement in the level of customer satisfaction and minimization of the defective rate.     

ActiveCBR: An Agent System That Integrates Case-Based Reasoning and Active Databases

Case-based reasoning (CBR) is an artificial intelligence (AI) technique for problem solving that uses previous similar examples to solve a current problem. Despite its success, most current CBR systems are passive: they require human users to activate them manually and to provide information about the incoming problem explicitly. In this paper, we present an integrated agent system that integrates CBR systems with an active database system. Active databases, with the support of active rules, can perform event detection, condition monitoring, and event handling (action execution) in an automatic manner. The integrated ActiveCBR system consists of two layers. In the lower layer, the active database is rule-driven; in the higher layer, the result of action execution of active rules is transformed into feature–value pairs required by the CBR subsystem. The layered architecture separates CBR from sophisticated rule-based reasoning, and improves the traditional passive CBR system with the active property. The system has both real-time response and is highly exible in knowledge management as well as autonomously in response to events that a passive CBR system cannot handle. We demonstrate the system efficiency and effectiveness through empirical tests. Received 21 April 2000 / Revised 12 June 2000 / Accepted in revised form 14 July 2000     

Operational semantics of a domain specific language for real time musician–computer interaction

With the advent and availability of powerful personal computing, the computer music research and industry have been focusing on real-time musical interactions between musicians and computers; delegating human-like actions to computers who interact with a musical environment. One common use-case of this kind is Automatic Accompaniment where the system is comprised of a real-time machine listening system that in reaction to recognition of events in a score from a human performer, launches necessary actions for the accompaniment section. While the real-time detection of score events out of live musicians’ performance has been widely addressed in the literature, score accompaniment (or the reactive part of the process) has been rarely discussed. This paper deals with this missing component in the literature from a formal language perspective. We show how language considerations would enable better authoring of time and interaction during programming/composing and how it addresses critical aspects of a musical performance (such as errors) in real-time. We sketch the real-time features required by automatic musical accompaniment seen as a reactive system. We formalize the timing strategies for musical events taking into account the various temporal scales used in music. Various strategies for the handling of synchronization constraints and the handling of errors are presented. We give a formal semantics to model the possible behaviors of the system in terms of Parametric Timed Automata.     

Extending Pearl for industrial real-time applications

High-Integrity Pearl, (HI-Pearl) an extension to the Process and Experiment Automation Real-Time language (Pearl) which incorporates several principles from the real-time Euclid language, is described. The requirements of real-time software and components of a real-time language are reviewed. HI-Pearl's mechanisms for concurrency control, synchronization, allocation, time-bounded loops, surveillance of events, parallelism, timing constraints, overload detection and handling, storage management, run tracing, and error detection and handling are discussed. HI-Pearl's schedulability analyzer, an automated tool to predict whether real-time software will adhere to its critical timing constraints, is also discussed     

城市轨道交通电力监控系统的不足与未来展望

随着轨道交通的快速发展、运能负荷运日增长,电力设备故障也明显增加,网络化运营逐渐形成的趋势下,传统的电力监控系统采集精度低、综合监控程度不高,无法实现监控、预警及抢修处理的一体化,对于网络化运营的实现具有一定的局限性.展望未来的电力监控系统,可实现高精度的实时电力监控,达到及时发现预警,精确定位故障的目的,具备有效的应急方案,实现网络化安全运营.系统可采集高精度电流、电压、相位数据,通过专业算法对实时监控数据的计算和对比,产生预警信号;通过故障定位算法精确确定故障位置,生成故障事件,进行处理,全程监控事件处理过程,可实现实时建议指导;并且配备预案库及知识库,提供历史经验参考,快速有效的解决电力故障,恢复列车运营,实现高度集中的、可靠的网络化安全运营.     

Types of manual materials handling (MMH) and occupational incidents and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in motor vehicle parts manufacturing (MVPM) industry

The motor vehicle parts manufacturing (MVPM) works include various types of manual materials handling (MMH). This study analyzes occupational incidents and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) caused by MMH in the MVPM industry. Also, this study conducted a risk assessment for predicting the possibility and severity of the injuries and MSDs. This study examined 236 injured persons registered for occupational incidents and MSDs caused by MMH tasks. Of the 236 injuries, 124 (52.5%) were caused by lifting/lowering, followed by 92 (39.0%) pushing/pulling and 20 (8.5%) carrying. MSDs were the highest at 36.9%, followed by struck by (22.9%), caught in (19.5%), and slip/fall (9.7%) incidents. In the case of incidents, the percentage caused by pushing/pulling was the highest at 55.7%, followed by lifting/lowering (35.6%) and carrying (8.7%). However, in the case of MSDs, the percentage caused by lifting/lowering was the highest at 81.6%, followed by pushing/pulling (10.3%) and carrying (8.0%). However, the rate of severe injured with over 180 work-loss days was higher in carrying works, women, or older workers over 50 years. The highest prevalence of MSDs was low back (63.2%), followed by shoulders (17.2%), and arm/hand regions (16.1%). In risk assessment according to the work process, ‘struck by incidents during pushing/pulling carts in the logistics process’ is the most possible and the highest average of work-loss days.Relevance to industryThis study presents the overview of actual nationwide compensation records occurred during MMH tasks in the MVPM industry. Also, this study shows the outlines of occupational incidents and MSDs, and the most possible and severe incident according to the types of MMH and work process.     

大型仓储式物流中心的环境监测系统设计

针对大型仓储式物流中心的实际需要,设计一种智能化的环境监测系统。在无人操作或远程遥控的模式下,系统可以对仓储中心环境中的烟雾情况、空气质量情况、温度及湿度等参数进行实时采集分析,达到对环境状况及时监控的目的。监控数据的分析结果,也对物资的存储优化方面具有一定的指导意义。     

The use of interface agents for email notification in critical incidents

This study reports on several typical scenarios of the use of email notification interface agents under the influence of critical incidents. An interface agent is a reactive, collaborative, and autonomous visual computational system, which communicates directly with a person offering assistance and advice in performing computer-related tasks. The critical incident technique was employed to survey the actual users of an interface agent-based email notification application. Respondents were asked to provide the last most significant either positive or negative incident of the usage of interface agents in their email application. They were also asked to offer recommendations for designers and marketers of this technology. Sixty critical incidents were obtained and analysed. With regards to positive-outcome situations, one representative scenario was constructed. With respect to the negative-outcome events, three distinct scenarios were identified. Based on the critical incident technique, it is concluded that users acknowledge the quality of an agent when it acts reliably, an agent's intrusive behaviour results in an immediate agent usage termination, operability issues sometimes force people to reject the technology, and users attempt to preserve the employment of an agent under the negative impacts of external factors. A number of other practical recommendations for manufacturers and marketers are also outlined.     

突发水污染事件中遥感瓦片大数据存储系统

突发水污染事件频发,利用GIS平台、遥感技术及水质模型对突发水污染事件进行模拟研究逐渐成为一种发展趋势.针对目前海量、异构、动态遥感数据难以快速处置和高效存储的问题,基于HBase设计和实现了突发水污染事件的遥感瓦片大数据存储系统.该系统以数字地球平台为支撑,结合遥感瓦片金字塔模型和MapReduce框架,考虑实时、动态观察事件发展态势引起的瓦片数据频繁加载特点,对遥感瓦片数据的线性四叉树编码索引进行了改进,将其同水污染数据一并存储到HBase数据库中,并通过增加缓存区来提升遥感瓦片数据的访问效率.将此系统应用于渭河陕西段突发水污染事件中,实验结果表明:改进后的索引可在200个毫秒时间内提取到水污染区域的遥感数据,引入的缓存机制使得水污染区域遥感数据的加载时间节省了近2/3.因此,该存储系统访问效率高,能够满足突发水污染事件快速应急模拟的需求.     

A non-centralized adaptive method for dynamic planning of construction components storage areas

Rehandling of construction components, such as pipes, structural steel elements, and curtain walls, may increase the handling cost and reduce the construction efficiency, which is a critical issue for storage area plans of a project. Moreover, on some construction sites where space is limited, there are not adequate storage areas for centralized stacking of components and frequent changes in spatial state. Existing studies have investigated site layout planning for temporary facilities including arranging a storage area for the same type of material, which still have limitations in solving the above problems. This study proposes a novel and flexible arrangement method for incoming components in limited site space. This method is non-centralized and adaptive to the dynamic change of the actual component requirements based on construction activities and the real-time storage area availability. Therefore, a construction components storage areas planning (CCSAP) model is developed for dynamic allocation of construction components storage areas. Building information modeling (BIM) can be used to generate the material requirements planning before construction according to the actual construction activities. Real-time spatial recognition is a critical step for dynamic allocation of construction components storage areas because no such research has been done. This paper firstly presents an imaging technology with a low-rank matrix to identify on-site unoccupied locations automatically in real time. In addition, genetic algorithms (GA) consider two types of decision variables: actual components supply and real-time space availability. Finally, a dynamic visualization platform is built for planning construction components storage areas. An implementation example is demonstrated to validate principles and this model and shows a 21.9% reduction in the handling cost and a 19.4% increase in the construction efficiency compared with conventional methods.     

A knowledge-based framework for clinical incident management

Clinical incidents, which occur during the provision of health care, can be costly and deadly. Over three-quarter of these incidents is preventable according to the studies in general practice in Australia (Bhasale, A., Miller, G., Reid, S., & Britt, H., (1998). Analysing potential harm in Australian general practice: an incident-monitoring study. MJA, 169, 73–76). It is important that we learn as much as possible from these incidents to prevent them in the future and improve quality of care. This paper introduces a holistic system, which amalgamates case-based reasoning, rule-based reasoning, causal-based reasoning and an ontological knowledge base for managing clinical incidents in general practice. Clinical incident management includes incident analysis, incident case browsing, statistics and explanation. The system enables health professionals to share the medical incident information, which has caused harm and can cause potential harm. The re-use of such information may prevent or mitigate human or medical errors. Such a hybrid approach provides an effective management of adverse clinical incidents for quality improvement in General Practice.     

A virtual reality cognitive health screening tool for aviation: Managing accident risk for older pilots

To address elevated risk for older pilots, we examined the efficacy of a virtual reality (VR) cognitive health screening tool (integrated into simulated flight scenarios) in identifying general aviation pilots who experienced a critical incident during flight in a full-scale Cessna 172 simulator. Performance data were obtained from 51 certified pilots (17–71 years). Machine learning classification algorithms, based on key data from the VR flight, were used to validate the utility of the screening tool for identifying pilot risk. The results showed that aviation-relevant cognitive factors obtained in the VR screening tool, including situation awareness and prospective memory, predicted risk of a critical incident with good sensitivity (0.83) and specificity (0.85), AUC = 0.82. These results support VR-based cognitive screening to identify at-risk older pilots. The present findings inform procedures for optimizing safety and reducing critical incidents at any point in the pilot lifespan and are timely in view of the impending pilot workforce shortage.     

Airborne radiation mapping: overview and application of current and future aerial systems

Nuclear power and associated activities are never far from scrutiny, the apparent advantages of the technology are juxtaposed by the risk of incidents perceived as being catastrophic. If a major nuclear incident was to occur, an important aspect of the response management to any radionuclide release would be the need to rapidly establish the spatial distributions and quantities of these released radionuclides, their type in addition to their corresponding activity. The data received from surveys would directly inform evacuation plans, on-site incident management strategies as well as protecting both workforce and public from harm. The disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in 2011 is perhaps the best example of the requirement for real time data collection to inform crucial decisions. Previous reviews of the event have observed that because the static on-site radiation detector network was destroyed by the 15 m high tsunami (following the magnitude 9.0 Great Tōhoku earthquake), it was not possible to immediately determine the radionuclide activity in the area and the danger presented to the responding workforce. Such preceding works have retrospectively highlighted the usefulness of unmanned aerial systems in providing real-time data within nuclear and non-nuclear settings. The establishment of an arbitrary 20 km exclusion zone surrounding the Fukushima Daiichi plant, with the displacement of over 150,000 people, has been viewed by many as an over-reaction – with many not having been required to be evacuated. This review examines and evaluates the previous as well as current work on aerial radiation monitoring and the future improvement that might be delivered by a combined three-dimensional (3D) radiation mapping platform. Combining detailed 3D topographical mapping with radiation surveying has powerful implications for the way that radiological contamination across a site might be measured and displayed in the future, both following radiological release events and in routine site monitoring.     

安全事件应急处理系统分析

从国内外现状出发，详细分析了安全事件应急处理系统在入侵监测、审计分析、事件响应、安全服务等方面的功能及特性需求，在此基础上提出了基于三层架构的应急处理系统结构模型，为系统的具体设计和实施提供了可行的操作框架。     

Financial market monitoring by case-based reasoning

This paper shows that case-based reasoning (CBR), an artificial intelligence technique, is a quite efficient tool in monitoring financial market against its possible collapse. For this purpose, daily financial condition indicator (DFCI) monitoring financial market is built on CBR and its performance is compared to DFCI on neural network. This study is empirically done for the Korean financial market.     

Ergonomic assessment of musculoskeletal risk among a sample of Portuguese emergency medical technicians

The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in healthcare professionals is high, patient handling tasks being one of the main causes. This article focused on the analysis of the risk of musculoskeletal disorders in patient handling tasks, performed by emergency medical technicians. The study included 20 technicians from the National Institute of Medical Emergency and a total of 292 analysed postures. REBA results indicated that, of the 292 postures, 47% presented a medium risk and 29% high risk. The task “transport of the chair on the stairs - bottom position” obtained the most critical REBA score and the task “placement of the stair chair into the ambulance - top position” involved higher effort, according to the technicians’ perception. With this study, it was possible to diagnose the risk level of musculoskeletal disorders in tasks of manual handling performed by these professionals, allowing to identify specific actions that can compromise their health and safety. Hereafter, based on risk factors identification, it is relevant to the sector to develop solutions for these first responders, focusing on design features, based on an ergonomics participatory methodology.     

Embedding ergonomics in hospital culture: top-down and bottom-up strategies

In England there has been increasing emphasis on the use of ergonomics to tackle manual handling problems for the last seven years (MHO, 1992, 1998; HSAC, 1998). At Nottingham City Hospital NHS Trust, I have tried to incorporate an ergonomic approach throughout a wide range of activities since 1994. This paper does not seek to report a research project, simply to share the experience of trying to tackle hospital manual handling risks by taking an ergonomic approach. It will explain what this has involved, where it has been successful and where there have been difficulties. In the five years since the implementation of this strategy three measures have been used to monitor trends. These are (1) manual handling incidents: showing a 33% reduction; (2) days lost from musculoskeletal-related sickness absence: 36% reduction; and (3) completed risk actions: rising from 33% completion to over 75% completion.