基于PCA与主动学习AdaBoost的频谱感知算法

针对认知网络中各低信噪比环境下主用户信号检测率偏低的问题,提出一种基于主成分分析和主动学习AdaBoost的主用户信号频谱感知算法.该算法首先采用主成分分析算法对信号特征参数进行提取,获得信号的主成分,之后利用主动学习算法通过多次迭代抽样,获取有利于提高分类性能的样本,并对AdaBoost分类器进行训练,最后利用训练完成的AdaBoost分类器对待测信号进行分类检测.仿真实验表明,在各低信噪比情况下与ANN和MME算法相比较,所提算法具有较高的分类感知性能,有效地实现了对主用户信号的频谱感知.     

Spectrum sensing algorithms for primary detection based on reliability in cognitive radio systems

One of the main requirements of cognitive radio systems is the ability to detect the presence of the primary user with fast speed and high accuracy. To achieve that, in this paper, we propose a spectrum sensing scheme by considering the reliability of spectrum sensing. Only the user with no reliable information will perform spectrum sensing again using one-order feature detection. Otherwise, the user directly transmits its binary decision (0 or 1) to the MAC layer. The performance of the one-order feature detection is studied and numerical results are presented to show that the one-order feature detector can perform better than the energy detector due to its robustness to the noise uncertainty. Since the feature detection is performed in time domain, the real-time operation and low-power consumption can be achieved. Furthermore, the performance of proposed spectrum sensing scheme based on reliability is also deduced and the analysis of the performance results indicate that the sensing performance is greatly improved as opposed to energy detector. However, due to the effects of channel fading/shadowing, individual cognitive radios may be not able to reliably detect the existence of a primary user. To solve this problem, cooperative sensing among secondary users are studied using the methodology proposed in this paper. The performance of cooperative spectrum sensing is investigated when various decision fusion rules are applied. We find that, regardless of the decision fusion rule used, the sensing performance can be significantly improved compared to conventional cooperative methods.     

单天线认知无线电中的协作频谱感知和无线能量传输

在单天线认知无线电中,可以通过天线协作频谱检测来提高检测衰落信道中主用户(Primary User,PU)存在的传感性能。然而,由于协作频谱检测,认知无线电(Cognitive Radio,CR)可能消耗更多的存储能量,从而降低其传输性能。为了保证其传输性能,提出了一种同步协作频谱检测和无线功率传输的方案,该方案可以收集PU信号的射频(Radio Frequency,RF)能量,以提供频谱检测消耗的能量。提出了时间分流模型、实现了协作频谱检测,能量收集和数据传输的同步。制定了适用于该方案的优化问题,以最大化同步协作频谱检测和无线功率传输模型中认知无线电的频谱效率,分别受限于检测的概率和收集的能量。最后通过计算得到的最佳分配因子,以实现了频谱效率的最大值,并通过仿真得出了结论。     

ICSSSS: An intelligent channel selection scheme for cognitive radio ad hoc networks using a self organized map followed by simple segregation

In Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks (CRAHNS), several spectrum bands with different channel characteristics may be available over a large frequency range. It is essential to identify the most appropriate spectrum band correctly which allow the Secondary Users (SUs) to exploit the band without disturbing the Primary Users (PUs). Many channel selection solutions, based on cooperative spectrum sensing, have been employed for this purpose depending on their prediction models for primary users’ activities. In practice, cooperative spectrum sensing cannot completely solve the sensing problems which are false alarm and miss detection, especially in heavily shadowed or fading environment. This paper presents, ICSSSS, as an Intelligent Channel Selection Scheme for cognitive radio ad hoc network using Self organized map followed by simple Segregation. The contribution of the proposed scheme is twofold: using an unsupervised learnable Self Organizing Map (SOM) method to efficiently minimize the probability of the sensing errors (false alarm and miss detection), in addition to segregated channel selection strategy to speed up the search for the available best channel. Simulation results based on NS2 simulations show that the proposed scheme can be used with the advantage of better performance than other existing channel selection strategies.     

基于循环平稳的图样特征识别频谱检测方法

频谱空穴检测是认知无线电研究的关键技术。针对认知无线电系统中甚低信噪比环境下频谱检测的困难,基于循环平稳理论,提出对接收信号的循环谱密度函数俯视图特殊图样的模式识别来进行频谱检测判决的方法。由此设计出谱峰搜索检测与图样特征识别相结合的频谱检测判决机制。实验仿真结果表明,所提出的检测方法性能良好,可以有效地对弱主用户信号进行频谱检测。     

认知无线电网络中宽频谱的信号分离算法

在认知无线电网络中,认知用户随机接入宽带频谱进行数据传输,但是这样很容易受到恶意用户的干扰,这些恶意用户随意地接入共享频带进行信号传输,这些信号会干扰主用户和认知用户。为此,提出了一种基于压缩感知的信号分离方法。该方法可以很好地从宽带信号中分离出恶意用户信号。算法主要采用以下三个步骤：（1）所有认知用户采用压缩感知技术从宽带频谱中恢复各信号;（2）认知用户将分离的信号发送到融合中心,融合中心通过小波边缘检测的方法确定频谱边缘,并按照边缘特性将频谱分成若干频段;（3）融合中心根据具体特征对每个子频段进行信号分离。分析和仿真结果表明,这种新的基于压缩感知的宽频带信号分离方法能很好地从宽带信号中将含有恶意用户干扰的混合信号分离出来。     

Soft decision cooperative spectrum sensing with noise uncertainty reduction

Cognitive radio (CR) is a potential strategy for opportunistic access of idle resources to solve the conflicts between spectrum scarcity and underutilization. Spectrum sensing (SS) constitutes the most critical part in CR systems since the CR needs to detect the presence of primary signals reliably and quickly. Energy detection (ED) based SS is considered as the most preferable SS technique due to its simplicity and applicability. However, it is influenced by the effect of noise uncertainty which highly degrades its sensing performance. Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is also introduced to mitigate some sensing problems such as multipath fading, shadowing, and hidden node problems. In this paper, we propose an enhanced fusion center (FC) rule for soft decision CSS using ED, which highly alleviates the noise uncertainty effect and enhances the sensing performance of cognitive radio networks (CRNs). In the proposed fusion rule, to increase the probability of detection and decrease the probability of false alarm, two dynamic thresholds are utilized by the FC. These thresholds are toggled based on predicting the current activity of the primary user (PU), and their values are dynamically changed based on estimating the noise uncertainty factor of the collected energy measurements from the CRs. To effectively predict (estimate) the current PU activity (the noise uncertainty factor), simple successive averaging processes over the collected energy measurements (the estimated noise variances) are performed by the FC, respectively. Theoretical analysis is performed on the proposed fusion rule for soft decision CSS to evaluate its enhanced false alarm and detection probabilities using different data combining schemes. Performance evaluations are also investigated to confirm the theoretical claims and to prove the effectiveness of the proposed scheme over the conventional ED based soft decision CSS.     

A weighted cooperative spectrum sensing framework for infrastructure-based cognitive radio networks

Spectrum sensing plays a critical role in cognitive radio networks. A good sensing scheme can reduce the false alarm probability and the miss detection probability, and thus improves spectrum utilization. This paper presents a weighted cooperative spectrum sensing framework for infrastructure-based cognitive radio networks, to increase the spectrum sensing accuracy. The framework contains two modules. In the first module, each cognitive radio performs local spectrum sensing and computes the total error probability, which combines the false alarm probability and the miss detection probability. The total error probability and the energy signal from the primary user are then sent to the base station. In the second module, the base station makes a final decision after combining the weighted energy signals from all cognitive radios. The final decision is then broadcasted back to all cognitive radios. To reduce the computation complexity and communication overhead, the base station also instructs the cognitive radios that have large total error probabilities not to report their local sensing results. We have developed a theoretical model for the proposed framework, and derived the optimal detection threshold, as well as the minimum number of cognitive radios required to participate in cooperative sensing, subject to a given total error probability. Numerical results verify that the proposed weighted cooperative spectrum sensing framework significantly improves the sensing accuracy.     

认知信道容量的归一化分析

认知用户使用信道时,主用户信号的检测率、空闲信道的检测率以及两次感知之间主用户信号的离开或到来都对系统性能有着重要的影响。针对这一问题,分析了认知用户容量、感知时间、主用户信号变化率之间的关系。研究发现：在主用户对信道利用率一定的条件下,认知用户的最佳感知时间只取决于认知信号的帧长和主用户信号的信噪比,而与主用户信号的变化率无关;此外认知用户的容量随着主用户信号变化的增快而呈现出减少的趋势。     

衰落信道下提高协作频谱感知能力的方法

由于协作频谱感知能够更准确地确定主用户的存在与否,因此,它被认为是认知无线电技术中的一个重要研究分支.在协作频谱感知中,各认知用户需要通过报告信道发送其本地判决结果(0或1)到融合中心(FC).然而,在实际中,报告信道通常受衰落的影响,这将降低频谱感知的检测性能.针对这个问题,首先,文中提出一种基于认知用户选择的协作频谱感知算法.该算法通过减小由衰落信道引入的误码概率来提高协作频谱感知的检测性能.其基本思想为:只有具有较好瞬时信道增益报告信道的认知用户才将其本地二进制判决结果发送到FC,否则,该认知用户不发送其本地检测结果到FC.其次,提出一种基于空时编码的协作频谱感知方法.通过在CR网络中,利用空间分集增益来降低由衰落型报告信道引入的误码概率,从而提高检测性能.最后,对提出的这两种协作频谱感知方法的检测性能进行理论分析研究,并对其进行数值仿真.仿真结果表明:相比于传统的协作频谱感知,本文提出的这两种协作频谱感知算法都能提高对主用户的检测性能.     

Robust cooperative spectrum sensing schemes for fading channels in cognitive radio networks

In cognitive radio systems, cooperative spectrum sensing can detect the presence of the primary user accurately. In practice, however, since the sensing observations are forwarded to a data collector through fading channels, the sensing performance is severely degraded. To deal with this problem, in this paper, we first propose a secondary user selection based cooperative spectrum sensing method to improve sensing performance by decreasing the reporting errors introduced by the fading channels. Mo...     

基于多模型假设检验的认知无线电频谱感知方法

提出一种基于序贯概率似然比多模型假设检验的认知无线电协作频谱感知方法,用于检测可能含有不同结构和参数不确定性的未知信号.传统的认知无线电协作频谱感知方法(如基于序贯概率似然比的单模型假设检验、M元假设检验等),仅限于处理已知信号分布,不考虑信号分布的不确定性,可能会造成检测误判.所提出方法不仅可以处理认知无线电信号分布模型的不确定性问题,而且可以得到满足错误概率约束的有效检测.对频谱感知的一个典型场景进行仿真实验,结果表明所提出基于序贯概率似然比多模型假设检验方法相对于传统方法的检测有效性.     

基于指数信任度函数的频谱感知改进算法

从多个用户合作感知的角度出发,针对目前的融合规则没有考虑感知结果的信任度,对现有的分布式感知算法进行改进,提出基于指数信任度的频谱感知算法;在认知无线电网络安全方面,将异常点感知引入到感知融合规则中,在指数信任度算法的基础上提出一种基于异常点的频谱感知算法,能抵御认知无线网络中出现故障的或者恶意认知用户;在提高感知速度和可靠性方面,结合指数信任度算法和异常点感知算法,将对感知信息的审核引入到频谱感知算法中,提出一种基于审核的频谱感知算法,该算法在提高感知速度的基础上能获得更好的感知性能。     

动态阈值的双门限协作感知方法

随着通信技术的提高和通信应用的增多,无线频谱资源越来越匮乏.许多分配到资源的主用户利用率很低,认知无线电技术希望没有分配到资源的次用户合理使用主用户频谱来提高频谱的利用率.频谱感知技术关系到认知无线电中次用户对空闲频谱的使用机会,是认知无线电的关键技术之一.就是在已有的感知技术的基础上,提出了新的感知手段.在认知无线电网络中,不同的次用户由于与主用户距离以及自身所处环境的噪声影响不同,它们的信噪比一般是不一样的.这里采用的动态阈值的双门限协作感知方法,是对传统双门限能量感知方法的改进,通过充分考虑次用户之间的差异性来提高感知的性能.首先,根据对检测和虚警概率的要求,过滤掉一部分检测能力不满足条件的次用户.同时,每个次用户的用于能量感知的双门限会根据它们各自信噪比的不同而动态变化.通过与单门限能量感知以及传统双门限能量感知方法进行比较,可以看出本文提出的感知方法一定程度上提高了系统整体感知的性能.     

基于混沌和声搜索的最优线性协作频谱感知算法

为了进一步提高认知无线电频谱感知的准确性和可靠性,提出一种基于混沌和声搜索(CHS)的最优线性协作频谱感知算法。该算法基于能量检测的线性加权协作频谱感知模型,利用和声搜索(HS)算法本身的优化能力和混沌映射的遍历性、随机性等特点,通过求解最优权值的方法,提高频谱感知的性能。仿真实验结果表明,CHS算法的优化性能和收敛速度均优于传统的HS算法,基于CHS的最优线性协作频谱感知算法能够找到最优的权值,从而提高了复杂通信环境下的检测概率;并且在相同的虚警概率下,所提算法性能优于基于修正偏差因子的协作频谱感知算法。     

基于无线环境图信息辅助的多循环频率协作频谱感知方法

针对频谱感知中单循环频率检测不能充分利用信号循环谱信息的缺点,本文提出一种基于无线环境图(radio environment map,REM)信息辅助的多循环频率协作频谱感知方法.本文方法第1步在多个认知用户处分别选取多个相同的循环频率进行循环平稳检测,选取谱相关函数幅度作为检测统计量,根据推导的判决门限公式设定恒虚警...     

一种时域—码域联合的认知无线电频谱感知算法

为了提高认知无线电系统中频谱感知的性能,对多维联合的频谱感知进行了研究,提出一种时域—码域联合的频谱感知算法。该算法主要利用了直接序列扩频主用户信号频谱空间中时域与码域的特性,分别从时域与码域的角度对信道的状态进行检测,其中时域采用能量感知,码域分析扩频主用户信号的二次功率谱,最终共同确认信道状态。仿真结果表明,联合感知算法对应的检测性能优于单纯时域或码域感知,能够直接应用于直接序列扩频主用户的频谱感知。     

应用MDFT结构的认知无线电频谱感知方法

针对认知无线电系统采用传统正交频分复用（OFDM）技术时,其高频谱泄露带来的邻带间干扰及造成的主用户信号检测性能下降等问题,提出了一种基于改进离散傅里叶变换（MDFT）调制滤波器组的认知无线电（CR）多用户接入频谱检测方案,并推导了CR系统在应用MDFT滤波器组条件下检测概率表达式。理论推导及不同参数下仿真结果表明,与基于OFDM的CR系统相比,MDFT结构的系统比以矩形窗函数为原型滤波器的OFDM系统带外有更高阻带衰减;在较低信噪比情况下,基于3GPP TS 25.104协议标准的多径步行信道采用MDFT滤波器组结构的CR系统频谱感知性能相比于采用OFDM调制方式有了明显提升。     

On optimized decode and forward relay assisted CR system design for throughput maximization

This paper proposes a joint spectral sensing and secondary data transmission scheme in a decode-and-forward (DF) relay assisted cognitive radio network (CRN). Periodic spectral sensing is done in each frame that primarily consists of two slots: sensing slot and data transmission slot. Sensing information of cognitive source (CS) and cognitive relay (CR) are cooperatively combined at CS to determine reliably the presence or absence of the primary user (PU). An optimization framework is developed to determine the sensing time, data transmission time for CS and CR along with their associated transmission power with an aim to maximize the average throughput of secondary transmission under the constraints of target detection probability, sum transmission power and interference to PU. Simulation results show that significant improvement in average throughput is achieved when the transmission power of CS and CR are jointly optimized with the sensing duration and transmission time of CS and CR. Performance improvement over amplify-and-forward (AF) relay is also reported.     

Fault tolerant machine learning for nanoscale cognitive radio

We introduce a machine learning-based classifier that identifies free radio channels for cognitive radio. The architecture is designed for nanoscale implementation, under nanoscale implementation constraints; we do not describe all physical details but believe future physical implementation to be feasible. The system uses analog computation and consists of cyclostationary feature extraction and a radial basis function network for classification. We describe a model for nanoscale faults in the system, and simulate experimental performance and fault tolerance in recognizing WLAN signals, under different levels of noise and computational errors. The system performs well under expected non-ideal manufacturing and operating conditions.