Detecting rapid eye movement sleep using a single EEG signal channel

Sleep stage scoring is generally determined in a polysomnographic (PSG) study where technologists use electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG), and electrooculogram (EOG) signals to determine the sleep stages. Such a process is time consuming and labor intensive. To reduce the workload and to improve the sleep stage scoring performance of sleep experts, this paper introduces an intelligent rapid eye movement (REM) sleep detection method that requires only a single EEG channel. The proposed approach distinguishes itself from previous automatic sleep staging methods by introducing two sets of auxiliary features to help resolve the difficulties caused by interpersonal EEG signal differences. In addition to adopting conventional time and frequency domain features, two empirical rules are introduced to enhance REM detection performance based on sleep being a continuous process. The approach was tested with 779,661 epochs obtained from 947 overnight PSG studies. The REM sleep detection results show a kappa coefficient at 0.752, an accuracy level of 0.930, a sensitivity score of 0.814, and a positive predictive value of 0.775. The results also show that the performance of the approach varies with the ratio of REM sleep and the severity of sleep apnea of the subjects. The experimental results also show that it is possible to improve the performance of an automatic sleep staging method by tailoring it to subgroups of persons that have similar sleep architecture and clinical characteristics.     

ADAPTIVE NEURO-FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC SLEEP MULTISTAGE LEVEL SCORING EMPLOYING EEG,EOG, AND EMG EXTRACTED FEATURES

A new system for sleep multistage level scoring by employing extracted features from twenty five polysomnographic recording is presented. For the new system, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is developed for each sleep stage. Initially, three types of electrophysiological signals including electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), and electromyogram (EMG) were collected from twenty five healthy subjects. The input pattern used for training the ANFIS subsystem is a set of extracted features based on the entropy measure which characterize the recorded signals. Finally an output selection subsystem is utilized to provide the appropriate sleep stage according to the ANFIS stage subsystems outputs. The developed system was able to provide an acceptable estimation for six sleep stages with an average accuracy of about 76.43% which confirmed its ability for multistage sleep level scoring based on the extracted features from the EEG, EOG and EMG signals compared to other approaches.     

Classification of sleep stages using class-dependent sequential feature selection and artificial neural network

Several studies have been conducted for automatic classification of sleep stages to ease time-consuming manual scoring process that can involve a high degree of experience and subjectivity. But none of them has found a practical usage in medical area so far because of their under acceptable success rates. In this study, a different classification scheme is proposed to increase the success rate in automatic sleep stage scoring in which sleep stages were classified as Awake, Non-REM1, Non-REM2, Non-REM3 and REM stages. Using EEG, EMG and EOG recordings of five healthy subjects, a modified version of sequential feature selection method was applied to the sleep epochs in class by class basis and different artificial neural network (ANN) architectures were trained for each class. That is to say, sleep stages were classified with five ANN architectures each of which uses different features and different network parameters for classification. The highest classification accuracy was obtained for REM sleep as 95.13 % in addition to the lowest classification accuracy of 86.42 % for Non-REM3 sleep. The overall accuracy, on the other hand, was recorded as 90.93 %, which is a comparatively good result when the other studies using all stages are taken into account.     

基于自注意力机制和单导联心电信号的自动睡眠分期算法#br#

基于手工标记或传统机器学习方法实现睡眠分期过程复杂且效率低下,深度神经网络因其强大的提取复杂特征的能力改善了睡眠分期结果,但仍存在忽略片段内部信息相关性的问题。针对此问题,本文提出一种基于自注意力机制和单导联心电信号的自动睡眠分期算法,利用卷积模块、双向门控循环单元及自注意力机制实现特征自动提取与分类。在开源睡眠心脏健康研究数据库(SHHS1、SHHS2)、动脉粥样硬化的多民族研究数据库(MESA)和美国麻省理工的多导睡眠数据库(MITBPD)中分别选取1000、1000、1000和16名受试者的单导联心电信号数据进行训练和测试,得到模型睡眠四分类(觉醒、快速眼动期、浅睡眠和深睡眠)结果,分类准确率分别达到75.77%(kappa＝0.63)、81.01%(kappa＝066)、82.79%(kappa＝0.71)和76.22%(kappa＝0.58),优于基于传统机器学习算法的睡眠分期结果,验证了提出模型的有效性。     

基于支持向量机多分类的眼电辅助肌电的人机交互

针对单一肌电信号在控制系统中正确识别率不高问题,设计并实现了一种基于支持向量机(SVM)多分类的眼电(EOG)辅助肌电(EMG)的人机交互(HCI)系统。该系统采用改进小波包算法和阈值法分别对EMG信号和EOG信号进行特征提取,并对特征向量融合;然后提取特征参数作为SVM的输入来识别EMG信号和EOG信号动作模式,根据分类结果生成控制命令。实验证明,该系统比单一肌电控制系统更便于操作,稳定性好,正确识别率高。     

Automatic classification of sleep stages based on the time-frequency image of EEG signals

In this paper, a new method for automatic sleep stage classification based on time-frequency image (TFI) of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals is proposed. Automatic classification of sleep stages is an important part for diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. The smoothed pseudo Wigner–Ville distribution (SPWVD) based time-frequency representation (TFR) of EEG signal has been used to obtain the time-frequency image (TFI). The segmentation of TFI has been performed based on the frequency-bands of the rhythms of EEG signals. The features derived from the histogram of segmented TFI have been used as an input feature set to multiclass least squares support vector machines (MC-LS-SVM) together with the radial basis function (RBF), Mexican hat wavelet, and Morlet wavelet kernel functions for automatic classification of sleep stages from EEG signals. The experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method for classification of sleep stages from EEG signals.     

基于CNN-BiLSTM的自动睡眠分期算法

睡眠分期是睡眠数据分析的基础,针对目前睡眠分期存在的依赖人工提取、人工判别效率低、自动睡眠分期准确率不高等问题,本文研究模型是基于卷积神经网络和双向长短时记忆神经网络2个深度学习神经网络相结合的,利用脑电信号来进行自动睡眠分期的模型方法.算法能提取得到原始脑电信号的梅尔频谱,利用卷积神经网络和双向长短时记忆神经网络进行...     

An approach for automatic sleep stage scoring and apnea-hypopnea detection

In this article we present an application of data mining to the medical domain sleep research, an approach for automatic sleep stage scoring and apnea-hypopnea detection. By several combined techniques (Fourier and wavelet transform, derivative dynamic time warping, and waveform recognition), our approach extracts meaningful features (frequencies and special patterns like k-complexes and sleep spindles) from physiological recordings containing EEG, ECG, EOG and EMG data. Based on these pieces of information, an ensemble of decision trees is constructed using the principle of bagging, which classifies sleep epochs in their sleep stages according to the rules by Rechtschaffen and Kales and annotates occurrences of apnea-hypopnea (total or partial cessation of respiration). After that, casebased reasoning is applied in order to improve quality. We tested and evaluated our approach on several large public databases from PhysioBank, which showed an overall accuracy of 95.2% for sleep stage scoring and 94.5% for classifying minutes as apneic or non-apneic.     

Automatic sleep staging using empirical mode decomposition,discrete wavelet transform,time-domain,and nonlinear dynamics features of heart rate variability signals

The conventional method for sleep staging is to analyze polysomnograms (PSGs) recorded in a sleep lab. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is one of the most important signals in PSGs but recording and analysis of this signal presents a number of technical challenges, especially at home. Instead, electrocardiograms (ECGs) are much easier to record and may offer an attractive alternative for home sleep monitoring. The heart rate variability (HRV) signal proves suitable for automatic sleep staging. Thirty PSGs from the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS) database were used. Three feature sets were extracted from 5- and 0.5-min HRV segments: time-domain features, nonlinear-dynamics features and time–frequency features. The latter was achieved by using empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) methods. Normalized energies in important frequency bands of HRV signals were computed using time–frequency methods. ANOVA and t-test were used for statistical evaluations. Automatic sleep staging was based on HRV signal features. The ANOVA followed by a post hoc Bonferroni was used for individual feature assessment. Most features were beneficial for sleep staging. A t-test was used to compare the means of extracted features in 5- and 0.5-min HRV segments. The results showed that the extracted features means were statistically similar for a small number of features. A separability measure showed that time–frequency features, especially EMD features, had larger separation than others. There was not a sizable difference in separability of linear features between 5- and 0.5-min HRV segments but separability of nonlinear features, especially EMD features, decreased in 0.5-min HRV segments. HRV signal features were classified by linear discriminant (LD) and quadratic discriminant (QD) methods. Classification results based on features from 5-min segments surpassed those obtained from 0.5-min segments. The best result was obtained from features using 5-min HRV segments classified by the LD classifier. A combination of linear/nonlinear features from HRV signals is effective in automatic sleep staging. Moreover, time–frequency features are more informative than others. In addition, a separability measure and classification results showed that HRV signal features, especially nonlinear features, extracted from 5-min segments are more discriminative than those from 0.5-min segments in automatic sleep staging.     

A Bayesian approach for sleep and wake classification based on dynamic time warping method

Sleep plays a significant role in human’ smental and physical health. Recently, the associations between lack of sleep and weight gain, development of cancer and many other health problems have been recognized. Then monitoring the sleep and wake state all night is becoming a hotspot issue. Traditionally it classified by a PSG recording which is very costly and uncomfortable. Nowadays, with the advance of internet of things, many convenient wearable devices are being used for medical use, like measuring the heart rate (HR), blood pressure and other signals. With the sleep quality monitor problem, the key question is how to discriminate the sleep and weak stage from these signals. This paper proposed a Bayesian approach based on dynamic time warping (DTW) method for sleep and wake classification. It used HR and surplus pulse O2 (SPO2) signals to analyze the sleep states and the occurrence of some sleep-related problems. DTW is an algorithm that searches an optimal alignment between time series with scaling and shifting and Bayesian methods have been successfully used for object classification in many study. In this paper, a three-step process is used for sleep and wake classification. In the first step, the DTW is used to extract features of the original HR and SPO2 signals. Then a probabilistic model is introduced for using the Bayesian classification for uncertain data. And in the classification step, the DTW features are used as the training dataset in the Bayesian approach for sleep and wake classification. Finally, a case study form a real-word applications, collected from the website of the Sleep Heart Health Study, is presented to shown the feasibility and advantages of the DTW-based Bayesian approach.     

Detection of apneic events from single channel nasal airflow using 2nd derivative method

Detection of sleep apnea is one of the major tasks in sleep studies. Several methods, analyzing the various features of bio-signals, have been applied for automatic detection of sleep apnea, but it is still required to detect apneic events efficiently and robustly from a single nasal airflow signal under varying situations. This study introduces a new algorithm that analyzes the nasal airflow (NAF) for the detection of obstructive apneic events. It is based on mean magnitude of the second derivatives (MMSD) of NAF, which can detect respiration strength robustly under offset or baseline drift. Normal breathing epochs are extracted automatically by examining the stability of SaO(2) and NAF regularity for each subject. The standard MMSD and period of NAF, which are regarded as the values at the normal respiration level, are determined from the normal breathing epochs. In this study, 24 Polysomnography (PSG) recordings diagnosed as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome were analyzed. By analyzing the mean performance of the algorithm in a training set consisting of three PSG recordings, apnea threshold is determined to be 13% of the normal MMSD of NAF. NAF signal was divided into 1-s segments for analysis. Each segment is compared with the apnea threshold and classified into apnea events if the segment is included in a group of apnea segments and the group satisfies the time limitation. The suggested algorithm was applied to a test set consisting of the other 21 PSG recordings. Performance of the algorithm was evaluated by comparing the results with the sleep specialist's manual scoring on the same record. The overall agreement rate between the two was 92.0% (kappa=0.78). Considering its simplicity and lower computational load, the suggested algorithm is found to be robust and useful. It is expected to assist sleep specialists to read PSG more quickly and will be useful for ambulatory monitoring of apneas using airflow signals.     

基于双向LSTM卷积网络与注意力机制的自动睡眠分期模型

针对现阶段深度睡眠分期模型存在的梯度消失、对时序信息学习能力较弱等问题,提出一种基于双向长短时记忆卷积网络与注意力机制的自动睡眠分期模型。将少样本类别的睡眠脑电数据通过过采样方式进行数据增强后,利用带残差块的卷积神经网络学习数据特征表示,再通过带注意力层的双向长短时记忆网络挖掘深层时序信息,使用Softmax层实现睡眠分期的自动判别。实验使用Sleep-EDF数据集中19晚单通道脑电信号对模型进行交叉验证,取得了较高的分类准确率和宏平均F₁值,优于对比方法。该方法能够有效缓解睡眠分期判别中少数类分类性能较低的问题,并提高了深度睡眠分期模型的整体分类性能。     

The polysomnogram assay: a method to represent the overnight polysomnogram in a condensed format.

We present the polysomnogram assay (PSGA), a new representation format for the polysomnogram (PSG), designed to assist in the interpretation of overnight PSG studies. The technique condenses the PSG record by a factor of 30 while preserving the ability to portray PSG features of diagnostic relevance, including sleep architecture, arousals, movement, leg jerks, cyclic alternating pattern, and increased breathing effort. The PSGA patterns associated with these events are described and illustrated by examples. The new format considerably reduces the effort required to evaluate sleep quality and continuity, making it more practicable for the polysomnographer to interpret the entire overnight PSG study. The compressed time scale also facilitates analysis of relatively long PSG episodes and allows assessment of signal activity surrounding critical PSG events. The PSGA appears capable of improving identification of arousals, leg jerks, and upper airway resistance, and may be especially amenable for automatic analysis of PSG data.     

基于周期分割的睡眠自动分期研究

为实现高效的自动睡眠分期，提出一种基于周期分割的时域信号处理方法，采用合并增减序列方法对三个通道多导睡眠图记录（2路脑电，1路眼电）进行周期分割，根据信号波形的周期标记睡眠各期的特征波形，提取特征波形在每一帧数据的时长占比与平均幅值作为特征。双向长短时记忆网络（Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory，Bi-LSTM）作为分类器，解决传统机器学习方法无法利用睡眠数据时间上下文信息的缺点。对42?699个样本使用交叉验证方法得到了84.8%的平均准确率，实验结果表明合并增减序列方法可以降低脑电信号分析的复杂度，是一种有效的时域信号处理方法，双向长短时记忆网络可以有效提高睡眠分期准确率，具有良好的应用前景。     

基于脑电模糊分析的睡眠分期方法研究

利用脑电信号模糊特征分类的方法对睡眠进行分期研究。首先对脑电信号进行预处理,滤除干扰噪声后使用模糊熵算法、多尺度熵算法以及复杂度算法对脑电信号进行特征参数提取,采用最小二乘支持向量机（the Least Squares Support Vector Machine,LS-SVM）对特征参数进行分类,并将睡眠过程分为清醒期、浅睡期、深睡期和快速眼动期（Rapid Eye Movement,REM）,获得分期正确率。最后通过上述方法对2?000组睡眠脑电样本进行睡眠分期测试,与专家人工分期结果进行比对,将复杂度输入到最小二乘支持向量机进行分类的平均正确率是92.65%,高于模糊熵和多尺度熵作为最小二乘向量机的输入时的准确率。基于模糊特征的复杂度提取的特征参数可以作为睡眠分期的有效依据,在保证准确度的前提下,降低人工成本。     

Improved multiclass feature selection via list combination

Feature selection is a crucial machine learning technique aimed at reducing the dimensionality of the input space. By discarding useless or redundant variables, not only it improves model performance but also facilitates its interpretability. The well-known Support Vector Machines–Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithm provides good performance with moderate computational efforts, in particular for wide datasets. When using SVM-RFE on a multiclass classification problem, the usual strategy is to decompose it into a series of binary ones, and to generate an importance statistics for each feature on each binary problem. These importances are then averaged over the set of binary problems to synthesize a single value for feature ranking. In some cases, however, this procedure can lead to poor selection. In this paper we discuss six new strategies, based on list combination, designed to yield improved selections starting from the importances given by the binary problems. We evaluate them on artificial and real-world datasets, using both One–Vs–One (OVO) and One–Vs–All (OVA) strategies. Our results suggest that the OVO decomposition is most effective for feature selection on multiclass problems. We also find that in most situations the new K-First strategy can find better subsets of features than the traditional weight average approach.     

多模态融合网络的睡眠分期研究

针对睡眠多导图中各模态信息在睡眠各阶段存在差异性,而导致特征利用不充分的问题,本文提出了一种基于通道注意力机制和多模态门控机制的睡眠分期模型。首先利用残差收缩网络设计各模态特征提取网络用于提取各模态特征,并在通道维度上进行拼接融合,利用通道注意力机制进一步对融合特征进行重标定得到睡眠多导图的时不变特征;之后提出了一种基于自适应门控机制的多模态门控模块,对各模态特征及时不变特征按照重要程度进行加权融合,实现特征融合;最后利用双向长短时记忆网络提取睡眠多导图的时序特征。实验结果表明,本文提出的睡眠分期模型在欧洲数据格式睡眠数据集(sleep-European data format, sleep-EDF)上准确率为87.6%,$ {M_{{F_1}}} $为82.0%,取得了目前最好的分期效果。     

Operator functional state classification using least-square support vector machine based recursive feature elimination technique

This paper proposed two psychophysiological-data-driven classification frameworks for operator functional states (OFS) assessment in safety-critical human-machine systems with stable generalization ability. The recursive feature elimination (RFE) and least square support vector machine (LSSVM) are combined and used for binary and multiclass feature selection. Besides typical binary LSSVM classifiers for two-class OFS assessment, two multiclass classifiers based on multiclass LSSVM-RFE and decision directed acyclic graph (DDAG) scheme are developed, one used for recognizing the high mental workload and fatigued state while the other for differentiating overloaded and base-line states from the normal states. Feature selection results have revealed that different dimensions of OFS can be characterized by specific set of psychophysiological features. Performance comparison studies show that reasonable high and stable classification accuracy of both classification frameworks can be achieved if the RFE procedure is properly implemented and utilized.     

基于3CNN-BiGRU的睡眠自动分期研究

针对单通道脑电信号睡眠自动分期效率和准确率问题，提出采用三尺度并行卷积神经网络提取睡眠信号特征和双向门控循环单元学习睡眠阶段之间内部时间关系的3CNN-BiGRU睡眠自动分期模型。首先对原始单通道脑电信号进行带通滤波处理，并采用合成少数类过采样技术进行类平衡，然后送入搭建的模型中进行训练和验证实验，其中采用预训练和微调训练对模型进行优化，采用10次和20次交叉验证提高训练可靠性。不同数据集下的不同模型对比实验结果表明，3CNN-BiGRU模型取得了更高的训练效率和更好的分期准确率。     

基于双通道脑电信号的在线实时睡眠分期系统

当代社会睡眠问题日益突出,及时检测评估睡眠质量有助于诊断睡眠疾病.针对目前市面上睡眠监测类产品发展参差不齐的现状,本文搭建了一个基于双通道脑电信号的在线实时睡眠分期系统,利用第三方接口脑环获取脑电数据,结合CNN-BiLSTM神经网络模型,在PC电脑端实现了在线的实时睡眠分期与音乐调控功能.系统使用基于卷积神经网络CNN和双向长短时记忆神经网络BiLSTM相结合的算法模型对脑电信号进行自动特征提取,CNN能够提取高阶特征, BiLSTM可以捕捉睡眠数据前后的依赖性和关联性,睡眠分期准确率更高.实验结果表明,本文算法模型在Sleep-EDF公共数据集上的四分类任务中取得了92.33%的分期准确率,其Kappa系数为0.84,本系统的实时睡眠分期功能在自采集睡眠数据分期实验中取得79.17%的分期准确率,其Kappa系数为0.70.相比其他睡眠监测类产品,本系统睡眠分期准确率更高,应用场景更多样,实时性和可靠性强,并且可以根据分期结果对用户进行相应的音乐调控,改善用户睡眠质量.