Die Herstellung von Kakaoerzeugnissen unter Anwendung von Pflugscharmischern

Manufacture of Cocoa Products Using Plough Share Mixers Various problems arise during mixing and thermal treatment of powdered material in the production and further processing cocoa powder. Means for solving such problems are shown. An effective process of mixing and the plough share mixers used for the same are described; these nearly automatic mixers are widely applicable. A further development of these mixers, the so-called DRUVATHERM-units, enable the combination of several mechnical processes, such as mixing, pulverizing of agglomerates, moistening, coating, tempering, cooling, drying and carrying out reaction processes under pressure or vacuum and at higher temperature. These new type of units can compete with conventional driers and roasters. They open new economical paths in the conventional treatment of products in cocoa industry as well.     

Mikrophasen und LC-strukturen von aliphatischen blockcopolyethern in gegenwart von wasser

Blockcopolyethers of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) are molecular homogeneous in the dry state. When water is added most of it is physically bonded to the EO blocks. This leads to a considerable increase of the viscosity. At higher water concentrations the system forms a thermoreversible gel. It could be demonstrated by quantitative Small Angle X-Ray Scattering that a progressive microphase separation takes place. In this process a stochimoetric 1 : 1-complex of ethylene oxide and water plays an important role. The gelation ist correlated with the appearance of a lamellar order, i.e. an amphiphilic liquid crystalline phase. This long range supermolecular structure has to be regarded as the reason for the elastic behavior of the systems at high water concentrations.     

Herstellung und Reaktionen von Bis-methoxyvinyl-ketonen

Synthesis and Reactions of Bis-(methoxy vinyl) ketones Bis-(methoxy vinyl carbonyl)alcane (10) are obtained by reaction of the instable bis(chloro vinyl)alcanes (9) with methanol. The products of the reaction of 10 with diamines are linear and soluble polyamides of the type of vinylen homologous polyamides 66. In the reaction of 10 with triamines insoluble polyamides are formed. These polymers are degradable by acids.     

Herstellung von Synthesegas aus Braunkohle

Production of synthesis gas from lignite . The production of methanol synthesis gas from lignite is explained for the high-temperature Winkler process. The influence of experimental factors on the economics of the overall process is indicated, and the production of methanol synthesis gas from lignite, residual oil, and natural gas is compared. The article concludes by presenting further developments of the high-temperature Winkler process.     

Herstellung und eigenschaften von cellulosebenzoat

Cellulose benzoates with degrees of substitution between 2.8 and 2.9 were synthesized in a one-step reaction of cellulose with benzoyl chloride in presence of pyridine as base. Their molecular weights were in the range 140000–100000; the glass transition temperature and the melting temperature were 155 and 274°C, respectively. The esters are readily soluble in organic solvents such as N,N-dimethyl formamide, chloroform and dichloromethane and show good thermal resistance up to 250°C. Because of the brittle character of cellulose benzoate, plasticizer (diethyl phthalate) must be added for the fabrication of films and workable, moulded parts. As shown by stress-strain and impact measurements, the hard and brittle character is retained for plasticizer contents up to 20 wt.-%.     

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Solarsilicium

Production of solar silicon. Economic exploitation of solar energy using solar cells made of crystalline silicon is dependent upon a considerable drop in the cost of the silicon raw material which is nowadays produced by standard methods of the semiconductor industry. New procedures for producing less expensive solar silicon can be divided into four groups characterized by different physico-chemical purification techniques: (1) reduction of volatile Si-H-Cl compounds; (2) purification of technical grade silicon (98–99%); (3) reduction of hexafluorosilicates; (4) reduction of silicon dioxide. Among the ten solar silicon processes under discussion, the purification of technical grade silicon and the carbothermal reduction of silicon dioxide have the greatest scope for cost reduction; however, it remains to be established whether the necessary purity can be achieved on an industrial scale.     

Herstellung von polycapronamid in anwesenheit von ethoxyliertem ethylendiamin

The possibility of increasing the electrical conductivity of polycaproamide, using ethoxyl ethylene diamine with 44, 80, 120, 150 und 200 mol ethyl oxide, has been investigated. Using these products as additives in the polymer mass, in quantities of 1 to 8%, the specific electrical resistance decreases two orders of magnitude in comparison with nonmodified polycaproamide. By means of IR-spectroscopy, it has been proved that antistatics containing a certain amount of free amino groups, its number decreases with the increasing degree of ethoxyirane as they have a regulating effect during the process of polymerization of ε-caprolactam. As a result of that the molecular mass of polycapronamide decreases and the amount of low molecular compounds in it increases. The process of polymerization in the presence of ethylene diamine 44 and 200 has been investigated and it was found that those products increase the rate of polymerization at the beginning of the process.