多喷嘴对置式气化炉中飞灰性质

On a laboratory scale opposed multi-burner gasifier (OMBG), the fly ashes at different sampling mouths are collected and analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRF and Malvern mastersizer. Most fly ash particles produced in the gasification are irregular, aggregate or spherical. As for the composition of the particles, carbon is the main content, while S, Fe and Na get enriched. At the same time, the concentration of Al and Si in the fly ash particles is lower than that in the original slag. From the nozzle plane to the exit of gasification chamber, the carbon content of particles decreases along the axes of gasifier. The carbon content of particles decreases rapidly from the nozzle plane to No. 7 sampling mouth and declines slowly from No. 7 sampling mouth to the chamber exit. The size of particles generated in the gasification appears a triple-humped-distribution with peaks at 0.1—0.2 μm, 2 μm and 14 μm. The particle size distribution in different sampling places is different. Above the impact plane, more ultra-fine particles are found and coarse particles are larger in location near the impact plane. In symmetrical up and down locations of the impact plane, the particle size distributions are similar, but there are more coarse particles below the impact plane. The coarse particle size decreases and the proportion of fine particles increases below the impact plane, while the proportion of coarse particles increases at the chamber exit.     

p(BAMO-AMMO)热塑性高能推进剂燃烧转爆轰试验研究

采用燃烧转爆轰(DDT)管法研究了p(BAMO-AMMO)热塑性推进剂主要固体组分RDX和AP含量、AP粒度及级配等对其燃烧转爆轰响应规律的影响。结果表明,在相同试验条件下,含质量分数65%AP的p(BAMOAMMO)推进剂发生了燃烧转爆轰响应,而含等量RDX的p(BAMO-AMMO)推进剂仅发生了燃烧反应。当RDX质量分数从65%增加到85%时,样品由燃烧反应变为燃烧转爆轰反应。含等量细粒度(d50=1.0μm)AP的推进剂发生燃烧转爆轰的倾向较含粗粒度AP(d50=105μm)的低。当粗、细AP以质量比为10∶3级配时,p(BAMOAMMO)推进剂未发生燃烧转爆轰反应。     

Si_3N_4/Fe,Si_3N_4/Fe_3Al界面的固相反应(英文)

用扫描电子显微镜、电子能谱仪、X射线衍射等研究了在Ar气氛中,经1150℃,10h等温热处理后,Si3N4/Fe,Si3N4/Fe3Al平而偶界面固相反应区的形貌、成分分布、显微结构及相组成.结果表明:Si3N4/Fe界面固相反应形成约120μn厚的反应区,Fe含量从Si3N4侧到Fe侧逐渐增加,反应区中的Si成分约为5%(原子分数),反应区主要由Fe(Si)固溶体构成,其中均匀地分御着细小的孔洞:Si3NdFe3Al界面固相反应形成约3μm厚的反应区,反应区具有比Fe3Al高得多的Al含量,反应区由FeAl,Fc(Al,Si)固溶体及三元化合物AlgFeSi3构成.Si3NdFe3Al具有比Si3N4/Fe高得多的 界面化学相容性.     

The Effect of Composition on the Optical Properties and Hardness of Transparent Al‐rich MgO·nAl2O3 Spinel Ceramics

The study investigates the transmittance and hardness of Al‐rich spinel ceramics (MgO·nAl₂O₃, 1 ≤ n ≤ 2.5) prepared by reaction air sintering (up to closed porosity) of different ratios of fine and coarse‐grained commercial Al₂O₃ and MgO raw powders completed by subsequent hot isostatic pressing (HiP). Different compositions give rise to a wide range of presintering temperatures. With starting compositions 1 ≤ n ≤ 1.5, presintering results in a formation of single‐phase spinel, in which the excess of Al is solved. With higher Al contents (n > 1.5), however, a biphasic ceramic of stoichiometric MgAl₂O₄ and residual alumina is formed first. This excess alumina is incorporated into the spinel lattice during the final HiP at a temperature of 1750°C. Single‐phase, highly transparent spinel is obtained by increasing the Al‐content up to n = 2.5, which gives about 85% in‐line transmittance in the visible range of light and about 63% at a UV wavelength of 200 nm. Whereas the optical properties can be improved, the hardness (HV1) slightly decreases with increasing Al content. Depending on the raw powders, the hardness of samples prepared by finer powders tend to higher values enabled by the development of a bimodal microstructure with a finer grain fraction (≤2 μm) between coarser grains (≤156 μm). In contrast, samples made of coarser powders need higher sintering temperatures and exhibit, then, a monomodal microstructure of very large grains (≤622 μm) only.     

添加剂对铝酸钠溶液晶种分解过程附聚及二次成核的影响

研究了添加剂I₃、I₃₂和I₃₃对铝酸钠溶液分解过程附聚和二次成核的影响,探讨了其作用机理,并利用电子显微镜（SEM）对产品的结晶形貌进行了观察.结果表明,添加剂的应用促进了不同颗粒间附聚的进行,提高了附聚颗粒的临界半径,并有效抑制了二次成核的发生.添加剂I₃₃在40 ml•L^-1时,附聚产物小于30 μm的细粒子个数分数降低26.1％,平均粒度增加21.08 μm（相对空白样）.晶体形貌分析表明,添加剂促进了晶体间的交互生长.     

Al2O歧化法制备微细Al2O3/Al复合粉体

真空条件下,以Al2O3和Al为原料,通过Al2O歧化法制备微细Al2O3/Al复合粉体.XRD和SEM分析表明:在反应温度为1200～1400℃时,随着温度的升高,粉体中氧化铝含量升高;冷凝温度约为550～750℃时,复合粉体中的氧化铝包括稳定晶型和不稳定晶型;冷凝温度约为1100～1300℃时,复合粉体中的氧化铝全部为稳定晶型;冷凝温度约为550～650℃时,复合粉体的平均粒径小于0.5μm;冷凝温度约为750℃时,铝熔化、微粒团聚;冷凝温度约为1100～1200℃时,铝形成铝珠,氧化铝为不规则状、平均粒径小于2μm;冷凝温度约为1300℃时,氧化铝为片状.因此,通过选取合适的反应温度、冷凝温度,可以控制Al2O3/Al复合粉体中氧化铝的含量、晶型和粒径.     

铝粉粒度对RDX热分解动力学的影响

采用DSC研究了10.7μm、2.6μm和40 nm铝粉对RDX热分解的影响.结果表明,微米铝粉对RDX的热分解基本没有影响;40 nm铝对RDX的一次分解和二次分解均有明显的促进作用;随着40 nm铝含量的增加,RDX的二次分解峰凸显出来并提前,峰形变得尖锐;当40 nm铝质量分数为30％时,二次分解峰掩盖一次分解峰...     

Size Distribution and Sources of Trace Metals in Ultrafine/Fine/Coarse Airborne Particles in the Atmosphere of Shanghai

Airborne particulate matter (PM) samples in 13 different size-fractions from 0.0283 to 9.92 μm were collected in winter of 2007 at three sites in Shanghai, China. The PM exhibited a bimodal distribution with a major mode in the fine particle size range (D_p = 0.2–1 μm) and a minor mode in the coarse range (D_p = 1–10 μm), suggesting that fine particle pollution is dominant in the Shanghai atmosphere. Trace metals in PM exhibited the following distribution patterns: (1) unimodal distribution in the fine fraction (Pb, Cd, Se, Sn, Bi, and Zn), (2) unimodal distribution in the coarse fraction (Mg, Al, Fe, Ca, Ba, Sr, Ge, Zr, U, and rare earth elements), (3) bimodal distribution, with one mode in the fine fraction and one in the coarse fraction (Cu, Mn, K, Ga, V, Rb, and Cs), and (4) multimodal distribution (Na, Ti, Cr, Co, As, Ni, Mo, Ag, W, Pt, Au, S, and Cl) throughout the entire aerosol size spectrum. In addition to these size distributions, Aitken modes due to local origins were also evident for Se, Sn, Cu, V, Ti, Cr, Co, As, Ag, Mo, and Pt, whose respective mass in the ultrafine particles (<0.1 μm) was 10, 23, 13, 19, 23, 14, 67, 32, 79, 40, and 21%, with submicron mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) in PM_0.02-9.92 (except Pt). In particular, the MMADs for Co and Ag were <0.1 μm, which increase potential health issues. The measured distributions are believed to result from a combination of processes including local anthropogenic and natural sources, such as traffic, coal combustion, and the steel industry.     

Effect of filler loading on the mechanical properties of crosslinked 1,2,3‐triazole polymers

The effect of filler loading on the mechanical properties of crosslinked triazole polymers obtained by polymerization of E300 dipropiolate ( 1 ) with diazide ( 2 ) obtained from tetraethylene glycol using tetraacetylene functionalized crosslinker ( 3 ) was studied systematically. Aluminum (10–14 μm) was used as the primary filler during the formulations; the effect of secondary fillers such as aluminum (<75 μm), NaCl (45–50 and 83–105 μm) was studied with the increase in the total filler loading. The modulus of the aluminum‐filled crosslinked triazole polymers increases with the increase in the filler content while using either particle sized aluminum powder. The use of Al (particle size <75 μm) and NaCl (particle size 45–50 μm and 83–105 μm) as secondary or additional fillers while using aluminum (10–14 μm) as the main filler, has a diminishing effect on the modulus and strain of the crosslinked triazole polymers. Triazole polymers described herein have the ability to wet and adhere to large quantities of these inorganic salts and thus maintain mechanical properties of the composite comparable to typical polyurethane elastomeric matrices, regardless of the chemistry of the particulate filler, which imparts an important and necessary binder characteristic for energetic composites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

水泥颗粒分布对水泥颗粒堆积状态的影响

用不同组分、不同颗粒组成的水泥标准稠度用水量近似计算水泥颗粒的堆积孔隙率,分析研究了水泥颗粒组成对水泥颗粒堆积状态的影响规律和贡献。分析结果表明,水泥颗粒堆积孔隙率与水泥的颗粒组成具有良好的相关性,呈线性关系;在通常水泥的颗粒分布参数中,水泥颗粒的堆积状态与80 μm筛余、45 μm筛余最为相关,均匀性系数次之,而与3 μm筛余的相关性最差;在水泥颗粒分布参数中,均匀性系数对水泥颗粒堆积程度的影响最大,80 μm筛余次之。即水泥颗粒的堆积程度主要受颗粒分布宽窄、水泥中的粗颗粒粒径及含量的控制。在水泥整体粗细程度相近或相同的情况下,水泥颗粒分布越宽、水泥中的粗颗粒越大以及含量越高,水泥颗粒堆积的越紧密。     

氢氧化铝对有机硅电子灌封胶性能的影响

以端乙烯基硅油为基胶、含氢硅油为交联剂、γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH-570)为表面处理剂、Al(OH)3或Al(OH)3/铂络合物为阻燃剂,制备阻燃型有机硅电子灌封胶。研究结果表明:对Al(OH)3表面进行处理、降低其粒径、增加其含量、Al(OH)3/铂络合物并用等均有利于提升灌封胶的阻燃性能;当w(KH-570)=0.5%[相对于Al(OH)3质量而言]、Al(OH)3的平均粒径为2.6μm、m(5.0μmAl2O3):m[2.6μm Al(OH)3]=160:40和w(铂络合物)=0.002%(相对于基胶质量而言)时,可制得阻燃性优异的有机硅电子灌封胶。     

橡改型CPE专用HDPE树脂剖析

通过熔体流动速率仪、梯度密度计、差示扫描量热仪、凝胶渗透色谱仪、物理吸附分析仪、粒度分析仪、扫描电镜等分析了橡改型氯化聚乙烯(CPE)专用高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)树脂的基本物理性能、热性能、结构、表面形貌等。结果表明,橡改型CPE专用HDPE树脂具有低蜡含量、中等重均相对分子质量、较窄相对分子质量分布且呈单峰分布、高熔点、高结晶度等特点;具有较大的比表面积、细粉(粒径小于125μm)和粗颗粒(粒径大于500μm)含量较低,表面呈微孔结构;国产料具有更大的平均粒径、孔容。     

Ordered mixing in direct compression of tablets

The mixing of 2% sulphaphenazole (mean diameter 25 μm) with coarse directly compressible tablet vehicles has been studied using a sampling method and scanning electron microscopy. At a certain vehicle particle size, sulphaphenazole appears to mix by an ordered process. After mixing with a 180 – 250-μm size fraction of a sucrose-based vehicle (Dipac) for 100 minutes, the standard deviation of sulphaphenazole content of 200-mg samples was equivalent to that predicted for a random mix. The mix did not appear to segregate during mixing or on vibration. Under scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersive analysis of X-rays, sulphaphenazole appeared to be distributed quite uniformly on the coarse vehicle particles.     

马来酸酐改性蓖麻油制备耐光性聚氨酯复鞣剂——乳液性能研究

用马来酸酐改性蓖麻油(MCO)合成了一系列不同组成的耐光性聚氨酯复鞣剂水乳液(MC-PUR),研究了复鞣剂中—COOH质量分数、n(NCO)/n(OH)、m(MCO)/m(PEG1000)对乳液电导率、黏度、临界聚沉值(CC.C)、耐酸稳定性的影响。结果表明,随—COOH质量分数从3%增大到7%,电导率从1 556μs/cm增大到3 435μs/cm,黏度先从168 mPa.s增大到224 mPa.s,后又降低到85 mPa.s,当w(—COOH)=5%时,黏度达到最大值;随n(NCO)/n(OH)从0.5增大到0.9,电导率从2 943μs/cm降到2 464μs/cm,黏度从428 m Pa.s降到224 mPa.s;随m(MCO)∶m(PEG1000)从1∶1增大到3∶0,黏度从224 mPa.s降到67 mPa.s;CC.C随—COOH质量分数增加和m(MCO)/m(PEG1000)增大而降低;耐酸稳定性结果证明,当w(—COOH)=3%~5%,m(MCO)∶m(PEG1000)=1∶1,n(NCO)/n(OH)=0.5~0.9时,MC-PUR适用于皮革复鞣工序。     

Characterization of an Ambient Coarse Particle Concentrator Used for Human Exposure Studies: Aerosol Size Distributions,Chemical Composition,and Concentration Enrichment

The goals of the experiments described herein involve determining in real time the size, concentration enrichment, and chemical composition of coarse-mode (<2.5 μm) and fine-mode (>2.5 μm) particles within the nonconcentrated and concentrated flows of a coarse particle concentrator used for human exposure studies. The coarse particle concentrator was intended to concentrate ambient particles in the PM_10–2.5 size range before sending them into a human exposure chamber. The aerodynamic size and chemical composition of particles in the upstream and downstream flows of the concentrator were monitored with an aerosol time-of-f1ight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) for fixed time intervals over the course of three days. Based on the ATOFMS results, it was found that there was no change in the composition of the ten major particle types observed in the upstream and downstream flows of the concentrator under normal operating conditions. Furthermore, no new particle types were detected downstream that were not detected upstream of the concentrator. A characterization of the aerosol chemical composition and its dependence on sampling conditions is also discussed. Aerosol size distributions were measured with three aerodynamic particle-sizing (APS) instruments sampling simultaneously from different regions of the concentrator. The APS size distributions were used to scale ATOFMS data and measure the ambient concentration factors for the coarse particle concentrator and the exposure chamber. The average concentration factor (ratio of inlet number concentration to the outlet number concentration) for the particle concentrator was 60 + 17 for the 2.5–7.2 μm size range before dilution and transport to the exposure chamber. It was observed that not only were coarse particles being concentrated but fine (<2.5 μm) particles were being concentrated as well, with concentration factors ranging from 2–46 for aerodynamic particle sizes from 0.54–2.5 μm.     

废轮胎橡胶混凝土界面过渡区特征试验研究

采用SEM、EDS等测试技术,研究了1~3 mm废轮胎橡胶颗粒混凝土中橡胶与水泥石界面过渡区(ITZ)的微观形貌,水化产物分布以及ITZ宽度。结果表明:橡胶混凝土中橡胶与水泥石的界面粘结较普通混凝土中粗骨料与水泥石更为薄弱,ITZ的结构较为松散,孔隙率也较大;界面区水化产物中C-S-H凝胶含量小于普通混凝土,氢氧化钙晶体(CH)和钙矾石晶体(AFt)的含量则大于普通混凝土;1~3 mm橡胶颗粒混凝土ITZ宽度约为50 μm,而普通混凝土仅有40 μm,比普通混凝土更加不稳定。     

Characterization of coarse particles in alumina powders by a wet sieving method

The wet-sieving method was applied to determine the content of coarse particles in commercial alumina powders by four independent research organizations participated in the Round-Robin Testing. The results showed that those powders clearly contain 700 to several thousands ppm of coarse particles with the size >25 μm, whereas they could not be detected with the conventional particle size analyzer because of their low concentration. SEM and polarized light microscope observations revealed that the coarse particles contained several types of aggregates which survived during the production processes of alumina by the Bayer process.     

同向非对称双螺杆混合石墨增强导热高分子材料性能研究

选用粒径为15 μm的鳞片石墨和3 μm的氧化铝(Al2O3)为导热填料,采用新型同向非对称双螺杆挤出机为加工设备,在石墨填充量为10 %（质量分数,下同）而Al2O3填充量为10 %~50 %范围内,制备聚丙烯(PP)/Al2O3和PP/Al2O3/石墨导热高分子材料并进行性能测试。结果表明,添加少量石墨,在Al2O3填充量低时可增强导热高分子材料的拉伸强度,石墨与Al2O3的混杂减缓了拉伸强度下降的速率,改善了导热高分子材料的弯曲和冲击性能;PP/Al2O3/石墨的熔体流动速率比PP/Al2O3的小,PP/Al2O3/石墨比PP/Al2O3的负载热变形温度升高约15 %。     

Fe-Al2O3耐磨性复合镀层

以二氯化铁无刻蚀电镀工艺为基础,在氯化亚铁单盐(ρ=300~400g/L)中加入Al2O3惰性粒子,制备了Fe–Al2O3复合镀层。讨论了镀液中颗粒含量及电流密度对镀层中颗粒含量的影响,结果表明:镀层中Al2O3的含量随镀液中Al2O3的含量增加而增加,当镀液中Al2O3的含量继续增加到50g/L时,惰性粒子在复合镀层中的含量达到最大值;当电流密度达到25A/dm2时Al2O3在镀层中的共沉积量出现高峰。测试结果表明,该复合镀层耐磨性、耐腐蚀性都较好。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备氧化铝-氧化锆复合粉体

以A1C13·6H2O和ZrOCl2·8H2O为起始原料、NH3·H2O为沉淀剂,采用溶胶一凝胶法制备A12O3含量为51．74％（质量分数,下同）、ZrO2含量为44．95％的A12O3-ZrO2复合粉体。借助X射线荧光分析仪、X射线衍射仪、高温热重仪、激光粒度分析仪和扫描电子显微镜对复合粉体的化学成分、物相组成和粒径分布等进行了表征。结果表明：A12O3-ZrO2复合粉体化学成分均匀性好,粒径较细,粒径小于0．5μm的约为5％,在0．5～5．0μm的约为55％,大于5．0μm的约为40％;随热处理温度升高,复合粉体析晶程度逐渐提高,800℃热处理时t-ZrO2相析出量较少;12O0℃热处理时则析出大量的t-ZrO2相、少量刚玉相和微量c-ZrO2相;1350℃后,刚玉相和c-ZrO2相数量明显增多。