Optimizing red sorghum malt quality when Bacillus subtilis is used during steeping to control mould growth

Previous work has shown that Bacillus subtilis‐S499‐based biocontrol treatments applied without aeration at the steeping stage of red sorghum malting offer good mould reduction, but yield malts with low levels of key hydrolytic enzymes. Thus we attempted to raise these levels by aerating the steeping liquor, varying the steeping time (from 8 to 40 h) and temperature (from 25 to 35 °C), and combining a biocontrol treatment with prior steeping in 0.2% NaOH. Aeration proved particularly important whenever B. subtilis cells were present in the steep liquor. The optimal temperatures for α‐ and β‐amylase were 30 and 25 °C, respectively. By increasing the steeping time, it was possible to improve the α‐amylase activity, but the β‐amylase activity peaked sharply between 16 and 20 h, depending on the steeping medium. A good compromise was steeping in a biocontrol medium for 14–16 h at 30 °C. Combination steeping treatments (0.2% NaOH for 8 h followed by biocontrol for 8 h) yielded malts of a quality approaching that afforded by dilute alkaline treatment. Copyright © 2012 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

鱼腥草浸泡酒的多酚和香味成分分析及其抗氧化活性

利用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）结合气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分析鱼腥草浸泡酒中香味成分以及紫外分光光度计（uv）测定其多酚含量及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除能力。结果表明,主要香味成分为羧酸及羧酸酯、醇类、萜类以及醛酮类物质,其中己酸乙酯占检出成分的66．94％,丁酸乙酯（6．55％）,月桂烯（4．51％）,戊酸乙酯（2．00％）,并检测出药理学活性的甲基正壬酮和乙酰龙脑等物质;多酚含量为1．92mg／mL,自由基清除率为62．00％。结果表明,因鱼腥草有较独特的化学以及丰富的营养成分,使得鱼腥草浸泡酒具有较丰富的营养及药理成分物质,具有一定的保健功能。     

奇香低度营养型酒的开发试验

以糯米、小麦、优质大曲酒为原辅料，以根霉曲、酿酒干酵母为糖化发酵剂，添加啤酒花、桂花等，研发生产奇香低度营养型酒。选择配料比、糖化温度、糖化时间、发酵温度作影响因子确立生产工艺参数。结果表明，奇香低度营养型酒中氨基酸含量为226．6mg／100mL，是啤酒的2．1倍，其中8种人体必需氨基酸含量占34％；奇香酒是一种营养丰富、低度、香气奇特、口感醇厚柔和、酒体协调丰满的低度营养型酒。（孙悟）     

酸浆法沉降淀粉机理研究现状

酸浆法沉降淀粉是我国生产淀粉的传统工艺,而对于其机理的研究比较缺乏。目前研究表明:酸浆中乳酸乳球菌细胞壁上的凝集素具有沉淀淀粉的能力,酸浆的酸度、部分金属离子、有机酸也影响淀粉的沉淀及性质,利用酸浆法沉降的淀粉和利用此淀粉生产的粉丝结构和性质也发生不同程度的变化。     

两种绿豆淀粉理化特性比较

比较酸浆法绿豆淀粉和水磨法绿豆淀粉的性质,酸浆法获得的淀粉得率高于水磨法,且酸浆法生产的淀粉透光率较好,这一特点使得酸浆法获得的淀粉生产出的粉丝更加透亮,且煮熟后淀粉溶出较少;两种淀粉的黏度存在较大差别,随着温度的上升,水磨法淀粉黏度上升明显快于酸浆法获得的淀粉;水磨法绿豆淀粉的凝沉速度要比酸浆法淀粉快,且凝沉体积大。除此之外,两种淀粉在脂肪、灰分、蛋白质含量等方面也存在一定的差异。     

四川小麦地方品种营养品质分析

为了评价四川小麦地方品种籽粒蛋白质的营养价值，本文通过化学分析法研究了67个四川小麦地方品种的蛋白质和氨基酸含量及其组成特性。结果表明：蛋白质含量平均为11．86％；18种氨基酸中谷氨酸、脯氨酸、亮氨酸和天门冬氨酸含量丰富，而色氨酸、蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸含量较少；必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量分别为3．65％和11．68％；必需氨基酸含量与氨基酸总量之比为31．25％；必需氨基酸含量与蛋白质总量之比为30．78％；氨基酸评分表明，赖氨酸和蛋氨酸＋半胱氨酸的氨基酸评分平均值最低分别为47和70，因此赖氨酸和蛋氨酸＋半胱氨酸分别为第1和第2限制性氨基酸；必需氨基酸指数平均值为60。67个小麦地方品种中7个品种其赖氨酸含量相对较高，赖氨酸的氨基酸评分都在60以上；11个品种的必需氨基酸指数较高、均大于65，具有较为平衡的氨基酸组成；13个品种的必需氨基酸含量与氨基酸总量之比超过36％。是蛋白较为优质的小麦品种。结论：与WHO模式比较，四川小麦地方品种中存在部分优质营养品质资源。     

Factors Improving the Steeping Process of Corn Grains. Part II. Effect of Enzyme Addition

The effect of addition of proteolytic enzymes to the steeping liquor of corn grains was studied to reduce the steeping period and to obtain starch of low protein content. For this purpose the intact, scratched and broken corn grains were steeped in presence of Alcalase and Neutrase enzymes. It was found that the steeping period decreased by about 50% in case of broken grains, while steeping intact or scratched corn grains in presence of the enzymes gave no effect.     

川法小曲白酒生产技术(八)

小麦酿制小曲酒的工艺包括原料浸泡、蒸煮、加曲入箱培菌糖化、装桶发酵、烤酒等;粳稻谷酿制小曲酒的主要工艺包括原料蒸煮、培菌糖化、发酵、蒸馏等;米麦混酿的主要工艺包括蒸粮、培菌、发酵、蒸馏;稻麦混酿的主要工序包括蒸粮、培菌、发酵、蒸馏;高粱小麦混酿的主要工序包括蒸粮、培菌、发酵、蒸馏;因各小曲白酒的生产原料和工艺不同,则生产过程的工艺技术控制参数也不同。（孙悟）     

Recovery and Amino Acid Composition of Protein Precipitates Isolated from Rice Starch Processing Liquors

Precipitates containing 47.7% and 30.5% protein were isolated from rice starch steep and sorter liquors respectively by pH adjustment of these liquors. The pH for protein precipitation from the steep liquor was 7.0 and from the sorter liquor was 5.0. The acid hydrolysates of both precipitates contained at least seventeen amino acids, Glutamic acid and arginine constitute the largest proportions of these acids. Nine essential amino acids were found to be present in variable amounts. The industrial application of this method for the preparation of protein precipitates is discussed.     

Malting of Hulless Barley Cultivars and Glenlea (T. aestivum) Utility Wheat

Malting of hulless barley cultivar, Scout, and Utility wheat, Glenlea, was compared with the hulled barley, Harrington. Hulless barley showed faster steeping rate than either Harrington or wheat cultivars. Gibberellic acid, applied by steeping in 1 ppm solution, and germination for 2-8 days significantly increased cr-amylase activity of Scout and Glenlea cultivars and their extract yields were 46% higher than Harrington malts. The 2-day Scout malts produced highly viscous extracts. Desirable viscosity (5500 cPs) was obtained from 5-day malts.     

In vitro digestibility of protein and amino acids in protein mixtures

Six protein sources, casein, field peas, peanut meal, wheat flour, rapeseed and soya bean concentrate and their blends (ratio 1:1) were subjected to in vitro enzymic digestion. Wheat flour had the lowest in vitro digestibility (30% in 6 h) while the other sources had similar digestibilities (40%). Basic and aromatic amino acids were the most readily liberated from these protein sources. Some protein combinations, such as a rapeseed/field pea blend, gave in vitro digestibilities higher than calculated from individual proteins. The type of response observed could not be predicted from either nitrogen digestibility or amino acid composition of the individual sources. The digestibility of some amino acids was modified and this could be due to varying affinity of digestive enzymes for the protein.     

"绿色小麦"的化学组成分析

对彩色小麦中的绿色小麦全粉的基本化学组成,包括蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉、膳食纤维和灰分进行分析,结果表明,除淀粉外,绿色小麦的蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维含量均较高,尤其是绿色小麦的蛋白质含量高达17.96%。分析绿色小麦的面筋含量和氨基酸组成,绿色小麦湿面筋含量35%,是高筋粉。与宜兴红麦相比,绿色小麦的单一氨基酸含量均高于红麦,其中半胱氨酸的含量尤其高,是红麦的7倍。采用原子吸收光谱法测定绿色小麦中的Se、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn、Co、K、Ca、Mg、Na元素,结果表明绿色小麦中的Se、Zn、Mn、K、Mg、Na含量明显高于普通小麦,锌含量为普通小麦的1.7倍,硒含量是普通小麦的2倍。根据结果来看,作为一种新的小麦资源,绿色小麦具有广阔的开发应用前景。     

PROMOTING SORGHUM RESERVE PROTEIN MOBILISATION BY STEEPING IN ALKALINE LIQUOR

Mobilisation of sorghum storage reserve proteins by steeping in alkaline liquor for 48 h under four different regimes was evaluated. Germination was for 4 days at 30°C. Cold water soluble protein (CWS-protein), CWS-protein modification index, total non protein nitrogen (TNPN), peptide accumulation, FAN, endo- and exo-protease activities—all key indicators of protein mobilisation were highly significantly affected by steep regime, steep liquor and cultivar as well as their pairwise interactions. Mean FAN and TNPN were significantly higher (P < 0.0005) for malts derived from alkaline steep liquor except for KSV 8 which exhibited significant inhibition of TNPN development. Similarly, alkaline steeping promoted protein solubilisation and CWS-protein modification. While parallel improvements in amylolysis and proteolysis were recorded for ICSV 400, proteolysis in KSV 8 and SK 5912 seemed more enhanced except for SK 5912 exposed to air rest cycles. Steeping in alkaline liquor also caused significant repression of the proteases in KSV 8. Conversely, steeping SK 5912 under similar conditions promoted rather than inhibited development of these enzymes. Poor correlation between protein degradation products and enzyme development suggest major roles for factors other than proteolysis in sorghum reserve protein mobilisation.     

Amino Acid Pattern and Nutritional Evaluation of Precipitates from Aqueous By-Products of Starch Industry

Precipitates containing 43% protein were obtained from corn steep liquor by pH adjustments in the range of 6 to 7. From the sorter liquor of the starch manufacture materials containing up to 65% protein were produced by adjusting the pH-value around 5. Chemical analysis showed that at least 19 amino acids were present. The essential amino acids leucine, iso-leucine, cystine, methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, threonine and valine were present in variable amounts. The economic application of pH-adjustment methods for production of proteins and their use for human nutrition is discussed.     

ENHANCEMENT OF AMYLOLYTIC POTENTIAL OF SORGHUM MALTS BY ALKALINE STEEP TREATMENT

The effect of alkaline steep liquor on sorghum maltability was investigated using three improved Nigeria sorghum cultivara. Germination was for four days at 30°C after steeping under four different regimes. Grain germinability, root length and malting loss were significantly (P < 0.001) repressed by steeping in alkaline liquor for all the cultivars. However, the extent of this repression seemed in all cases significantly dependent on cultivar and steep regime plus their possible interactions. Similarly, the development of diastatic enzymes activities appeared to be highly significantly dependent on steep liquor, steep regime, cultivar, plus their possible pairwise and three way interactions. For ICSV400, highest diastatic power and α-amylase development were attained on steeping grains in alkaline liquor under a continuous steep regime incorporating final warm steep treatment. Conversely, exposure of KSV8 and SK5912 to a regime incorporating air-resting and final warm steep significantly enhanced diastatic power and α-amylase development. β-Amylase activity was in all cases enhanced by alkaline steeping. In fact, β-Amylolytic activity constituted over 70% of total diastatic activity in most alkaline steeped ICSV400 malts. However, SK5912 exhibited relatively low hot water extract in spite of the improved amylolytic activity.     

Investigation of the use of ram horn hydrolysate for fungal protein production

Production of the fungus Aspergillus niger NRRL 330 was studied in submerged fermentation with ram horn hydrolysate (RHH) as substrate. The characteristics of RHH have been reported previously. The RHH was enriched by addition of glucose and KH₂PO₄. The effects of kinetic parameters on the biomass yield of the fungus were investigated. The optimal conditions for growth of A niger on RHH were initial pH 6.5, temperature 30 °C, fermentation time 96 h and agitation speed 150 rpm. Under these optimal conditions the initial carbohydrate content of RHH was reduced from 1.52 to 0.2% and the biomass yield was 8.9 g l^?1. The biomass contained about 48.1% protein, 5.2% fat and 9.4% ash (on a dry weight basis). The amino acid content of the biomass was compared with Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) and animal feed standards. The protein produced contained all the essential amino acids for animal feed, but the amounts of these amino acids were somewhat lower than those of FAO and soybean reference protein. However, the amino acid composition of the biomass was better than that of animal feed. The results with RHH were also compared with previously reported data on fungal mycelium grown on waste liquor substrate. In conclusion, it was found that RHH could be used as a substrate in the production of fungal protein for use as animal feed. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Study of the effect of using different levels of tahinah (sesame butter) on the protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) of chickpea dip

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of using different proportions of tahinah (0–25%) on the protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) of chickpea dip and to evaluate this parameter when chickpea dip is consumed with wheat bread. Protein quality was evaluated using the methods of amino acid score and true protein digestibility in weanling Sprague–Dawley rats. The levels of tahinah that provided the best true protein digestibility and protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score were 20 and 25%. Values of true protein digestibility were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than for the other types of chickpea dip (0.87 and 0.88 respectively). The consumption of wheat bread with chickpea dip led to a marked improvement in the true protein digestibility of the protein mixture (0.90); however, the protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score did not change in the same manner owing to the relatively low amino acid score. It can be concluded that the addition of tahinah to chickpea led to an increase in the protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score of chickpea dip (based on laboratory rat requirements for essential amino acids) and that the consumption of chickpea dip with bread led to an improvement in the protein digestibility of chickpea dip but not in the protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of wheat pentosans on endogenous amino acid losses in chickens

The effects of wheat pentosans on protein digestibility and endogenous amino acid losses in precision-fed chickens was investigated using the homo-arginine marker technique. Addition of pentosans equivalent to 15 g and 35 g of wheat arabinoxylans per kg diet significantly depressed (P < 005) the overall digestibility of amino acids and increased (P < 0-05) endogenous losses of amino acids, but the inclusion of cellulose or polyethylene polymer (92 g per kg diet) had no measurable effects.     

Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients determined with broilers and layers

The apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in eight feed ingredients were determined using broilers and layers. The ingredients included three cereals (wheat, sorghum and maize), one cereal by‐product (wheat middlings), three oilseed meals (canola, cottonseed and soybean meals) and one animal protein meal (meat and bone meal). Dietary protein in the assay diets was supplied solely by the test ingredient. All diets contained 20 g kg^?1 acid‐insoluble ash as an indigestible marker, and each diet was offered ad libitum in mash form to five replicate pens of 42‐day‐old broilers and 60‐week‐old layers. The digestibility coefficients of most amino acids for wheat and sorghum were similar (P > 0.05) in broilers and layers. The digestibility of most amino acids for maize was higher (P < 0.05) in broilers compared to those in layers. The digestibility of individual amino acid for wheat middlings was higher (P < 0.05) in layers than in broilers. In general, the digestibility of amino acids for cottonseed meal, soybean meal, and meat and bone meal were similar (P > 0.05) between broilers and layers. The influence of class of bird on digestibility in canola meal was variable. The digestibility of threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid and alanine were higher (P < 0.05), and those of methionine, histidine and lysine were lower (P < 0.05) in broilers compared to layers. These results suggest that the practice of using amino acid digestibility values generated with broilers for layers may not be appropriate for all feed ingredients. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant capacities of white and red ginseng as affected by marinating media (vinegar,yellow wine,and Chinese liquor)

Marinating ginseng is popular practice at home and being applied to industrial manufacturing in China. However, knowledge on the effects of steeping media on antioxidant capacity of ginseng is limited. Hair root, sliced, powdered, ultrafine ground white and red ginseng were marinated with 3.5° and 9° vinegar, yellow wine, and 53° Chinese liquor. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ABTS free radical scavenging capacity, and total saponin content (TSC) of the steeped liquid were measured with colorimetric methods. Among four marinating media, Chinese liquor is the most favorable medium since most of the indicators showed obvious higher values. It was noticed that TFC and TSC of white ginseng hair root steeped liquid by Chinese liquor were extremely higher than others. The results indicate that Chinese liquor is the most desirable medium for ginseng steeping.

Practical applications

Presented information will guide consumers to choose ginseng materials and steeping methods to obtain desired health benefit components. The study will also help food manufacturers and alcoholic beverage industry to understand how steeping medium affect the bioactive food components.