Computer Control in the Corn Industry – Status and Future

In the past few years computer control has become a significant factor in the corn industry. This can be attributed to a) the success of the A. E. Staley Manufactoring Company plant at Lafayette, Indiana (USA), b) the need to better utilize energy and control losses, and c) the steady reduction in the cost of a computer based system. Attitudes of engineering people in the industry is rapidly changing in favour of computer based systems. However, attitudes of production and company management is still conservative. Most new facilities will have computer based instrumentation. There will be an increase in the number of applications in existing plants to make them more efficient. Systems of the future will feature distributed control and a trend from the central control room.     

玉米多肽制备方法及其功能活性研究进展

玉米蛋白粉是玉米湿磨生产淀粉中的主要副产品,其低水溶性、必需氨基酸缺陷等因素限制了其在食品工业中的应用。水解玉米蛋白粉制备玉米多肽是其高附加值利用方式之一,可以极大提高玉米蛋白粉的功能性和生物活性。本文重点介绍了玉米多肽的主要制备方法以及玉米多肽在抗氧化、抗血糖、抗高血压、醒酒护肝等方面的生物学功能,归纳总结了现有研究存在的问题及未来的发展前景,对食品企业高效利用玉米蛋白粉开发生物活性肽、提升行业经济效益具有重要意义。     

玉米胚芽油厂自动化控制技术的应用

介绍了玉米胚芽油厂自动化控制的范围、特点、基本状况和近年的发展,分析了自动化在脱臭、碱炼、脱色的作用,对比了自动化前后的差别。强调了油脂专业与自动化控制人员在设计、管理中的作用与配合。     

Performance of lactating dairy cows fed corn as whole plant silage and grain produced from genetically modified corn containing event DAS-59122-7 compared to a nontransgenic, near-isogenic control

The nutritional equivalency of grain plus whole plant silage from genetically modified corn plants containing the DAS-59122-7 (59122) event expressing the Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins to grain and silage from a near-isogenic corn hybrid without this trait (control) was assessed using lactating dairy cows. Corn plants with event 59122 are resistant to western corn rootworm and tolerant to the herbicide active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium. Effects on feed intake, milk production, and milk composition were determined. The 59122 grain and the control grain were produced in 2005 from isolated plots in Richland, Iowa. Whole plant corn silage for the 59122 and control treatments were grown in isolated plots at the Kansas State University Dairy Center and ensiled in Ag-Bags. Thirty lactating Holstein cows blocked by lactation number, day of lactation, and previous energy-corrected milk production were used in a switchback design. All cows were fed diets that contained 22.7% grain plus 21.3% whole plant silage from either the 59122 or the control hybrid, in addition to 21% wet corn gluten feed, 12.3% protein mix, 8.0% whole cottonseed, and 14.7% alfalfa hay. Each period of the switchback trial included 2 wk for diet adjustment followed by 4 wk for data and sample collection. Milk samples (a.m. and p.m.) collected from 2 consecutive milkings of each collection wk were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, solids-not-fat, milk urea nitrogen, and somatic cell count. Percentages of milk fat, protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat were not affected by dietary treatment. Yields of milk, 4% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, solids-corrected milk, and the concentrations and yields of milk fat, milk protein, milk solids, and milk lactose were not significantly different between treatments. Efficiencies of milk, fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, and solids-corrected milk production also were not different when cows were fed crops from 59122 than when they were fed the control hybrid. Milk production efficiency averaged 1.48 and 1.50 kg/kg of dry matter intake for cows fed diets containing the control and 59122 corn, respectively. These data indicate that the nutritional value for milk production was not different between a diet containing grain plus whole plant corn silage produced from a 59122 corn hybrid versus a diet containing grain and corn silage from its near-isogenic control corn hybrid.     

纸浆漂白用二氧化氯生产过程控制系统

介绍了一种二氧化氯生产过程控制系统.该系统采用工业控制计算机、可编程序控制器(PLC)及现场仪表相结合构成过程控制系统,实现生产过程自动化.系统采用现场总线技术,结构简单,操作方便,运行可靠.     

三圈高地毯簇绒机提花控制系统

为了在毯面上形成花型图案,设计和开发了三圈高地毯簇绒机提花控制系统。该系统采用计算机控制的伺服电磁离合器相结合的提花装置,利用工控机把工艺人员设计提花织物的花型信息转化为数字化控制信息,根据工艺参数设定,控制伺服电机按一定关系实时跟踪主轴转速,通过工控机板卡输出信号到离合器功率驱动板来控制电磁离合器的状态切换,实现送纱量的控制,进而控制每次簇绒过程中的纱线张力,并最终在毯面上形成三圈高地毯图案。     

劈花工艺设计及计算机数学模型的建立

色织物的劈花工艺对织物的外观起着至关重要的作用，同时对生产也有一定影响，如何直观地进行劈花工艺设计及运用计算机辅助设计，以提高生产效率，本文从中区及最宽地条着手，提出了设计方案。     

PVC生产中电石渣利用探讨

制盐企业上马氯碱工程,在其PVC生产过程中,电石渣大量产生,污染严重。文章通过对电石渣各种利用方式的探讨,供制盐企业参考。     

Assessment of plant biomass and nitrogen nutrition with plant height in early-to mid-season corn

BACKGROUND: The physiological basis for using non‐destructive high‐resolution measurements of plant height through plant height sensing to guide variable‐rate nitrogen (N) applications on corn (Zea mays L.) during early (six‐leaf growth stage, V6) to mid (V12) season is largely unknown. This study was conducted to assess the relationships of plant biomass and leaf N with plant height in early‐ to mid‐season corn under six different N rate treatments. RESULTS: Corn plant biomass was significantly and positively related to plant height under an exponential model when both were measured at V6. This relationship explained 62–78% of the variations in corn biomass production. Leaf N concentration was, in general, significantly and positively related to plant height when both were measured at V6, V8, V10 and V12. This relationship became stronger as the growing season progressed from V6 to V12. The relationship of leaf N with plant height in early‐ to mid‐season corn was affected by initial soil N fertility and abnormal weather conditions. CONCLUSION: The relationship of leaf N concentration with plant height may provide a physiological basis for using plant height sensing to guide variable‐rate N applications on corn. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL FOR A CONTINUOUS CROSSFLOW GRAIN DRYER

This paper presents the assembly and the performance of a fuzzy logic control system in regulating a laboratory continuous crossflow grain dryer. With fuzzy control, similar outlet moisture contents and lower outlet breakage susceptibility of corn were obtained as compared to the manually controlled dryer operation. the results verified that drying-induced corn breakage could be reduced through the application of fuzzy logic control. Like the corn drying process, many food processes are difficult to control automatically with conventional control techniques due to their complex nature. Fuzzy logic control provides an attractive solution for control of those processes.     

低钠盐的游离水等检测方法探讨

结合我厂低钠盐生产实际，利用现有检测设备，调整检测方法，增强结果的准确性。     

Effects of feeding silage and grain from glyphosate-tolerant or insect-protected corn hybrids on feed intake,ruminal digestion,and milk production in dairy cattle

Lactating dairy cows were used to determine effects of feeding glyphosate-tolerant or insect-protected corn hybrids on feed intake, milk production, milk composition, and ruminal digestibility. Corn resistant to European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) infestation (Bt-MON810), or its nontransgenic control (Bt-CON), were planted in alternating fields during two successive years. One-half of each strip was harvested for whole plant corn silage and the remainder was allowed to mature and harvested as grain. Effects of feeding diets containing either Bt-MON810 or Bt-CON grain and silage were determined in two experiments (1 and 2) conducted during successive years. In experiment 3, glyphosate-tolerant Roundup Ready corn (RR-GA21) or its nontransgenic control (RR-CON) corn were grown in alternating fields during one cropping season. Diets contained 42 to 60% corn silage and 20 to 34% corn grain from Bt-MON810, RR-GA21, or the appropriate nontransgenic counterpart; treatments were applied using a switchback design. Cows were fed ad libitum and milked twice daily. There were no differences for nutrient composition between silage sources or between grain sources within an experiment. Data for experiments 1 and 2 indicated similar dry matter intake (DMI), 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) production, and milk composition between Bt-MON810 and Bt-CON diets. There were no differences for DMI, 4% FCM production, and milk composition between RR-GA21 and RR-CON diets. There was no difference in ruminal degradability, determined separately for corn silage and corn grain, for RR-GA21 or Bt-MON810-hybrids compared with their respective controls. These data demonstrate equivalence of nutritional value and production efficiency for corn containing Bt-MON810 compared with its control and for RR-GA21 corn compared with its control.     

Cationic Aminoethyl Cereal Flours. Semicommercial Production

Both soft white wheat and yellow corn flours were reacted with ethylenimine by a continuous, dry process capable of making up to 300 pounds of cationic aminoethyl cereal flour per hour. When either cationic flour was evaluated as a wet-end paper additive, each was equivalent to a high-quality commercial cationic corn starch in improving dry-strength properties of paper and increasing pigment retention. Laboratory storage of the flour products for 1/2 year did not change their effectiveness. Estimates based on a plant producing 15 million pounds of cationic flour a year indicate that the cost-to-make is about 10 cents per pound.     

Energy and greenhouse gas profiles of polyhydroxybutyrates derived from corn grain: a life cycle perspective

Polyhydroxybutyrates (PHB) are well-known biopolymers derived from sugars orvegetable oils. Cradle-to-gate environmental performance of PHB derived from corn grain is evaluated through life cycle assessment (LCA), particularly nonrenewable energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Site-specific process information on the corn wet milling and PHB fermentation and recovery processes was obtained from Telles. Most of energy used in the corn wet milling and PHB fermentation and recovery processes is generated in a cogeneration power plant in which corn stover, assumed to be representative of a variety of biomass sources that could be used, is burned to generate electricity and steam. County level agricultural information is used in estimating the environmental burdens associated with both corn grain and corn stover production. Results show that PHB derived from corn grain offers environmental advantages over petroleum-derived polymers in terms of nonrenewable energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, PHB provides greenhouse gas credits, and thus PHB use reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to petroleum-derived polymers. Corn cultivation is one of the environmentally sensitive areas in the PHB production system. More sustainable practices in corn cultivation (e.g., using no-tillage and winter cover crops) could reduce the environmental impacts of PHB by up to 72%.     

西门子PCS7在碱回收炉中的应用

根据碱回收车间工艺,从系统配置、网络结构、自控方案、联锁保护等方面详细介绍了西门子PCS7过程控制系统在太阳纸业^#2碱炉的应用。整个系统基于Profibus—DP现场总线,以西门子硬冗余的方式,利用工业以太网实现上位机和AS站之间的数据交换。通过应用表明,它是碱炉安全稳定运行的保证。     

玉米黄色素萃取工艺优化研究

以玉米淀粉副产物玉米黄浆粉为原料,采用不同的有机溶剂从玉米黄浆粉中提取玉米黄色素,并利用单因素和正交试验来确定最佳因素和工艺条件。结果表明,温度对玉米黄色素提取率的影响最大,其次是提取时间,而料液比的影响较小。其最佳工艺条件为:以无水乙醇为提取剂,料液比为1 15,提取温度为70℃,提取时间为1.5h,玉米黄色素的提取率为56.84%。     

Performance of lactating dairy cows fed corn as whole plant silage and grain produced from a glyphosate-tolerant hybrid (event NK603)

Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows averaging 74 d in milk were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square to compare the effects on animal performance of feeding whole plant silage and grain from a glyphosate-tolerant corn hybrid (event NK603), a nontransgenic control hybrid, and two commercial nontransgenic hybrids (DK647 and RX740). The grain and silage from the four corn hybrids were produced using the same procedures and under similar agronomic conditions at the University of Illinois. On a dry matter (DM) basis, diets contained 30% corn silage and 27.34% corn grain produced either from event NK603, a nontransgenic control, or commercial hybrids. Apart from the DM content of silages, the chemical composition of both grain and silage produced from the four corn hybrids were substantially equivalent. Feeding diets that contained event NK603 and DK647 hybrids tended to decrease DM intake (DMI) compared with the control nontransgenic and RX740. The intakes of crude protein (CP), acid and neutral detergent fiber, and nonfiber carbohydrates were not different for cows fed event NK603 and control diets. The RX740 diet resulted in the highest intakes of fiber and CP, whereas the DK647 diet resulted in the lowest intake of CP. These differences in nutrient intake arose from small variations in both the DMI and the chemical composition of feed ingredients and experimental diets. Production of milk and 3.5% fat-corrected milk; milk fat, CP, and true protein percentage and yield; milk urea N; milk total solids percentage and yield; and somatic cell count were not affected by treatments. These data indicate that the stable insertion of the gene that confers tolerance to glyphosate (event NK603) in the corn line used in this experiment does not affect its chemical composition and nutritional value for lactating dairy cows when compared with conventional corn.     

Corn silage management I: effects of hybrid,maturity, and mechanical processing on chemical and physical characteristics

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of hybrid, maturity, and mechanical processing of whole plant corn on chemical and physical characteristics, particle size, pack density, and dry matter recovery. In the first experiment, hybrid 3845 whole plant corn was harvested at hard dough, one-third milkline, and two-thirds milkline with a theoretical length-of-cut of 6.4 mm. In the second experiment, hybrids 3845 and Quanta were harvested at one-third milkline, two-thirds milkline, and blackline stages of maturity with a theoretical length-of-cut of 12.7 mm. At each stage of maturity, corn was harvested with and without mechanical processing by using a John Deere 5830 harvester with an onboard kernel processor. The percentage of intact corn kernels present in unprocessed corn silage explained 62% of variation in total tract starch digestibility. As the amount of intact kernels increased, total tract starch digestibility decreased. Post-ensiled vitreousness of corn kernels within the corn silage explained 31 and 48% of the variation of total tract starch digestibility for processed and unprocessed treatments, respectively. For a given amount of vitreous starch in corn kernels, total tract starch digestibility was lower for cows fed unprocessed corn silage compared with processed corn silage. This suggests that processing corn silage disrupts the dense protein matrix within the corn kernel where starch is embedded, therefore making the starch more available for digestion. Particle size of corn silage and orts that contained corn silage was reduced when it was processed. Wet pack density was greater for processed compared with unprocessed corn silage.     

Structural and physical modifications of corn biscuits during baking process

Colour, crust browning and specific volume of batter is essential to the manufacture of biscuit of good quality, but these properties are rarely measured directly in fermenting batter due to lack of suitable instrumentation. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the changes in quality parameters and physical properties of corn biscuits during baking in real time and different oven temperatures using a computer vision system. Colour, crust browning and specific volume of corn biscuits were determined by an image analysis technique using a computerized vision system. Additional quality parameters evaluated were weight loss and firmness of corn biscuit samples. Baking experiments were performed at 190, 210, 230 and 250 °C under natural convection. Colour results showed that it is possible to distinguish two stages in the variation of lightness during the baking time of corn biscuit samples, independently of oven temperature. As a result of the drying effect, it was observed a weight loss and superficial dry layer formation in corn biscuit. The computer vision system can be useful to measure some quality parameters in food products because, among other advantages, it is easy to use, as well as faster and flexible.     

基于上位机的层间角联锁织物用织机开口控制系统设计

为解决小批量、多品种层间角联锁织物织造经常需要更改自动化开口控制程序的问题,提出一种基于上位机的织机开口控制系统,主要包括数据格式转换计算机辅助制造(CAM)软件模块、上位机通信系统和可编程控制器(PLC)控制系统.首先,基于Python和QT-Designer构建工艺信息数据格式转换CAM软件;同时,利用Visual...